This paper describes the application of Metal Oxide Semiconductor (MOS) gas sensors which are intrinsically designed to sense volatile compounds for measuring the vapor of formalin. We utilized 7 commercial MOS gas sensors (namely TGS-2600, TGS-2602, TGS-2620, TGS-813, MQ-137, MQ-135, and MQ-5) to sense formalin in certain concentrations and their presence in meat. We built a static headspace system to measure the vapor of formalin. The sensor chamber is 540-cm3, made from 5 mm acrylic. The output of MOS (Sensitivity ratio) is acquired into computer using an Arduino-based interface. We tested 3 concentrations of formalin (10%, 20% and 30%) and their presence in meat. We found that individually each sensor provides proportional response to formalin concentrations, and for their presence in meat as well. The Principle Component Analysis (PCA) method is used to show performance of the array MOS sensor in discriminating the formalin contents. The PCA result shows that by using two PCs (holding most 96% data), it can clearly distinguish the three formalin contents. However the array sensors just can discriminate clearly between meat containing formalin and those not. The success rate of discrimination the formalin contents in meat is 91.7%.
This document discusses recent advances and applications of gas chromatography. It describes how gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) can be used for pharmaceutical quality control and analysis of drugs and metabolites in body fluids. GC-MS has applications in fields like drug detection, environmental analysis, and disease screening. Two-dimensional gas chromatography provides enhanced resolving power and peak capacity compared to conventional GC. Mini gas chromatography is a portable instrument that can separate and identify substances in volatile samples with advantages of low power needs and portability.
The measurement of uric acid based on the optical absorption at visible light spectrum is investigated and tested. Sensing in the visible region was conducted for determination of suitable wavelength that produces high sensitivity and accuracy performance based on the Beer-Lambert law calculation. In this work, the uric acid is detected by detecting sodium urate as a product of chemical reaction between uric acid with sodium hydroxide buffer. The setup has been tested for uric acid concentration ranging from 15 mg/dL to 85 mg/dL. Three wavelengths have been analyzed which are 460 nm, 525 nm and 630 nm. Measured data at 460nm wavelength exhibits the highest sensitivity, which is 0.0012 (mg/dL)-with 86.51% accuracy. Detection of uric acid at visible light spectrum offers a low-cost sensor based on visible LEDs and photodiode is possible to be realized.
Primary Odor on Consideration of Reducing the Number of Compositionsinventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
1) The Radox catalyst was significantly more effective than chlorine dioxide at reducing malodorous volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from poultry rendering waste gas. Samples treated with Radox had 42% more carbon dioxide and 69% lower aldehydes compared to untreated or chlorine dioxide treated samples.
2) Gas chromatography-olfactometry identified five aldehydes responsible for over half of odor intensity in untreated samples. The Radox catalyst converted these malodorous aldehydes to less odorous organic acids.
3) Fifteen air samples were analyzed and grouped. Samples treated with just Radox or Radox plus chlorine dioxide had similar VOC profiles and lower VOC levels compared to untreated or chlor
Prediction of ammonia concentration in water based on microwave spectroscopyjournalBEEI
Ammonia is a common pollutant in water as the result of runoff in agricultural areas where it is applied as fertilizer. It must be monitored regulary for safety purpose. The current testing technique does not allow on-site measurement as the equipment are bulky, the measurement process is time-consuming and tedious with additional mixing reagents. In this study, the presence of ammonia in distilled water is estimated from open-ended coaxial probe in the range of 200 MHz to 14000 MHz. Experimental results were obtained from two set of samples with seven different ammonia concentration each. The measurements are repeated thrice hence producing forty-two data sets with 550 points. Both curve fitting and multiple regression analysis were considered to perform valid ammonia concentration projection. Validation based on 5-fold and 10-fold cross validation suggested the feasibility of the technique as it presents root mean square error (RMSE) which is less than 0.02 in the ammonia prediction. Detection method based on open-ended probe would be convenient, simple and accurate method for in-situ determination of ammonia concentration.
Physicochemical Properties and Proposed Mechanism in the Obtainment of 4-Hidr...IJERA Editor
The mechanism for the poly-condensation event of conjugated polymers with ending 4-hydroxycoumarin has
been proposed. It happened under H2SO4 acidic conditions only using enolic-coumarins without any substituent
at third position. It was studied using Matrix assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight (MALDI-Tof)
mass spectrometry. Besides, some physicochemical properties were analyzed using Thermo-gravimetric (TGA),
X-ray and UV-Vis analysis
Embedded portable instruments for olive oil quality analysisMarco Grossi
The presentation describes two portable battery operated electronic systems to make measurements of free acidity, peroxide value and total phenol content in olive oil.
If you want to know more about this topic, please read:
[1] Grossi M., Di Lecce G., Gallina Toschi T., Riccò B. (2014). Fast and accurate determination of olive oil acidity by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. IEEE Sensors Journal, 14 (9), 2947-2954.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/JSEN.2014.2321323
[2] Grossi M., Di Lecce G., Gallina Toschi T., Riccò B. (2014). A novel electrochemical method for olive oil acidity determination. Microelectronics Journal, 45, 1701-1707. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mejo.2014.07.006
[3] Grossi M., Di Lecce G., Arru, M., Gallina Toschi T., Riccò B. (2015). An opto-electronic system for in-situ determination of peroxide value and total phenol content in olive oil. Journal of Food Engineering, 146, 1-7.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2014.08.015
efinitions:
Analyte- the component of interest in the sample
Matrix- the remainder of the sample
Examples:
Lead in drinking water
Benzene in soil
Salt in blood
LEVELS OF ANALYTICAL METHODOLOGIST
This document discusses recent advances and applications of gas chromatography. It describes how gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) can be used for pharmaceutical quality control and analysis of drugs and metabolites in body fluids. GC-MS has applications in fields like drug detection, environmental analysis, and disease screening. Two-dimensional gas chromatography provides enhanced resolving power and peak capacity compared to conventional GC. Mini gas chromatography is a portable instrument that can separate and identify substances in volatile samples with advantages of low power needs and portability.
The measurement of uric acid based on the optical absorption at visible light spectrum is investigated and tested. Sensing in the visible region was conducted for determination of suitable wavelength that produces high sensitivity and accuracy performance based on the Beer-Lambert law calculation. In this work, the uric acid is detected by detecting sodium urate as a product of chemical reaction between uric acid with sodium hydroxide buffer. The setup has been tested for uric acid concentration ranging from 15 mg/dL to 85 mg/dL. Three wavelengths have been analyzed which are 460 nm, 525 nm and 630 nm. Measured data at 460nm wavelength exhibits the highest sensitivity, which is 0.0012 (mg/dL)-with 86.51% accuracy. Detection of uric acid at visible light spectrum offers a low-cost sensor based on visible LEDs and photodiode is possible to be realized.
Primary Odor on Consideration of Reducing the Number of Compositionsinventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
1) The Radox catalyst was significantly more effective than chlorine dioxide at reducing malodorous volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from poultry rendering waste gas. Samples treated with Radox had 42% more carbon dioxide and 69% lower aldehydes compared to untreated or chlorine dioxide treated samples.
2) Gas chromatography-olfactometry identified five aldehydes responsible for over half of odor intensity in untreated samples. The Radox catalyst converted these malodorous aldehydes to less odorous organic acids.
3) Fifteen air samples were analyzed and grouped. Samples treated with just Radox or Radox plus chlorine dioxide had similar VOC profiles and lower VOC levels compared to untreated or chlor
Prediction of ammonia concentration in water based on microwave spectroscopyjournalBEEI
Ammonia is a common pollutant in water as the result of runoff in agricultural areas where it is applied as fertilizer. It must be monitored regulary for safety purpose. The current testing technique does not allow on-site measurement as the equipment are bulky, the measurement process is time-consuming and tedious with additional mixing reagents. In this study, the presence of ammonia in distilled water is estimated from open-ended coaxial probe in the range of 200 MHz to 14000 MHz. Experimental results were obtained from two set of samples with seven different ammonia concentration each. The measurements are repeated thrice hence producing forty-two data sets with 550 points. Both curve fitting and multiple regression analysis were considered to perform valid ammonia concentration projection. Validation based on 5-fold and 10-fold cross validation suggested the feasibility of the technique as it presents root mean square error (RMSE) which is less than 0.02 in the ammonia prediction. Detection method based on open-ended probe would be convenient, simple and accurate method for in-situ determination of ammonia concentration.
Physicochemical Properties and Proposed Mechanism in the Obtainment of 4-Hidr...IJERA Editor
The mechanism for the poly-condensation event of conjugated polymers with ending 4-hydroxycoumarin has
been proposed. It happened under H2SO4 acidic conditions only using enolic-coumarins without any substituent
at third position. It was studied using Matrix assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight (MALDI-Tof)
mass spectrometry. Besides, some physicochemical properties were analyzed using Thermo-gravimetric (TGA),
X-ray and UV-Vis analysis
Embedded portable instruments for olive oil quality analysisMarco Grossi
The presentation describes two portable battery operated electronic systems to make measurements of free acidity, peroxide value and total phenol content in olive oil.
If you want to know more about this topic, please read:
[1] Grossi M., Di Lecce G., Gallina Toschi T., Riccò B. (2014). Fast and accurate determination of olive oil acidity by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. IEEE Sensors Journal, 14 (9), 2947-2954.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/JSEN.2014.2321323
[2] Grossi M., Di Lecce G., Gallina Toschi T., Riccò B. (2014). A novel electrochemical method for olive oil acidity determination. Microelectronics Journal, 45, 1701-1707. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mejo.2014.07.006
[3] Grossi M., Di Lecce G., Arru, M., Gallina Toschi T., Riccò B. (2015). An opto-electronic system for in-situ determination of peroxide value and total phenol content in olive oil. Journal of Food Engineering, 146, 1-7.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2014.08.015
efinitions:
Analyte- the component of interest in the sample
Matrix- the remainder of the sample
Examples:
Lead in drinking water
Benzene in soil
Salt in blood
LEVELS OF ANALYTICAL METHODOLOGIST
Operating Conditions Effects Onenzyme Activity: Case Enzyme ProteaseIJERA Editor
The Proteases an enzyme added to detergents to degrade the protein spots origin.Their action is manifested
through its activity the middle of washing clothes. This activity depends on the operating conditions. In this
article, the effects of temperature and pH of the reaction and the substrate concentration and time of washing
medium on the enzyme activity were studied. There action mechanism has been shown. The activity
measurements were made by absorption spectrometry.
Factor Associated with Urine Trans, Trans-Muconic Acid (tt-MA) levels of Gas ...INFOGAIN PUBLICATION
Benzene is a dangerous chemichal compounds that can cause haematological effects. Gasoline contains approximately 5% carcinogens benzene. Gas station employees, particularly fueling operators are working population that have a high risk of benzene exposure. Within the continuous exposure. The purpose aim of this study is to analyze the relationship of urine trans, trans-Muconic Acid (tt-MA) levels with haematological profile of Gas Station Workers. The study was designed as an observational study and conducted by cross sectional method with 33 samples (12 samples administrative workers and 21 samples in fueling operator). The research showed that average concentration of benzene in the air is 0,58 ppm. The result of Spearman analysis showed a significant correlation the amount of fuel fill and the duration of filling the fuel with the level of tt-MA in urine (p=0,000). From this research can be concluded, that more fuel is fill and the longer the duration of filling the fuel by respondent, the higher levels of tt-MA in urine. Therefore, works should use PPE and that medical surveillance conducted continuously every year.
Mitigating acrylamide in potatoe chips interest of fluorescence as monitori...SpectralysInnovation
The document discusses using a fluorescence-based sensor called Fluoralys to monitor food processing and predict contaminant formation. The sensor uses spectroscopy methods to non-destructively analyze food samples with minimal contact. Chemometrics are then used to decompose the fluorescence data and extract factors related to contaminants. Case studies on monitoring acrylamide in potato chips and furan/phenols in carrot puree show the sensor can be calibrated to predict contaminant levels and optimize food processing conditions to minimize them while maintaining quality. The Fluoralys sensor provides a sensitive, rapid, and universal technique for both process monitoring and contaminant assessment in various foods.
This document summarizes a study on photosensitized graft copolymerization of acrylic acid onto carboxymethyl starch. Key findings include:
- Optimum conditions for high graft yield and carboxyl content were determined as 10% photoinitiator, 150% acrylic acid concentration, 1:30 material:liquor ratio, 30°C temperature, and 4 hours reaction time.
- Characterization with SEM, DSC, and IR spectroscopy confirmed successful graft copolymerization with minimal homopolymer formation.
- The process produces graft copolymers with high viscosity, adhesion, and water swelling properties, making them suitable for various industrial applications like sizing, thickeners, adhes
PerkinElmer Elemental Analysis of Various Classes of Chemical Compounds Using...PerkinElmer, Inc.
This study attempts to answer the question of what happens when various classes of materials are analyzed which are known to be relatively "difficult" to analyze by other instruments or by conventional techniques.
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
This document discusses enzyme assays, which are laboratory methods used to measure enzymatic activity. It describes different types of enzyme assays including continuous assays, where activity is measured continuously, and discontinuous assays, where samples are taken at intervals. Continuous assays discussed include spectrophotometric, fluorometric, polarimetric, electrode, manometric, and calorimetric methods. Discontinuous assays include radiometric and chromatographic methods. The document also covers the purposes of enzyme assays and factors to control in assay experiments.
This document describes two UHPLC-PDA methods for analyzing vitamin E (tocopherol) isomers in e-liquid samples. A 10-minute gradient method separates e-liquid matrix, nicotine, cannabinoids, and three vitamin E isomers. A faster 5-minute isocratic method resolves only the vitamin E isomers. Calibration curves for the vitamin E isomers show good linearity (R2 > 0.999) over concentrations of 1-100 ppm. The methods were applied to analyze six e-liquid samples but did not detect any vitamin E. Coconut oil used in one sample was found to contain interfering compounds at lower detection wavelengths.
Chemometrical Optimization for Fourier Transform Near Infrared Analysis of Su...IJERD Editor
Real-time evaluation of sugar quality requires determining the content of sugar brix in the steps of
the cane sugar process. Sugar brix is a key indicator for evaluating sugar quality. Fourier transform near infrared
(FTNIR) spectroscopy is a simple, rapid and non-destructive technology on the analysis of material contents. In
this study, the chemometric algorithm of parameter-combined tuning of Savitzky-Golay (SG) smoother and
Partial Least Squares (PLS) regression was utilized for FTNIR analysis of sugar brix content in sugarcane
clarified juice, an important intermediate product in cane sugar industry. The algorithms of combined
optimization of SG smoother and PLS regression was achieved and the calibration models were established
optimized by screening the expanded 540 SG smoothing modes and the 1-30 latent valuables (LV). The
optimized models have high predictive accuracy. These results confirm that the combined optimization of SG
smoothing modes and PLS LVs is effective in the quantitative determination of sugar brix contents in sugarcane
clarified juice, and that the FTNIR spectroscopic technology with its chemometric algorithms have the potential
in the analysis of cane sugar intermediates.
1) Gas chromatography was used to separate and analyze compounds from a mixture using helium as the carrier gas and a thermal conductivity detector. Temperature and pressure were optimized using a Simplex Optimization program.
2) Known standards were run to determine retention times and optimize parameters, with the best found to be 64°C and 15.6 psi pressure.
3) Samples of varying ethanol concentrations were analyzed by refractometer and gas chromatography. The results were used to construct a calibration curve with R2 value of 0.98554 to determine the ethanol content of a vodka sample.
Kinetic Study of Polymerization of Methyl Methacrylate Initiated by Ce(IV) – ...IRJET Journal
1. The document describes a kinetic study of the polymerization of methyl methacrylate initiated by the Ce(IV)–vanillin redox system.
2. The effects of various reactants like Ce(IV), vanillin, H+, and reaction conditions like temperature, ionic strength, and micellar phase on the rate of polymerization and Ce(IV) consumption were examined.
3. The results show that the rate of polymerization increases with increasing concentrations of Ce(IV) and vanillin, and is dependent on [H+], while being independent of changes in [H+]. The activation and thermodynamic parameters were calculated from Arrhenius and Eyring plots.
Method 8260C by Purge and Trap Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry using the...PerkinElmer, Inc.
The document describes a study evaluating the performance of a PerkinElmer Clarus SQ 8 GC/MS using EPA Method 8260C for analyzing volatile organic compounds. Key findings include:
1) The GC/MS system met or exceeded all Method 8260C performance criteria for calibration, detection limits, precision, and accuracy when analyzing 31 volatile organic compounds.
2) Detection limits were as low as 0.05 μg/L and precision and accuracy were within accepted ranges of 76-109% and 0.9-7.4%, respectively.
3) The fast cooling GC oven and high throughput of the system allowed analysis times of under 30 minutes between samples.
Monitoring of secondary water contaminants in drinking water saraharshad10
It is a brief account of how to sample and monitor secondary water contaminants in drinking water. Please note that no specific case study is highlighted here. It is a general and analytical approach to the topic under study.
Analysis of Transport Properties and Acoustical Parameters of Sulphanilamide ...IOSR Journals
Sulphanilamide is the parent compound of all the sulpha-durgs which is important in urinary tract infections and meningococcal meningitis profilaxes. Ultrasonic velocity measurements are highly sensitive to molecular interactions and used to provide qualitative informations about the physical nature and strength of the molecular ∕inter-ionic interactions. In the present work, non-aqueous solutions of Sulphanilamide have been prepared with different concentrations and the experiments were carried out from a low temperature of 50c to a high temperature of 550c. The ultrasonic velocity data combined with density and viscosity provides the standard means for determining the internal pressure, free volume and acoustical parameters. The various interactions occurring in the solutions are interpreted interms of ion-ion and ion-solvent interactions. An attempt is made to identify the entry of solvate into the samples and the entry of drug molecules into the solvate which supports to identify the molecular structure.
An approach to assess the quality of honey using partial least square method IJECEIAES
The objective of the present study is to obtain the quantity of honey components such as moisture, glucose, fructose and sucrose in order to access the quality of honey. The tested honey samples are authenticated if the characteristics of a pure honey. The average ratio of 56% fructose to 44% glucose, but the ratios in the individual honeys ranged from a high of 64% fructose and 36% glucose to a low of 50% fructose and 50% glucose. The contents such as fructose and sucrose in honey is due to the presence of invertase enzymes. The organic acids present in the honey is responsible for the flavor and stability against the contamination of honey due to microorganisms. The natural food items are adulterated intentionally to increase the quantity and there by the quality gets affected. The main adulterants added in honey are sucrose, corn syrup, sugar syrup and jaggery syrup. The quantification deals in finding out the amount of basic constituents present in pure honey and adulterated honey using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometer with the multivariate analysis and validating the same using chemical analysis method. The partial least square model is used in predicting the constituents of the samples.
Toxicity immobilization of refinery sludge containing heavy metals via vitrif...eSAT Journals
Abstract Heavy metals are known to be toxic to human and the environment. Despite the growing of petrochemical and refinery industries, the world is facing problems with the heavy metals contamination from the sludge by the industries. Many methods have been applied to address these issues from the refinery sludge. In this study, stabilization and solidification of refinery sludge containing heavy metals using vitrification method was utilized to solve this problem. The ashing temperature of 550oC was selected in preparing the ash of the dried sludge prior to the vitrification process at 1110oC to 1400oC. After vitrification, all samples were morphologically, thermally and toxically analyzed using Scanning Electron Microscopy, Thermogravimetric Analysis and Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure. The sludge contained high amount of iron and aluminum, followed by some amount of magnesium, gold, arsenic and zinc with some traces of nickel and lead. Results showed that at maximum vitrified temperature of 1400oC, no magnesium, nickel and lead were detected in the sludge and only some traces of other heavy metals with less than 1 ppm. The vitrification method exhibits excellent output in immobilizing the transition metals leading to a reduction in environmental pollution caused by petrochemical and refinery sludge containing heavy metals. Index Terms: Vitrification, Heavy metals contamination, Refinery sludge, Toxicity, Leaching analysis
Multi-Element Determination of Cu, Mn, and Se using Electrothermal Atomic Abs...IOSR Journals
Simultaneous multi-element graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometer (SIMAA 6000) is used to get a new multi-element determinations methodology for Cu, Mn, and Se. Firstly, the optimum conditions for single-element mode are determined (which include: pyrolysis and atomization temperatures). Secondly, the optimum conditions for multi-element mode are also determined. The conditions in the two modes have been compared in terms of the characteristic masses, detection limits and pyrolysis and atomization temperatures. The effect of the matrix on the determination has been studied using urine standard sample from Seronorm (LOT 0511545). The accuracy of the developing methods has been confirmed by analysis different biological reference materials. Simultaneous multi-element GF-AAS offers a rapid, low cost and sensitive method for the analysis of trace elements
Short-chain alcohols are a group of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) that are often found in workplaces and laboratories, as well as medical, pharmaceutical, and food industries. Realtime monitoring of alcohol vapors is essential because exposure to alcohol vapors with concentrations of 0.15–0.30 mg·L−1 may be harmful to human health. This study aims to improve the detection capabilities of quartz crystal microbalance (QCM)-based sensors for the analysis of alcohol vapors. The active layer of chitosan was immobilized onto the QCM substrate through a selfassembled monolayer of L-cysteine using glutaraldehyde as a cross-linking agent. Before alcohol analysis, the QCM sensing chip was exposed to humidity because water vapor significantly interferes with QCM gas sensing. The prepared QCM sensor chip was tested for the detection of four different alcohols: n-propanol, ethanol, isoamyl alcohol, and n-amyl alcohol. For comparison, a non-alcohol of acetone was also tested. The prepared QCM sensing chip is selective to alcohols because of hydrogen bond formation between the hydroxyl groups of chitosan and the analyte. The highest response was achieved when the QCM sensing chip was exposed to n-amyl alcohol vapor, with a sensitivity of about 4.4 Hz·mg−1·L. Generally, the sensitivity of the QCM sensing chip is dependent on the molecular weight of alcohol. Moreover, the developed QCM sensing chips are stable after 10 days of repeated measurements, with a rapid response time of only 26 s. The QCM sensing chip provides an alternative method to established analytical methods such as gas chromatography for the detection of short-chain alcohol vapors.
The Use of Polymer Based Gas Sensor for Detecting Formalin in Food Using Arti...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
The usage of formalin as preservative substance in food is dangerous and make much threat to
public society. Yet, it is difficult to identify the presence of formalin in food sensory. It commonly requires
laboratory-based testing to detect the formalin. This work describes a detector system of formalin presence
in food which employs a series of polymer-based gas sensor and uses a neural network detection method.
The sensors are the polymer-carbon composite which made of the polymer mixed with active carbon.
There are four types of polymer used, i.e. Polyethylene Glycol (PEG) 6000, PEG200, PEG20M, and
PEG1450. The polymer-carbon composite provided a unique characteristic when it is exposed to vapor of
food with or without formalin. The resistance of each polymer is different for each detected vapor. The
combination of those sensors gives a pattern of voltage output on the sensors when they are exposed
certain gas so that every gas has its unique output pattern. The method of detection uses an algorithm of
back-propagation of the neural network. That voltage pattern of sensors serves as input to an artificial
intelligence program. The result shows that the system has the accuracy of 75% in detecting formalin in
food.
The high demand of meat causes the seller mix the fresh and not-fresh meat. Electronic nose was used to detect the quality of the meat quickly and accurately. This research is proposed to test and analyze the sensitivity of MOS sensor in the electronic nose and simulate it using Matlab to identify meat classification using neural network. Test parameters based on Indonesian National Standard (SNI 3932-2008) requirement on the quality of carcass and meat. In this simulation, the number of neurons in the hidden layer was varied to find the most accurate identification. The sensitivity analysis of the MOS sensor was conducted by testing the meat sample aroma, calculate the sensitivity, identify the formation of input, hidden layer, outputs, and simulate the result of the varied formation. Then, found the number of the most optimal neurons. The result of the data training will be applied to the real instrument.
Operating Conditions Effects Onenzyme Activity: Case Enzyme ProteaseIJERA Editor
The Proteases an enzyme added to detergents to degrade the protein spots origin.Their action is manifested
through its activity the middle of washing clothes. This activity depends on the operating conditions. In this
article, the effects of temperature and pH of the reaction and the substrate concentration and time of washing
medium on the enzyme activity were studied. There action mechanism has been shown. The activity
measurements were made by absorption spectrometry.
Factor Associated with Urine Trans, Trans-Muconic Acid (tt-MA) levels of Gas ...INFOGAIN PUBLICATION
Benzene is a dangerous chemichal compounds that can cause haematological effects. Gasoline contains approximately 5% carcinogens benzene. Gas station employees, particularly fueling operators are working population that have a high risk of benzene exposure. Within the continuous exposure. The purpose aim of this study is to analyze the relationship of urine trans, trans-Muconic Acid (tt-MA) levels with haematological profile of Gas Station Workers. The study was designed as an observational study and conducted by cross sectional method with 33 samples (12 samples administrative workers and 21 samples in fueling operator). The research showed that average concentration of benzene in the air is 0,58 ppm. The result of Spearman analysis showed a significant correlation the amount of fuel fill and the duration of filling the fuel with the level of tt-MA in urine (p=0,000). From this research can be concluded, that more fuel is fill and the longer the duration of filling the fuel by respondent, the higher levels of tt-MA in urine. Therefore, works should use PPE and that medical surveillance conducted continuously every year.
Mitigating acrylamide in potatoe chips interest of fluorescence as monitori...SpectralysInnovation
The document discusses using a fluorescence-based sensor called Fluoralys to monitor food processing and predict contaminant formation. The sensor uses spectroscopy methods to non-destructively analyze food samples with minimal contact. Chemometrics are then used to decompose the fluorescence data and extract factors related to contaminants. Case studies on monitoring acrylamide in potato chips and furan/phenols in carrot puree show the sensor can be calibrated to predict contaminant levels and optimize food processing conditions to minimize them while maintaining quality. The Fluoralys sensor provides a sensitive, rapid, and universal technique for both process monitoring and contaminant assessment in various foods.
This document summarizes a study on photosensitized graft copolymerization of acrylic acid onto carboxymethyl starch. Key findings include:
- Optimum conditions for high graft yield and carboxyl content were determined as 10% photoinitiator, 150% acrylic acid concentration, 1:30 material:liquor ratio, 30°C temperature, and 4 hours reaction time.
- Characterization with SEM, DSC, and IR spectroscopy confirmed successful graft copolymerization with minimal homopolymer formation.
- The process produces graft copolymers with high viscosity, adhesion, and water swelling properties, making them suitable for various industrial applications like sizing, thickeners, adhes
PerkinElmer Elemental Analysis of Various Classes of Chemical Compounds Using...PerkinElmer, Inc.
This study attempts to answer the question of what happens when various classes of materials are analyzed which are known to be relatively "difficult" to analyze by other instruments or by conventional techniques.
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
This document discusses enzyme assays, which are laboratory methods used to measure enzymatic activity. It describes different types of enzyme assays including continuous assays, where activity is measured continuously, and discontinuous assays, where samples are taken at intervals. Continuous assays discussed include spectrophotometric, fluorometric, polarimetric, electrode, manometric, and calorimetric methods. Discontinuous assays include radiometric and chromatographic methods. The document also covers the purposes of enzyme assays and factors to control in assay experiments.
This document describes two UHPLC-PDA methods for analyzing vitamin E (tocopherol) isomers in e-liquid samples. A 10-minute gradient method separates e-liquid matrix, nicotine, cannabinoids, and three vitamin E isomers. A faster 5-minute isocratic method resolves only the vitamin E isomers. Calibration curves for the vitamin E isomers show good linearity (R2 > 0.999) over concentrations of 1-100 ppm. The methods were applied to analyze six e-liquid samples but did not detect any vitamin E. Coconut oil used in one sample was found to contain interfering compounds at lower detection wavelengths.
Chemometrical Optimization for Fourier Transform Near Infrared Analysis of Su...IJERD Editor
Real-time evaluation of sugar quality requires determining the content of sugar brix in the steps of
the cane sugar process. Sugar brix is a key indicator for evaluating sugar quality. Fourier transform near infrared
(FTNIR) spectroscopy is a simple, rapid and non-destructive technology on the analysis of material contents. In
this study, the chemometric algorithm of parameter-combined tuning of Savitzky-Golay (SG) smoother and
Partial Least Squares (PLS) regression was utilized for FTNIR analysis of sugar brix content in sugarcane
clarified juice, an important intermediate product in cane sugar industry. The algorithms of combined
optimization of SG smoother and PLS regression was achieved and the calibration models were established
optimized by screening the expanded 540 SG smoothing modes and the 1-30 latent valuables (LV). The
optimized models have high predictive accuracy. These results confirm that the combined optimization of SG
smoothing modes and PLS LVs is effective in the quantitative determination of sugar brix contents in sugarcane
clarified juice, and that the FTNIR spectroscopic technology with its chemometric algorithms have the potential
in the analysis of cane sugar intermediates.
1) Gas chromatography was used to separate and analyze compounds from a mixture using helium as the carrier gas and a thermal conductivity detector. Temperature and pressure were optimized using a Simplex Optimization program.
2) Known standards were run to determine retention times and optimize parameters, with the best found to be 64°C and 15.6 psi pressure.
3) Samples of varying ethanol concentrations were analyzed by refractometer and gas chromatography. The results were used to construct a calibration curve with R2 value of 0.98554 to determine the ethanol content of a vodka sample.
Kinetic Study of Polymerization of Methyl Methacrylate Initiated by Ce(IV) – ...IRJET Journal
1. The document describes a kinetic study of the polymerization of methyl methacrylate initiated by the Ce(IV)–vanillin redox system.
2. The effects of various reactants like Ce(IV), vanillin, H+, and reaction conditions like temperature, ionic strength, and micellar phase on the rate of polymerization and Ce(IV) consumption were examined.
3. The results show that the rate of polymerization increases with increasing concentrations of Ce(IV) and vanillin, and is dependent on [H+], while being independent of changes in [H+]. The activation and thermodynamic parameters were calculated from Arrhenius and Eyring plots.
Method 8260C by Purge and Trap Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry using the...PerkinElmer, Inc.
The document describes a study evaluating the performance of a PerkinElmer Clarus SQ 8 GC/MS using EPA Method 8260C for analyzing volatile organic compounds. Key findings include:
1) The GC/MS system met or exceeded all Method 8260C performance criteria for calibration, detection limits, precision, and accuracy when analyzing 31 volatile organic compounds.
2) Detection limits were as low as 0.05 μg/L and precision and accuracy were within accepted ranges of 76-109% and 0.9-7.4%, respectively.
3) The fast cooling GC oven and high throughput of the system allowed analysis times of under 30 minutes between samples.
Monitoring of secondary water contaminants in drinking water saraharshad10
It is a brief account of how to sample and monitor secondary water contaminants in drinking water. Please note that no specific case study is highlighted here. It is a general and analytical approach to the topic under study.
Analysis of Transport Properties and Acoustical Parameters of Sulphanilamide ...IOSR Journals
Sulphanilamide is the parent compound of all the sulpha-durgs which is important in urinary tract infections and meningococcal meningitis profilaxes. Ultrasonic velocity measurements are highly sensitive to molecular interactions and used to provide qualitative informations about the physical nature and strength of the molecular ∕inter-ionic interactions. In the present work, non-aqueous solutions of Sulphanilamide have been prepared with different concentrations and the experiments were carried out from a low temperature of 50c to a high temperature of 550c. The ultrasonic velocity data combined with density and viscosity provides the standard means for determining the internal pressure, free volume and acoustical parameters. The various interactions occurring in the solutions are interpreted interms of ion-ion and ion-solvent interactions. An attempt is made to identify the entry of solvate into the samples and the entry of drug molecules into the solvate which supports to identify the molecular structure.
An approach to assess the quality of honey using partial least square method IJECEIAES
The objective of the present study is to obtain the quantity of honey components such as moisture, glucose, fructose and sucrose in order to access the quality of honey. The tested honey samples are authenticated if the characteristics of a pure honey. The average ratio of 56% fructose to 44% glucose, but the ratios in the individual honeys ranged from a high of 64% fructose and 36% glucose to a low of 50% fructose and 50% glucose. The contents such as fructose and sucrose in honey is due to the presence of invertase enzymes. The organic acids present in the honey is responsible for the flavor and stability against the contamination of honey due to microorganisms. The natural food items are adulterated intentionally to increase the quantity and there by the quality gets affected. The main adulterants added in honey are sucrose, corn syrup, sugar syrup and jaggery syrup. The quantification deals in finding out the amount of basic constituents present in pure honey and adulterated honey using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometer with the multivariate analysis and validating the same using chemical analysis method. The partial least square model is used in predicting the constituents of the samples.
Toxicity immobilization of refinery sludge containing heavy metals via vitrif...eSAT Journals
Abstract Heavy metals are known to be toxic to human and the environment. Despite the growing of petrochemical and refinery industries, the world is facing problems with the heavy metals contamination from the sludge by the industries. Many methods have been applied to address these issues from the refinery sludge. In this study, stabilization and solidification of refinery sludge containing heavy metals using vitrification method was utilized to solve this problem. The ashing temperature of 550oC was selected in preparing the ash of the dried sludge prior to the vitrification process at 1110oC to 1400oC. After vitrification, all samples were morphologically, thermally and toxically analyzed using Scanning Electron Microscopy, Thermogravimetric Analysis and Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure. The sludge contained high amount of iron and aluminum, followed by some amount of magnesium, gold, arsenic and zinc with some traces of nickel and lead. Results showed that at maximum vitrified temperature of 1400oC, no magnesium, nickel and lead were detected in the sludge and only some traces of other heavy metals with less than 1 ppm. The vitrification method exhibits excellent output in immobilizing the transition metals leading to a reduction in environmental pollution caused by petrochemical and refinery sludge containing heavy metals. Index Terms: Vitrification, Heavy metals contamination, Refinery sludge, Toxicity, Leaching analysis
Multi-Element Determination of Cu, Mn, and Se using Electrothermal Atomic Abs...IOSR Journals
Simultaneous multi-element graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometer (SIMAA 6000) is used to get a new multi-element determinations methodology for Cu, Mn, and Se. Firstly, the optimum conditions for single-element mode are determined (which include: pyrolysis and atomization temperatures). Secondly, the optimum conditions for multi-element mode are also determined. The conditions in the two modes have been compared in terms of the characteristic masses, detection limits and pyrolysis and atomization temperatures. The effect of the matrix on the determination has been studied using urine standard sample from Seronorm (LOT 0511545). The accuracy of the developing methods has been confirmed by analysis different biological reference materials. Simultaneous multi-element GF-AAS offers a rapid, low cost and sensitive method for the analysis of trace elements
Short-chain alcohols are a group of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) that are often found in workplaces and laboratories, as well as medical, pharmaceutical, and food industries. Realtime monitoring of alcohol vapors is essential because exposure to alcohol vapors with concentrations of 0.15–0.30 mg·L−1 may be harmful to human health. This study aims to improve the detection capabilities of quartz crystal microbalance (QCM)-based sensors for the analysis of alcohol vapors. The active layer of chitosan was immobilized onto the QCM substrate through a selfassembled monolayer of L-cysteine using glutaraldehyde as a cross-linking agent. Before alcohol analysis, the QCM sensing chip was exposed to humidity because water vapor significantly interferes with QCM gas sensing. The prepared QCM sensor chip was tested for the detection of four different alcohols: n-propanol, ethanol, isoamyl alcohol, and n-amyl alcohol. For comparison, a non-alcohol of acetone was also tested. The prepared QCM sensing chip is selective to alcohols because of hydrogen bond formation between the hydroxyl groups of chitosan and the analyte. The highest response was achieved when the QCM sensing chip was exposed to n-amyl alcohol vapor, with a sensitivity of about 4.4 Hz·mg−1·L. Generally, the sensitivity of the QCM sensing chip is dependent on the molecular weight of alcohol. Moreover, the developed QCM sensing chips are stable after 10 days of repeated measurements, with a rapid response time of only 26 s. The QCM sensing chip provides an alternative method to established analytical methods such as gas chromatography for the detection of short-chain alcohol vapors.
The Use of Polymer Based Gas Sensor for Detecting Formalin in Food Using Arti...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
The usage of formalin as preservative substance in food is dangerous and make much threat to
public society. Yet, it is difficult to identify the presence of formalin in food sensory. It commonly requires
laboratory-based testing to detect the formalin. This work describes a detector system of formalin presence
in food which employs a series of polymer-based gas sensor and uses a neural network detection method.
The sensors are the polymer-carbon composite which made of the polymer mixed with active carbon.
There are four types of polymer used, i.e. Polyethylene Glycol (PEG) 6000, PEG200, PEG20M, and
PEG1450. The polymer-carbon composite provided a unique characteristic when it is exposed to vapor of
food with or without formalin. The resistance of each polymer is different for each detected vapor. The
combination of those sensors gives a pattern of voltage output on the sensors when they are exposed
certain gas so that every gas has its unique output pattern. The method of detection uses an algorithm of
back-propagation of the neural network. That voltage pattern of sensors serves as input to an artificial
intelligence program. The result shows that the system has the accuracy of 75% in detecting formalin in
food.
The high demand of meat causes the seller mix the fresh and not-fresh meat. Electronic nose was used to detect the quality of the meat quickly and accurately. This research is proposed to test and analyze the sensitivity of MOS sensor in the electronic nose and simulate it using Matlab to identify meat classification using neural network. Test parameters based on Indonesian National Standard (SNI 3932-2008) requirement on the quality of carcass and meat. In this simulation, the number of neurons in the hidden layer was varied to find the most accurate identification. The sensitivity analysis of the MOS sensor was conducted by testing the meat sample aroma, calculate the sensitivity, identify the formation of input, hidden layer, outputs, and simulate the result of the varied formation. Then, found the number of the most optimal neurons. The result of the data training will be applied to the real instrument.
The document discusses gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), a hyphenated analytical technique that combines gas chromatography and mass spectrometry. GC-MS separates the components of a mixture and allows each component to be characterized individually. It has various applications including environmental monitoring, food and flavor analysis, and forensic and pharmaceutical analysis. The document provides details on the working principles, instrumentation, and uses of GC-MS.
Graphene/PSMA composite for gas sensing applicationjournalBEEI
This paper presents the fabrication of conducting polymer sensor which comprise of graphene-poly styrene-co-maleic acid (PSMA) composite that responds to volatile organic compound (VOC) via a change in the electrical resistance of the sensors. Five sensors composed of different material ratio were fabricated to find out the most prominent weight percentage ratio (wt %) for optimum sensor response. Those materials were deposited onto silver electrode using drop-casting method. NI Card PCIE-6323 measures the voltage obtained from the sensor circuit and the resistance of the gas sensor monitored using LabVIEW instrument. It was observed from the experiments that combination of 60% graphene and 40% PSMA gives the highest sensor response.
This document summarizes a research study that examined the use of a metal oxide semiconductor pellet sensor for detecting components of exhaled breath. Specifically, it fabricated a pellet sensor using a mixture of zinc oxide and tin oxide nanopowders. It characterized the sensor's electrical conductivity, sensitivity, response time and recovery time when exposed to exhaled breath and individual exhaled breath components at room temperature. The study found that the pellet sensor's electrical conductivity decreases when exposed to exhaled breath, and that it responds differently to different exhaled breath components. The pellet sensor shows potential for use in disease detection or quantification of exhaled breath components through non-invasive breath analysis.
Performance of electronic nose based on gas sensor-partition column for synth...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Electronic nose (e-nose) has been developed and implemented in a wide area, included in food industries. This study was conducted to investigate the performance of an e-nose that utilizes a packed gas chromatography column and a gas sensor for classification of synthetic flavor products. There were six aroma variants of synthetic flavor evaluated, namely durian, jackfruit, ambonese banana, melon, orange and lemon. The e-nose was designed with four main parts, namely aroma provider, column and detector room, microcontroller, and data acquisition system. The device was operated automatically at a stable temperature of 60 °C. Collected data consisted of ten data of each sample was preprocessed by baseline equalization and normalization, extracted its distinctive feature and then were analyzed through pattern recognition analysis. There were two kinds of methods used to analyzed the patterns of the data, namely a fuzzy c-means clustering and an artificial neural network (ANN). With the fuzzy c-means clustering,
the result was six data clusters with an unbalanced number of members, indicated that this analysis could not classify samples properly. Meanwhile, analysis with the ANN could classify properly the samples with the level of accuracy of 70%.
PHARMACEUTICAL APPLICATIONS OF GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY(GC), PHARMACEUTICAL ANALYS...Dr. Ravi Sankar
This document discusses various pharmaceutical applications of gas chromatography (GC). It describes how GC allows for both rapid analysis in minutes and high sensitivity detection down to picogram levels. Key applications discussed include detection of pesticides, separation of gasoline components, analysis of ignitable liquids in arson cases, determination of drugs and metabolites in biological samples, and detection of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in indoor air. GC can separate complex mixtures and is used in various industries like petrochemicals, forensics, and environmental testing.
Recent development in electronic nose data processing for beef quality assess...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Beef is kind of perishable food that easily to decay. Hence, a rapid system for beef quality assessment is needed to guarantee the quality of beef. In the last few years, electronic nose (e-nose) is developed for beef spoilage detection. In this paper, we discuss the challenges of e-nose application to beef quality assessment, especially in e-nose data processing. We also provide a summary of our previous studies that explains several methods to deal with gas sensor noise, sensor array optimization problem, beef quality classification, and prediction of the microbial population in beef sample. This paper might be useful for researchers and practitioners to understand the challenges and methods of e-nose data processing for beef quality assessment.
Design of Electronic Nose System Using Gas Chromatography Principle and Surfa...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Most gases are odorless, colorless and also hazard to be sensed by the human olfactory system.
Hence, an electronic nose system is required for the gas classification process. This study presents the
design of electronic nose system using a combination of Gas Chromatography Column and a Surface
Acoustic Wave (SAW). The Gas Chromatography Column is a technique based on the compound partition
at a certain temperature. Whereas, the SAW sensor works based on the resonant frequency change. In
this study, gas samples including methanol, acetonitrile, and benzene are used for system performance
measurement. Each gas sample generates a specific acoustic signal data in the form of a frequency
change recorded by the SAW sensor. Then, the acoustic signal data is analyzed to obtain the acoustic
features, i.e. the peak amplitude, the negative slope, the positive slope, and the length. The Support
Vector Machine (SVM) method using the acoustic feature as its input parameters are applied to classify
the gas sample. Radial Basis Function is used to build the optimal hyperplane model which devided into
two processes i.e., the training process and the external validation process. According to the result
performance, the training process has the accuracy of 98.7% and the external validation process has the
accuracy of 93.3%. Our electronic nose system has the average sensitivity of 51.43 Hz/mL to sense the
gas samples.
Asthma Identification Using Gas Sensors and Support Vector MachineTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
The exhaled breath analysis is a procedure of measuring several types of gases that aim to
identify various diseases in the human body. The purpose of this study is to analyze the gases contained
in the exhaled breath in order to recognize healthy and asthma subjects with varying severity. An
electronic nose consisting of seven gas sensors equipped with the Support Vector Machine classification
method is used to analyze the gases to determine the patient's condition. Non-linear binary classification is
used to identify healthy and asthma subjects, whereas the multiclass classification is applied to recognize
the subjects of asthma with different severity. The result of this study showed that the system provided a
low accuracy to distinguish the subjects of asthma with varying severity. This system can only differentiate
between partially controlled and uncontrolled asthma subjects with good accuracy. However, this system
can provide high sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy to distinguish between healthy and asthma subjects.
The use of five gas sensors in the electronic nose system has the best accuracy in the classification
results of 89.5%. The gases of carbon monoxide, nitric oxide, volatile organic compounds, hydrogen, and
carbon dioxide contained in the exhaled breath are the dominant indications as biomarkers of asthma.The
performance of electronic nose was highly dependent on the ability of sensor array to analyze gas type in
the sample. Therefore, in further study we will employ the sensors having higher sensitivity to detect lower
concentration of the marker gases.
Flue gas, or exhaust gas, is generated through combustion processes. It contains oxides of carbon, hydrogen, and other elements from the fuel, along with any excess air. Many components are air pollutants that must be cleaned or minimized before release. Flue gas analysis indicates the combustion efficiency and air-to-fuel ratio. It can be used to predict flue sizes and losses. Common analysis techniques include gas chromatography, mass spectroscopy, and indicators that detect specific components like carbon monoxide. Proper flue gas analysis promotes safety, efficiency, and process optimization.
Analysis of Trace Elements in Fertilizer with AVIO 200 ICP-OESPerkinElmer, Inc.
This document summarizes the ability of the Avio 200 ICP-OES to accurately analyze trace elements in fertilizers at levels below Thailand's regulatory limits. Reference materials were digested and analyzed to validate the method. Results for the reference materials showed recoveries within 10% of certified values. Detection limits for the analytes were all below the corresponding regulatory levels in Thailand. The method demonstrated the Avio 200 ICP-OES can accurately measure nutrients and trace elements in fertilizers.
APPLICATIONS OF GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY [APPLICATIONS OF GC] BY Prof. Dr. P.RAVISA...Dr. Ravi Sankar
Gas chromatography (GC) is an instrumental technique used for drug analysis, toxicology, and identification of organic compounds. It allows for high-speed and sensitive analysis of mixtures like pesticides. GC coupled with mass spectrometry is used in applications like pharmaceutical analysis, food safety testing, and indoor air quality monitoring. It is also used in forensic sciences to identify drugs and other compounds.
Air pollution mitigation of poison gas co with crude chlorophyll of papaya (c...Alexander Decker
1. The document discusses a study on using crude chlorophyll extract from papaya (Carica papaya L.) leaves to mitigate air pollution from carbon monoxide (CO) gas.
2. The study found that the papaya leaf chlorophyll extract solution had the ability to absorb CO gas, and that a solution with a 1:4 ratio of papaya leaf acetone extract to distilled water was optimal for CO gas absorption.
3. No color changes were observed in the test solutions, indicating the absorption process was physical in nature. The optimal time for the papaya leaf chlorophyll extract solution to absorb 1000ppm of CO pollutants was found to be 10 minutes.
The document provides information on the staff members and grant holders of the Analytical Chemistry department for 2008. It summarizes several projects conducted by the department including developing analytical methods to determine pesticides, PAHs, toxins and antibiotics in food and environmental samples. Methods included liquid and gas chromatography coupled with various detectors. Electroanalytical procedures were also considered to reduce sample preparation time and amounts of solvent used. Validation of developed methods revealed good performance. The document outlines goals for 2009 which include characterizing stone deterioration, developing new sensor technologies, and further analysis of contaminants in different matrices like fish and water.
Gas Chromatography.pptx principle, instrumentationDr. Vijaya Barge
This document provides an overview of gas chromatography including its principles, instrumentation, applications, and conclusions. Gas chromatography is an analytical technique used to separate chemical components of a sample mixture. It works by vaporizing the sample and carrying it through a column with an inert gas, which separates the components based on how they interact with the stationary phase in the column. Common instrumentation includes the carrier gas, injector, column, and detectors like the flame ionization detector or thermal conductivity detector. Applications of gas chromatography include qualitative and quantitative analysis in pharmaceuticals, food, forensics, and environmental testing.
A Review On Use Of Chromatography For Analytical ApplicationsScott Faria
This document provides a review of the use of chromatography for analytical applications. It discusses how chromatography is useful for separating organic and inorganic compounds and can be used to determine the composition of solids and liquids or identify unknown materials. It summarizes several studies that used different types of chromatography (thin layer chromatography, gas chromatography, high-performance liquid chromatography) for applications like determining metal ions, gases, residual solvents, food components, and bioactive compounds. The document concludes that chromatography is a widely used and important analytical technique with many applications in fields like the pharmaceutical industry, food industry, and forensic science.
Instrumental techniques of flavor evaluationMohit Bhardwaj
This document discusses flavor evaluation of food products. It describes three main types of flavor evaluation: chemical evaluation, sensory evaluation, and instrumental evaluation. Sensory evaluation involves human senses to evaluate properties, while instrumental evaluation uses techniques like gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and gas chromatography-olfactometry to objectively measure compounds and odors. Both approaches are needed for comprehensive and accurate flavor analysis of foods.
This document describes a method for analyzing 375 organic contaminants including pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in fruits and vegetables using gas chromatography coupled with triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS). Samples were extracted with ethyl acetate and cleaned up using dispersive solid phase extraction. The method was validated and achieved limits of quantification below 10 μg/L for most compounds. Recoveries from 70-110% and precision below 20% indicated the method was satisfactory. A semi-quantitative approach was also developed utilizing calibration curves, and provided accurate quantification of incurred samples within ±10% of direct quantification values.
This document summarizes a study that analyzed extractables and leachables from common food storage products using liquid chromatography high-accuracy mass spectrometry. Plastic bags, plastic cups, and aluminum foil were extracted using various solvents. A quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometer identified potential extractable and leachable ions. Nineteen ions were tentatively identified based on accurate mass. Some compounds like docosanamide and erucamide were detected in plastic bags, while others like Irganox 1010/1310 were only in plastic cups or Octadecyl-m-t-butyl-p-hydroxyphenylpropionate only in aluminum foil. The identities were investigated using formula prediction and comparison
Similar to The Application of General MOS Gas Sensors for Discriminating Formalin Content (20)
Amazon products reviews classification based on machine learning, deep learni...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
In recent times, the trend of online shopping through e-commerce stores and websites has grown to a huge extent. Whenever a product is purchased on an e-commerce platform, people leave their reviews about the product. These reviews are very helpful for the store owners and the product’s manufacturers for the betterment of their work process as well as product quality. An automated system is proposed in this work that operates on two datasets D1 and D2 obtained from Amazon. After certain preprocessing steps, N-gram and word embedding-based features are extracted using term frequency-inverse document frequency (TF-IDF), bag of words (BoW) and global vectors (GloVe), and Word2vec, respectively. Four machine learning (ML) models support vector machines (SVM), logistic regression (RF), logistic regression (LR), multinomial Naïve Bayes (MNB), two deep learning (DL) models convolutional neural network (CNN), long-short term memory (LSTM), and standalone bidirectional encoder representations (BERT) are used to classify reviews as either positive or negative. The results obtained by the standard ML, DL models and BERT are evaluated using certain performance evaluation measures. BERT turns out to be the best-performing model in the case of D1 with an accuracy of 90% on features derived by word embedding models while the CNN provides the best accuracy of 97% upon word embedding features in the case of D2. The proposed model shows better overall performance on D2 as compared to D1.
Design, simulation, and analysis of microstrip patch antenna for wireless app...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
In this study, a microstrip patch antenna that works at 3.6 GHz was built and tested to see how well it works. In this work, Rogers RT/Duroid 5880 has been used as the substrate material, with a dielectric permittivity of 2.2 and a thickness of 0.3451 mm; it serves as the base for the examined antenna. The computer simulation technology (CST) studio suite is utilized to show the recommended antenna design. The goal of this study was to get a more extensive transmission capacity, a lower voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR), and a lower return loss, but the main goal was to get a higher gain, directivity, and efficiency. After simulation, the return loss, gain, directivity, bandwidth, and efficiency of the supplied antenna are found to be -17.626 dB, 9.671 dBi, 9.924 dBi, 0.2 GHz, and 97.45%, respectively. Besides, the recreation uncovered that the transfer speed side-lobe level at phi was much better than those of the earlier works, at -28.8 dB, respectively. Thus, it makes a solid contender for remote innovation and more robust communication.
Design and simulation an optimal enhanced PI controller for congestion avoida...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
This document describes using a snake optimization algorithm to tune the gains of an enhanced proportional-integral controller for congestion avoidance in a TCP/AQM system. The controller aims to maintain a stable and desired queue size without noise or transmission problems. A linearized model of the TCP/AQM system is presented. An enhanced PI controller combining nonlinear gain and original PI gains is proposed. The snake optimization algorithm is then used to tune the parameters of the enhanced PI controller to achieve optimal system performance and response. Simulation results are discussed showing the proposed controller provides a stable and robust behavior for congestion control.
Improving the detection of intrusion in vehicular ad-hoc networks with modifi...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Vehicular ad-hoc networks (VANETs) are wireless-equipped vehicles that form networks along the road. The security of this network has been a major challenge. The identity-based cryptosystem (IBC) previously used to secure the networks suffers from membership authentication security features. This paper focuses on improving the detection of intruders in VANETs with a modified identity-based cryptosystem (MIBC). The MIBC is developed using a non-singular elliptic curve with Lagrange interpolation. The public key of vehicles and roadside units on the network are derived from number plates and location identification numbers, respectively. Pseudo-identities are used to mask the real identity of users to preserve their privacy. The membership authentication mechanism ensures that only valid and authenticated members of the network are allowed to join the network. The performance of the MIBC is evaluated using intrusion detection ratio (IDR) and computation time (CT) and then validated with the existing IBC. The result obtained shows that the MIBC recorded an IDR of 99.3% against 94.3% obtained for the existing identity-based cryptosystem (EIBC) for 140 unregistered vehicles attempting to intrude on the network. The MIBC shows lower CT values of 1.17 ms against 1.70 ms for EIBC. The MIBC can be used to improve the security of VANETs.
Conceptual model of internet banking adoption with perceived risk and trust f...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Understanding the primary factors of internet banking (IB) acceptance is critical for both banks and users; nevertheless, our knowledge of the role of users’ perceived risk and trust in IB adoption is limited. As a result, we develop a conceptual model by incorporating perceived risk and trust into the technology acceptance model (TAM) theory toward the IB. The proper research emphasized that the most essential component in explaining IB adoption behavior is behavioral intention to use IB adoption. TAM is helpful for figuring out how elements that affect IB adoption are connected to one another. According to previous literature on IB and the use of such technology in Iraq, one has to choose a theoretical foundation that may justify the acceptance of IB from the customer’s perspective. The conceptual model was therefore constructed using the TAM as a foundation. Furthermore, perceived risk and trust were added to the TAM dimensions as external factors. The key objective of this work was to extend the TAM to construct a conceptual model for IB adoption and to get sufficient theoretical support from the existing literature for the essential elements and their relationships in order to unearth new insights about factors responsible for IB adoption.
Efficient combined fuzzy logic and LMS algorithm for smart antennaTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
The smart antennas are broadly used in wireless communication. The least mean square (LMS) algorithm is a procedure that is concerned in controlling the smart antenna pattern to accommodate specified requirements such as steering the beam toward the desired signal, in addition to placing the deep nulls in the direction of unwanted signals. The conventional LMS (C-LMS) has some drawbacks like slow convergence speed besides high steady state fluctuation error. To overcome these shortcomings, the present paper adopts an adaptive fuzzy control step size least mean square (FC-LMS) algorithm to adjust its step size. Computer simulation outcomes illustrate that the given model has fast convergence rate as well as low mean square error steady state.
Design and implementation of a LoRa-based system for warning of forest fireTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
This paper presents the design and implementation of a forest fire monitoring and warning system based on long range (LoRa) technology, a novel ultra-low power consumption and long-range wireless communication technology for remote sensing applications. The proposed system includes a wireless sensor network that records environmental parameters such as temperature, humidity, wind speed, and carbon dioxide (CO2) concentration in the air, as well as taking infrared photos.The data collected at each sensor node will be transmitted to the gateway via LoRa wireless transmission. Data will be collected, processed, and uploaded to a cloud database at the gateway. An Android smartphone application that allows anyone to easily view the recorded data has been developed. When a fire is detected, the system will sound a siren and send a warning message to the responsible personnel, instructing them to take appropriate action. Experiments in Tram Chim Park, Vietnam, have been conducted to verify and evaluate the operation of the system.
Wavelet-based sensing technique in cognitive radio networkTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Cognitive radio is a smart radio that can change its transmitter parameter based on interaction with the environment in which it operates. The demand for frequency spectrum is growing due to a big data issue as many Internet of Things (IoT) devices are in the network. Based on previous research, most frequency spectrum was used, but some spectrums were not used, called spectrum hole. Energy detection is one of the spectrum sensing methods that has been frequently used since it is easy to use and does not require license users to have any prior signal understanding. But this technique is incapable of detecting at low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) levels. Therefore, the wavelet-based sensing is proposed to overcome this issue and detect spectrum holes. The main objective of this work is to evaluate the performance of wavelet-based sensing and compare it with the energy detection technique. The findings show that the percentage of detection in wavelet-based sensing is 83% higher than energy detection performance. This result indicates that the wavelet-based sensing has higher precision in detection and the interference towards primary user can be decreased.
A novel compact dual-band bandstop filter with enhanced rejection bandsTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
In this paper, we present the design of a new wide dual-band bandstop filter (DBBSF) using nonuniform transmission lines. The method used to design this filter is to replace conventional uniform transmission lines with nonuniform lines governed by a truncated Fourier series. Based on how impedances are profiled in the proposed DBBSF structure, the fractional bandwidths of the two 10 dB-down rejection bands are widened to 39.72% and 52.63%, respectively, and the physical size has been reduced compared to that of the filter with the uniform transmission lines. The results of the electromagnetic (EM) simulation support the obtained analytical response and show an improved frequency behavior.
Deep learning approach to DDoS attack with imbalanced data at the application...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
A distributed denial of service (DDoS) attack is where one or more computers attack or target a server computer, by flooding internet traffic to the server. As a result, the server cannot be accessed by legitimate users. A result of this attack causes enormous losses for a company because it can reduce the level of user trust, and reduce the company’s reputation to lose customers due to downtime. One of the services at the application layer that can be accessed by users is a web-based lightweight directory access protocol (LDAP) service that can provide safe and easy services to access directory applications. We used a deep learning approach to detect DDoS attacks on the CICDDoS 2019 dataset on a complex computer network at the application layer to get fast and accurate results for dealing with unbalanced data. Based on the results obtained, it is observed that DDoS attack detection using a deep learning approach on imbalanced data performs better when implemented using synthetic minority oversampling technique (SMOTE) method for binary classes. On the other hand, the proposed deep learning approach performs better for detecting DDoS attacks in multiclass when implemented using the adaptive synthetic (ADASYN) method.
The appearance of uncertainties and disturbances often effects the characteristics of either linear or nonlinear systems. Plus, the stabilization process may be deteriorated thus incurring a catastrophic effect to the system performance. As such, this manuscript addresses the concept of matching condition for the systems that are suffering from miss-match uncertainties and exogeneous disturbances. The perturbation towards the system at hand is assumed to be known and unbounded. To reach this outcome, uncertainties and their classifications are reviewed thoroughly. The structural matching condition is proposed and tabulated in the proposition 1. Two types of mathematical expressions are presented to distinguish the system with matched uncertainty and the system with miss-matched uncertainty. Lastly, two-dimensional numerical expressions are provided to practice the proposed proposition. The outcome shows that matching condition has the ability to change the system to a design-friendly model for asymptotic stabilization.
Implementation of FinFET technology based low power 4×4 Wallace tree multipli...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Many systems, including digital signal processors, finite impulse response (FIR) filters, application-specific integrated circuits, and microprocessors, use multipliers. The demand for low power multipliers is gradually rising day by day in the current technological trend. In this study, we describe a 4×4 Wallace multiplier based on a carry select adder (CSA) that uses less power and has a better power delay product than existing multipliers. HSPICE tool at 16 nm technology is used to simulate the results. In comparison to the traditional CSA-based multiplier, which has a power consumption of 1.7 µW and power delay product (PDP) of 57.3 fJ, the results demonstrate that the Wallace multiplier design employing CSA with first zero finding logic (FZF) logic has the lowest power consumption of 1.4 µW and PDP of 27.5 fJ.
Evaluation of the weighted-overlap add model with massive MIMO in a 5G systemTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
The flaw in 5G orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) becomes apparent in high-speed situations. Because the doppler effect causes frequency shifts, the orthogonality of OFDM subcarriers is broken, lowering both their bit error rate (BER) and throughput output. As part of this research, we use a novel design that combines massive multiple input multiple output (MIMO) and weighted overlap and add (WOLA) to improve the performance of 5G systems. To determine which design is superior, throughput and BER are calculated for both the proposed design and OFDM. The results of the improved system show a massive improvement in performance ver the conventional system and significant improvements with massive MIMO, including the best throughput and BER. When compared to conventional systems, the improved system has a throughput that is around 22% higher and the best performance in terms of BER, but it still has around 25% less error than OFDM.
Reflector antenna design in different frequencies using frequency selective s...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
In this study, it is aimed to obtain two different asymmetric radiation patterns obtained from antennas in the shape of the cross-section of a parabolic reflector (fan blade type antennas) and antennas with cosecant-square radiation characteristics at two different frequencies from a single antenna. For this purpose, firstly, a fan blade type antenna design will be made, and then the reflective surface of this antenna will be completed to the shape of the reflective surface of the antenna with the cosecant-square radiation characteristic with the frequency selective surface designed to provide the characteristics suitable for the purpose. The frequency selective surface designed and it provides the perfect transmission as possible at 4 GHz operating frequency, while it will act as a band-quenching filter for electromagnetic waves at 5 GHz operating frequency and will be a reflective surface. Thanks to this frequency selective surface to be used as a reflective surface in the antenna, a fan blade type radiation characteristic at 4 GHz operating frequency will be obtained, while a cosecant-square radiation characteristic at 5 GHz operating frequency will be obtained.
Reagentless iron detection in water based on unclad fiber optical sensorTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
A simple and low-cost fiber based optical sensor for iron detection is demonstrated in this paper. The sensor head consist of an unclad optical fiber with the unclad length of 1 cm and it has a straight structure. Results obtained shows a linear relationship between the output light intensity and iron concentration, illustrating the functionality of this iron optical sensor. Based on the experimental results, the sensitivity and linearity are achieved at 0.0328/ppm and 0.9824 respectively at the wavelength of 690 nm. With the same wavelength, other performance parameters are also studied. Resolution and limit of detection (LOD) are found to be 0.3049 ppm and 0.0755 ppm correspondingly. This iron sensor is advantageous in that it does not require any reagent for detection, enabling it to be simpler and cost-effective in the implementation of the iron sensing.
Impact of CuS counter electrode calcination temperature on quantum dot sensit...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
In place of the commercial Pt electrode used in quantum sensitized solar cells, the low-cost CuS cathode is created using electrophoresis. High resolution scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction were used to analyze the structure and morphology of structural cubic samples with diameters ranging from 40 nm to 200 nm. The conversion efficiency of solar cells is significantly impacted by the calcination temperatures of cathodes at 100 °C, 120 °C, 150 °C, and 180 °C under vacuum. The fluorine doped tin oxide (FTO)/CuS cathode electrode reached a maximum efficiency of 3.89% when it was calcined at 120 °C. Compared to other temperature combinations, CuS nanoparticles crystallize at 120 °C, which lowers resistance while increasing electron lifetime.
In place of the commercial Pt electrode used in quantum sensitized solar cells, the low-cost CuS cathode is created using electrophoresis. High resolution scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction were used to analyze the structure and morphology of structural cubic samples with diameters ranging from 40 nm to 200 nm. The conversion efficiency of solar cells is significantly impacted by the calcination temperatures of cathodes at 100 °C, 120 °C, 150 °C, and 180 °C under vacuum. The fluorine doped tin oxide (FTO)/CuS cathode electrode reached a maximum efficiency of 3.89% when it was calcined at 120 °C. Compared to other temperature combinations, CuS nanoparticles crystallize at 120 °C, which lowers resistance while increasing electron lifetime.
A progressive learning for structural tolerance online sequential extreme lea...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
This article discusses the progressive learning for structural tolerance online sequential extreme learning machine (PSTOS-ELM). PSTOS-ELM can save robust accuracy while updating the new data and the new class data on the online training situation. The robustness accuracy arises from using the householder block exact QR decomposition recursive least squares (HBQRD-RLS) of the PSTOS-ELM. This method is suitable for applications that have data streaming and often have new class data. Our experiment compares the PSTOS-ELM accuracy and accuracy robustness while data is updating with the batch-extreme learning machine (ELM) and structural tolerance online sequential extreme learning machine (STOS-ELM) that both must retrain the data in a new class data case. The experimental results show that PSTOS-ELM has accuracy and robustness comparable to ELM and STOS-ELM while also can update new class data immediately.
Electroencephalography-based brain-computer interface using neural networksTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
This study aimed to develop a brain-computer interface that can control an electric wheelchair using electroencephalography (EEG) signals. First, we used the Mind Wave Mobile 2 device to capture raw EEG signals from the surface of the scalp. The signals were transformed into the frequency domain using fast Fourier transform (FFT) and filtered to monitor changes in attention and relaxation. Next, we performed time and frequency domain analyses to identify features for five eye gestures: opened, closed, blink per second, double blink, and lookup. The base state was the opened-eyes gesture, and we compared the features of the remaining four action gestures to the base state to identify potential gestures. We then built a multilayer neural network to classify these features into five signals that control the wheelchair’s movement. Finally, we designed an experimental wheelchair system to test the effectiveness of the proposed approach. The results demonstrate that the EEG classification was highly accurate and computationally efficient. Moreover, the average performance of the brain-controlled wheelchair system was over 75% across different individuals, which suggests the feasibility of this approach.
Adaptive segmentation algorithm based on level set model in medical imagingTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
For image segmentation, level set models are frequently employed. It offer best solution to overcome the main limitations of deformable parametric models. However, the challenge when applying those models in medical images stills deal with removing blurs in image edges which directly affects the edge indicator function, leads to not adaptively segmenting images and causes a wrong analysis of pathologies wich prevents to conclude a correct diagnosis. To overcome such issues, an effective process is suggested by simultaneously modelling and solving systems’ two-dimensional partial differential equations (PDE). The first PDE equation allows restoration using Euler’s equation similar to an anisotropic smoothing based on a regularized Perona and Malik filter that eliminates noise while preserving edge information in accordance with detected contours in the second equation that segments the image based on the first equation solutions. This approach allows developing a new algorithm which overcome the studied model drawbacks. Results of the proposed method give clear segments that can be applied to any application. Experiments on many medical images in particular blurry images with high information losses, demonstrate that the developed approach produces superior segmentation results in terms of quantity and quality compared to other models already presented in previeous works.
Automatic channel selection using shuffled frog leaping algorithm for EEG bas...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Drug addiction is a complex neurobiological disorder that necessitates comprehensive treatment of both the body and mind. It is categorized as a brain disorder due to its impact on the brain. Various methods such as electroencephalography (EEG), functional magnetic resonance imaging (FMRI), and magnetoencephalography (MEG) can capture brain activities and structures. EEG signals provide valuable insights into neurological disorders, including drug addiction. Accurate classification of drug addiction from EEG signals relies on appropriate features and channel selection. Choosing the right EEG channels is essential to reduce computational costs and mitigate the risk of overfitting associated with using all available channels. To address the challenge of optimal channel selection in addiction detection from EEG signals, this work employs the shuffled frog leaping algorithm (SFLA). SFLA facilitates the selection of appropriate channels, leading to improved accuracy. Wavelet features extracted from the selected input channel signals are then analyzed using various machine learning classifiers to detect addiction. Experimental results indicate that after selecting features from the appropriate channels, classification accuracy significantly increased across all classifiers. Particularly, the multi-layer perceptron (MLP) classifier combined with SFLA demonstrated a remarkable accuracy improvement of 15.78% while reducing time complexity.
A review on techniques and modelling methodologies used for checking electrom...nooriasukmaningtyas
The proper function of the integrated circuit (IC) in an inhibiting electromagnetic environment has always been a serious concern throughout the decades of revolution in the world of electronics, from disjunct devices to today’s integrated circuit technology, where billions of transistors are combined on a single chip. The automotive industry and smart vehicles in particular, are confronting design issues such as being prone to electromagnetic interference (EMI). Electronic control devices calculate incorrect outputs because of EMI and sensors give misleading values which can prove fatal in case of automotives. In this paper, the authors have non exhaustively tried to review research work concerned with the investigation of EMI in ICs and prediction of this EMI using various modelling methodologies and measurement setups.
Using recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) for pavements is crucial to achieving sustainability. Implementing RCA for new pavement can minimize carbon footprint, conserve natural resources, reduce harmful emissions, and lower life cycle costs. Compared to natural aggregate (NA), RCA pavement has fewer comprehensive studies and sustainability assessments.
Presentation of IEEE Slovenia CIS (Computational Intelligence Society) Chapte...University of Maribor
Slides from talk presenting:
Aleš Zamuda: Presentation of IEEE Slovenia CIS (Computational Intelligence Society) Chapter and Networking.
Presentation at IcETRAN 2024 session:
"Inter-Society Networking Panel GRSS/MTT-S/CIS
Panel Session: Promoting Connection and Cooperation"
IEEE Slovenia GRSS
IEEE Serbia and Montenegro MTT-S
IEEE Slovenia CIS
11TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON ELECTRICAL, ELECTRONIC AND COMPUTING ENGINEERING
3-6 June 2024, Niš, Serbia
DEEP LEARNING FOR SMART GRID INTRUSION DETECTION: A HYBRID CNN-LSTM-BASED MODELgerogepatton
As digital technology becomes more deeply embedded in power systems, protecting the communication
networks of Smart Grids (SG) has emerged as a critical concern. Distributed Network Protocol 3 (DNP3)
represents a multi-tiered application layer protocol extensively utilized in Supervisory Control and Data
Acquisition (SCADA)-based smart grids to facilitate real-time data gathering and control functionalities.
Robust Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) are necessary for early threat detection and mitigation because
of the interconnection of these networks, which makes them vulnerable to a variety of cyberattacks. To
solve this issue, this paper develops a hybrid Deep Learning (DL) model specifically designed for intrusion
detection in smart grids. The proposed approach is a combination of the Convolutional Neural Network
(CNN) and the Long-Short-Term Memory algorithms (LSTM). We employed a recent intrusion detection
dataset (DNP3), which focuses on unauthorized commands and Denial of Service (DoS) cyberattacks, to
train and test our model. The results of our experiments show that our CNN-LSTM method is much better
at finding smart grid intrusions than other deep learning algorithms used for classification. In addition,
our proposed approach improves accuracy, precision, recall, and F1 score, achieving a high detection
accuracy rate of 99.50%.
Introduction- e - waste – definition - sources of e-waste– hazardous substances in e-waste - effects of e-waste on environment and human health- need for e-waste management– e-waste handling rules - waste minimization techniques for managing e-waste – recycling of e-waste - disposal treatment methods of e- waste – mechanism of extraction of precious metal from leaching solution-global Scenario of E-waste – E-waste in India- case studies.
Advanced control scheme of doubly fed induction generator for wind turbine us...IJECEIAES
This paper describes a speed control device for generating electrical energy on an electricity network based on the doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) used for wind power conversion systems. At first, a double-fed induction generator model was constructed. A control law is formulated to govern the flow of energy between the stator of a DFIG and the energy network using three types of controllers: proportional integral (PI), sliding mode controller (SMC) and second order sliding mode controller (SOSMC). Their different results in terms of power reference tracking, reaction to unexpected speed fluctuations, sensitivity to perturbations, and resilience against machine parameter alterations are compared. MATLAB/Simulink was used to conduct the simulations for the preceding study. Multiple simulations have shown very satisfying results, and the investigations demonstrate the efficacy and power-enhancing capabilities of the suggested control system.
KuberTENes Birthday Bash Guadalajara - K8sGPT first impressionsVictor Morales
K8sGPT is a tool that analyzes and diagnoses Kubernetes clusters. This presentation was used to share the requirements and dependencies to deploy K8sGPT in a local environment.
Using recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) for pavements is crucial to achieving sustainability. Implementing RCA for new pavement can minimize carbon footprint, conserve natural resources, reduce harmful emissions, and lower life cycle costs. Compared to natural aggregate (NA), RCA pavement has fewer comprehensive studies and sustainability assessments.
Batteries -Introduction – Types of Batteries – discharging and charging of battery - characteristics of battery –battery rating- various tests on battery- – Primary battery: silver button cell- Secondary battery :Ni-Cd battery-modern battery: lithium ion battery-maintenance of batteries-choices of batteries for electric vehicle applications.
Fuel Cells: Introduction- importance and classification of fuel cells - description, principle, components, applications of fuel cells: H2-O2 fuel cell, alkaline fuel cell, molten carbonate fuel cell and direct methanol fuel cells.
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pattern recognition tool. But for wide applications, those polimer-carbon composites are not
simple to be made and their availability are not many yet.
One material that has been produced widely by many manufacture is Metal Oxide
Semiconductor (MOS), i.e. SnO2 semiconductor gas sensor. Various types of MOS gas sensor
have been fabricated to measure the compounds of air pollutant gases, such as carbon monoxide,
hydrocarbons, nitro oxide, volatile organic compound, and others [10]. Sa’diyah et al [11]
employed two MOS gas sensors to detect the liquid of formalidehide. Since the specific MOS gas
sensor for formalin detection is not available yet, therefore the use of array MOS gas sensor is
suitable for detecting the volatile gases from formaldehyde. This approach is like design of
mammalian olfactory system, in which does not use the single specific sensor. Instead, a sensor
series comprising a number of sensor elements with each sensor element responding to a certain
amount of vapor. The response of a partially sensor element may overlap with other sensor
element responses. Although in this approach the process of identifying a vapor cannot be
achieved by a single sensor element, yet the series of sensors will generate and form a unique
pattern/profile for each type of vapor. The array of sensors can identify complex vapors without
requiring the breakdown of their constituent components first during the analysis.
This paper presents our preliminary work in usage of array MOS gas sensor that
intrinsically designed to sense general volatile compounds for measuring and discriminating the
vapor of formalin and food containing formalin. The Regression and Principle Component
Analysis (PCA) method are used to show the performance of individual sensor and array MOS
sensor in discriminating the formalin contents respectively.
2. Research Method
2.1. Experimental Design
This experimental research was conducted at Laboratory of Agricultural Engineering,
Jenderal Soedirman University from July 2017 to December 2017. We built a measurement
system by using method of static headspace to measure the vapor of formalin. The design of
vapor measurement of formalin is shown in Figure 1. Seven MOS gas sensors (i.e. TGS-2620,
TGS-2600, TGS-2602, TGS-813, MQ-5, MQ-135, and MQ-137) are utilized which placed in a
sensor chamber by size 540 cm3 square box, made from 5 mm acrylic. The output of MOS is
acquired into a PC using an Arduino-based interface.
Figure 1. Measurement diagram of formalin vapor using MOS gas sensors
2.2. Formalin Sample Preparation
We use the formalin type of Pro Analysis (PA) to prepare samples of formalin, which
contains 37%, 200 ml. We made a dilution by adding distilled water into the PA to get the desired
concentration of formalin. The volume of distilled water is determined using (1). We tested three
concentrations of formalin (10%, 20%, and 30%). Table 1 shows the addition of distilled water
into the PA to obtain certain concentration of formalin.
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The Application of General MOS Gas Sensors for Discriminating Formalin… (Arief Sudarmaji)
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𝑉1 𝑥 𝑀1 = (𝑉1 − 𝑉2) 𝑥 𝑀2 (1)
where,
V1= volume of PA (200 ml),
M1= concentration of PA (37%),
V2= volume of distilled water addition (ml), and
M2= concentration of desired formalin concentration (%).
Table 1. Addition of Distilled Water into the PA Formalin (37% 200 ml).
Desired formalin content Addition of distilled water into The PA formalin
10 % 540 ml
20 % 170 ml
30 % 46.67 ml
Then the three formalin concentrations are separated into two sample groups, formalin solution
and meat containing each formalin concentration. A sample of formalin solution is 1 ml and placed
inside the rubber-capped vial. While a sample of meat containing formalin is 2 g and placed inside
the 100 ml rubber-capped vial. Figure 2 shows example of the prepared samples and the injection
process of samples.
Figure 2. (a) Sample of 30% formalin, (b) sample of meat containing 30% formalin, and
(c) injection of sample vapor into sensor chamber.
2.3. Measurement steps
There are 3 steps in measuring vapor of formalin with static headspace system either for
the formalin solution or for formalin content in meat. They are Idle (Cleaning), Baseline
Measurement (RO), and Formalin Measurement (RS). The Idle and RO are when the sensors are
not measuring the vapor of formalin. The flow is set from the silica gel container to sensor chamber
and then to out by turning on the Pump-In and Pump-Out. While The RS (measuring the formalin)
is by injecting the vapor into sensor chamber from injection hole, the Pump-In and Pump-Out are
turned off. One cycle measurement of formalin sample, shown in Figure 3, consists of acquiring
RO for 1 minute, and then injects the formalin vapor from sample vial into sensor chamber using
5 ml syringe and followed by RS for 1 minute. After that the purging of sensor chamber is done in
5 minutes. Each measurement of formalin sample is repeated 5 times.
Figure 3. Measurement diagram of formalin vapor.
RO (1 minute) 5 ml vapor injection
Cleaning (5 minutes)
RS (1 minute)
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The output of MOS gas sensors are represented by Sensitivity ratio (S) as RO/ RS, where
RO is Resistance of MOS gas sensor when measuring the dry air and RS is Resistance of MOS
gas sensor when measuring the vapor of formalin. And the response of individual MOS gas sensor
and performance of array MOS gas sensor are expressed by method of regression and PCA
respectively.
In our investigations, we examined the MOS gas sensors to:
a. Discriminate three concentrations of formalin solution: 10 %, 20 %, and 30%.
b. Discriminate four formalin content in meat: contained 0%, contained 10%, contained 20%,
and contained 30 %.
3. Results and Analysis
3.1. The Prototype of Volatile Measurement System using MOS Gas Sensors
Figure 4 shows the prototype of formalin vapor measurement system based on MOS gas
sensors. It mainly consists of array MOS gas sensor inside sensor chamber, Arduino
Mega2560-based interface, static headspace with vapor transport system, and acquisition
software.
(a) (b)
Figure 4. (a) Prototype and (b) acquisition software of the formalin vapor measurement.
3.2. Individual Response of MOS Gas Sensor to Formalin Vapor
Response (S) of each MOS gas sensor when sensing the vapor of formalin solution and
meat exposed with formalin are shown in Figure 5 and Figure 6 respectively. A linear regression
is applied to show the linearity and correlation between sensor output and concentration of
formalin as shown in Table 2.
Figure 5. Response (S) MOS gas sensors to vapor of formalin on 10%, 20%, and 30%.
1
3
5
7
9
11
Sensitivityratio
10% 20% 30%
TGS2600 TGS2602
TGS2620 TGS813
1
3
5
7
9
11
Sensitivityratio
10% 20% 30%
MQ137 MQ135 MQ5
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Figure 6. Response (S) MOS gas sensors to meat containing 10%, 20%, and 30% formalin.
Table 2. Equation of Linear Regression of MOS Gas Sensors to Formalin Solution.
Sensor Linear Regression R2
TGS-2600 y = 0.862x + 1.871 0.754
TGS-2602 y = 1.644x + 4.166 0.829
TGS-2620 y = 0.948x + 2.331 0.958
TGS-813 y = 1.086x + 2.514 0.921
MQ-5 y = 1.490x + 1.923 0.862
MQ-135 y = 0.569x + 4.622 0.837
MQ-137 y = 1.496x + 1.518 0.963
As shown in Figure 5 and Figure 6, it is clearly seem that all sensor able to sense the
vapor of formalin and its presence in meat. The response is proportional to the concentration of
formalin, the higher content of formalin leads higher Sensitivity ratio. Yet the linearity is not really
strong. It indicates that high concentration of formalin will provide more volatile compounds, thus
the resistance of sensor is decrease proportionally to the formalin content. It is also shown that
TGS-2602 and MQ-137 provide most linear and high sensitivity to content of formalin solution and
the meat containing formalin. They have highest slope coefficient and determination coefficient
(R2), i.e. respectively 1.644 and 0.829 for TGS-2602, and 1.496 and 0.963 for MQ-137. The slope
defines the sensor sensitivity to the change of vapor of formalin sample. The higher slope means
the higher sensitivity of sensor to discriminate the content of formalin. And determination
coefficient explains the model (equation) in determining the change in dependent variable.
However, we also found that there is still cross sensitive from 5 repeats measurement of
each sample, especially when discriminating the meat containing formalin either between 10%
and 20% or between 20% and 30%. For example, as shown in Figure 5, the slope of Sensitivity
ratio between TGS-2600 and MQ-135 to formalin solution 20% and 30% are not high. Their values
are nearly the same.
3.3. PCA Loading Plot for Determining Individual Response of MOS Gas Sensors
Principle Component Analysis (PCA) allows simplifying a data by transforming linearly
into new dimension with maximum variants. The new dimension consists of Principal Components
(PCs) which in accordance with the number of sensors / variables used. Hence, a PC is data
covariant of whole sensors. And, the loading plot of PCA describes all sensor responses. It is
expressed by straight line corresponding the amount of sensors. Every lines are centered at a
point, and the length of line explains the how strong the sensor (variable) contributes to the
samples measured [12]. Figure 7 and Figure 8 show the loading plot of MOS gas sensors in
measuring the formalin solution and meat exposed by formalin respectively. It clearly seem that
all MOS gas sensor have almost same significant contribution to PC1 and PC2. The length of
seven MOS gas sensor is quit similar.
1
3
5
7
9
11
Sensitivityratio
0% 10% 20% 30%
TGS2600 TGS2602
TGS2620 TGS813
1
3
5
7
9
11
Sensitivityratio
0% 10% 20% 30%
MQ137 MQ135 MQ5
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0.40.30.20.10.0
0.75
0.50
0.25
0.00
-0.25
-0.50
First Component
SecondComponent
TGS813
MQ5
MQ135
MQ137
TGS2620
TGS2602
TGS2600
Figure 7. Loading Plot of array MOS gas sensor to vapor of formalin solution.
0.40.30.20.10.0
0.50
0.25
0.00
-0.25
-0.50
First Component
SecondComponent
TGS813
MQ5
MQ135
MQ137
TGS2620
TGS2602
TGS2600
Figure 8. Loading Plot of array MOS gas sensor to vapor of meat containing formalin.
3.4. Identification of Formalin Content by Means of PCA
We used the PCA to examine the identification performance of array of 7 MOS in
discriminating the content of formalin solution and formalin presence in meat. PCA is commonly
used as feature extraction to test distinguish performance and a powerful linear classification
technique and visualization the difference in similarities or differences among the treatments.
PCA is also many used as feature extraction in term of Electronic-nose technology.
Electronic-nose technology had been successfully and widely applied in the authentication of a
wide range of food types [13]. Zhang et al [14] used six TGS gas sensors for spoiling and
formaldehyde-containing detection in an octopus by using PCA technique. Fresh octopus
samples is dipped in water solutions with different formaldehyde concentration. The results show
that electronic nose analysis could be an efficient method for seafood quality assessment; the
spoilage of seafood could be easily detected.
Respectively Figure 9 and Figure 10 show the plot of 2 PCs in discriminating the three
formalin solutions and their presence in meat. It clearly seen that the first two principal component
could represent the output of seven MOS gas sensor used, cumulatively they hold more than 96%
of data. Typically, the first two or three uncorrelated PCs hold most significant of variation present
in all variables and widely used in various application [15].
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43210-1-2-3-4
0.50
0.25
0.00
-0.25
-0.50
-0.75
-1.00
First Component
SecondComponent
Formalin10%
Formalin20%
Formalin30%
Kategori
Figure 9. Plot of 2 PCs in discrimination among formalin solution 10%, 20% and 30%.
3210-1-2-3-4-5
1.00
0.75
0.50
0.25
0.00
-0.25
-0.50
First Component
SecondComponent
Daging 0%
Daging 10%
Daging 20%
Daging 30%
Kategori
Figure 10. Plot of 2 PCs in discrimination among meat dipped into formalin solution 0%, 10%,
20% and 30%.
In Figure 9, it is seen that the system is able to discriminate fairly among 10% formalin,
20% formalin, and 30% formalin. There is not a miss-classification in each group and the distance
among their averages is far. And the system also can distinguish clearly between meat without
formalin and meat containing formalin (Figure 10). The distance between meat without formalin
(0%) and meat containing formalin (10%, 20%, and 30%) is separated clearly. Yet, as shown in
Figure 10, there is a coordinate of meat with 20% formalin, which close to group of meat with 30%
formalin. It may lead miss discrimination between them. The success rate of discrimination the
formalin content in meat is 91.7%. Zhang et al [14] who use the PCA to recognize the octopus
that containing formalin, the recognition rate of different octopus samples was 93.1%. Another
work, Sa’diyah et al [11] employed TGS-2600 and TGS-2611 to build a device to detect the liquid
and solid formalin of three concentrations (5 ppm, 10 ppm, and 20 ppm), in which the success
rate was about 97%. Their device is not tested to formalin contained in a food yet.
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4. Conclusion
In this paper, we present a work of use of seven MOS gas sensors, which intrinsically
designed sensitive to volatile compounds to measure the vapor of formalin and its presence in
meat. The MOS gas sensors are TGS-2600, TGS-2602, TGS-2620, TGS-813, MQ-137, MQ-135,
and MQ-5. We tested formalin solution of Pro Analysis in three concentration (10%, 20%, and
30%) and meat which dipped into those formalin solutions. We examined the discrimination
performance of MOS gas sensors both individual and in array. We found that the response of
each MOS gas sensor is proportional to content of formalin and provides relatively the same
contribution to distinguish the formalin. Moreover we found TGS-2602 and MQ-137 provide most
linear and highest sensitivity to content of formalin solution and the meat containing formalin.
Using PCA, the seven MOS gas sensors are able to discriminate clearly the three formalin solution
and to indicate the meat whether containing formalin or not as well. However, there is potential
miss discrimination when indicating between the meat with 20% formalin and meat with 30%
formalin. The success rate of discrimination the formalin contents in meat is 91.7%.
Acknowledgments
Arief Sudarmaji is supported by Unggulan Research 2018 of Jenderal Soedirman
University No. Kept. 2350/UN23.14/PN.01.00/2018 and Budi Gunawan is supported by PSN
Research 2018 of Indonesian Directorate General of Higher Education (DIKTI).
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