This photo album documents major historical events in Europe between 1945-2015 through photos collected by students and teachers from 8 schools across 7 European countries. It aims to illustrate important moments that shaped European history after World War 2, including the division of Germany and Berlin during the Cold War, difficult post-war times, and environmental/man-made disasters like the Vajont Dam failure. The album is organized thematically rather than chronologically and explores topics such as life behind the Iron Curtain, struggles for freedom and human rights, and technological progress across Europe over the past 70 years.
Winston Churchill had a varied career before becoming a politician:
- He was a soldier and war correspondent.
- He served in the British Army and took part in several campaigns in British India and Sudan.
- He wrote books and articles.
So the correct answers are:
a) He was a soldier
b) He was a war correspondent
c) He wrote books and articles
2. What was Václav Havel's profession?
a) Writer
b) Playwright
c) Dissident
d) All of the above
3. What was the name of the declaration that led to the creation of the European Coal and Steel Community?
a) Schuman Declaration
On August 25, 1991, Linus Torvalds announced a new operating system kernel called "Linux" and asked for feedback on it. Linux went on to become widely used both for traditional computers and embedded systems like routers. In 1993, Euronews launched as the first pan-European 24-hour news channel to provide a European perspective and counterbalance English-language news channels. In 1994, the Channel Tunnel opened, connecting Britain to the European mainland for the first time since the Ice Age.
This photo album documents major historical events in Europe between 1945-2015 through photos collected by students and teachers from several schools across Europe. It aims to fill gaps in knowledge about post-World War 2 European history. The album is organized thematically, with sections such as "Behind the Iron Curtain" showing life behind the Iron Curtain and images from the divided Berlin. Other sections portray the difficulties after the war, environmental disasters, conflicts, struggles for freedom and changing perspectives over time. The collaborative project helped develop language, research, technology and group skills.
The European Union is an economic and political union of 28 European countries that provides its 500 million citizens with opportunities for education, work, travel, and cultural exchange. It was established after World War 2 to foster cooperation among European nations and prevent future conflicts. Starting with 6 founding members, it has expanded over the decades and now works together on issues like trade, climate, education, and regional development to improve life for all Europeans. Key EU institutions include the European Commission, Parliament, Council and Court of Justice which work to propose and pass laws and policies for the union.
The document lists eight schools from different European countries that participated in a Erasmus+ project on European history from 1945-2015. It provides an introduction to the project, outlining its goals of improving knowledge of European history, promoting critical thinking on EU issues, and developing students' sense of European identity and citizenship. The project activities described include research, debates, lectures, conferences, and study visits. The expectation is that it will offer students new perspectives and skills while helping teachers introduce a more European dimension to their lessons.
The document provides historical context on the Holocaust and rise of anti-Semitism in Europe. It describes how after Hitler came to power in 1933, the Nazi regime established concentration camps and enacted laws discriminating against Jews. Propaganda was used to promote ant-Semitic ideology. The persecution escalated throughout the 1930s with Kristallnacht pogroms in 1938. During World War 2, the Nazis systematically murdered approximately 6 million Jews across German-occupied Europe through ghettos, mass shootings, gas vans and extermination camps like Auschwitz. The Holocaust ended with Allied liberation of the camps and Germany's surrender in 1945.
This document provides information about a trip flying around Europe, including some brief history about the founding and purpose of the European Union. It discusses how the EU was originally formed by six countries in 1957 to promote economic recovery after World War II and shares the goals of the EU to create a common market and abolish border controls between member states. It also lists some European country flags and their meanings.
Questionnaire of the 1st study period (1945-1968)eftihia67
The document is a 30 question multiple choice quiz about important people and events in European history from 1945 to 2015. It covers topics like the end of World War 2, the founding of the European Union, the Cold War, decolonization, and cultural movements in literature, art, and film during this time period.
Winston Churchill had a varied career before becoming a politician:
- He was a soldier and war correspondent.
- He served in the British Army and took part in several campaigns in British India and Sudan.
- He wrote books and articles.
So the correct answers are:
a) He was a soldier
b) He was a war correspondent
c) He wrote books and articles
2. What was Václav Havel's profession?
a) Writer
b) Playwright
c) Dissident
d) All of the above
3. What was the name of the declaration that led to the creation of the European Coal and Steel Community?
a) Schuman Declaration
On August 25, 1991, Linus Torvalds announced a new operating system kernel called "Linux" and asked for feedback on it. Linux went on to become widely used both for traditional computers and embedded systems like routers. In 1993, Euronews launched as the first pan-European 24-hour news channel to provide a European perspective and counterbalance English-language news channels. In 1994, the Channel Tunnel opened, connecting Britain to the European mainland for the first time since the Ice Age.
This photo album documents major historical events in Europe between 1945-2015 through photos collected by students and teachers from several schools across Europe. It aims to fill gaps in knowledge about post-World War 2 European history. The album is organized thematically, with sections such as "Behind the Iron Curtain" showing life behind the Iron Curtain and images from the divided Berlin. Other sections portray the difficulties after the war, environmental disasters, conflicts, struggles for freedom and changing perspectives over time. The collaborative project helped develop language, research, technology and group skills.
The European Union is an economic and political union of 28 European countries that provides its 500 million citizens with opportunities for education, work, travel, and cultural exchange. It was established after World War 2 to foster cooperation among European nations and prevent future conflicts. Starting with 6 founding members, it has expanded over the decades and now works together on issues like trade, climate, education, and regional development to improve life for all Europeans. Key EU institutions include the European Commission, Parliament, Council and Court of Justice which work to propose and pass laws and policies for the union.
The document lists eight schools from different European countries that participated in a Erasmus+ project on European history from 1945-2015. It provides an introduction to the project, outlining its goals of improving knowledge of European history, promoting critical thinking on EU issues, and developing students' sense of European identity and citizenship. The project activities described include research, debates, lectures, conferences, and study visits. The expectation is that it will offer students new perspectives and skills while helping teachers introduce a more European dimension to their lessons.
The document provides historical context on the Holocaust and rise of anti-Semitism in Europe. It describes how after Hitler came to power in 1933, the Nazi regime established concentration camps and enacted laws discriminating against Jews. Propaganda was used to promote ant-Semitic ideology. The persecution escalated throughout the 1930s with Kristallnacht pogroms in 1938. During World War 2, the Nazis systematically murdered approximately 6 million Jews across German-occupied Europe through ghettos, mass shootings, gas vans and extermination camps like Auschwitz. The Holocaust ended with Allied liberation of the camps and Germany's surrender in 1945.
This document provides information about a trip flying around Europe, including some brief history about the founding and purpose of the European Union. It discusses how the EU was originally formed by six countries in 1957 to promote economic recovery after World War II and shares the goals of the EU to create a common market and abolish border controls between member states. It also lists some European country flags and their meanings.
Questionnaire of the 1st study period (1945-1968)eftihia67
The document is a 30 question multiple choice quiz about important people and events in European history from 1945 to 2015. It covers topics like the end of World War 2, the founding of the European Union, the Cold War, decolonization, and cultural movements in literature, art, and film during this time period.
The document discusses anti-Semitism and the Holocaust. It provides context on the persecution of Jews in Europe over hundreds of years. During WWII, the Nazis systematically murdered approximately 6 million Jews across German-occupied Europe between 1939-1945. Maps and images show the locations of concentration and death camps where Jews were imprisoned and killed through gas chambers, shootings, starvation and disease.
A brief overview of the four stages of the Holocaust. Usually I introduce it with Episode 9 of Band of Brothers (the clip where they find the camp) and Schindler's List (deportation of the ghetto clip and when the women's train arrives in Auschwitz).
The document provides background information about Poland's history and key figures. It discusses Poland's loss of independence in the 18th century and regain of independence after WWI. It then profiles important Polish historical figures like John Paul II, Lech Walesa, Jozef Pilsudski, Frederic Chopin, and Marie Curie. The document outlines Poland's transition to democracy in 1989 and process of joining the European Union from 1994 to 2004. It notes both benefits and concerns of EU membership for Poland.
The 1960s were a period of economic growth in the EU. Countries stopped charging customs duties when trading with each other and agreed on joint food production, ensuring everyone had enough to eat. Youth culture also emerged strongly during this time with the rise of bands like the Beatles stimulating cultural revolution. The Americans then reasserted their dominance in space by landing on the moon in 1969.
The European Union started in the aftermath of World War 2 to promote peace and cooperation in Europe. Germany and France were founding members and helped establish the EU in 1961. It has since expanded to include many European countries as members. The EU holds regular meetings of its members' leaders to discuss issues and policies affecting the 370 million citizens of Europe.
Victory in Europe Day (VE Day) on May 8th 1945 marked the formal end of World War 2 in Europe. It was a public holiday and day of celebration across allied nations to commemorate the defeat of Germany. People took to the streets with flags, food, and festivities. In London, crowds gathered hoping to hear speeches from Winston Churchill and King George VI announcing the war's conclusion from Buckingham Palace. VE Day brought great relief and joy after six years of global conflict.
HISTORY IGCSE CONTENT - 20TH CENTURY OPTION - DEPTH STUDY GERMANY: THE NAZI R...George Dumitrache
HISTORY IGCSE CONTENT - 20TH CENTURY OPTION - DEPTH STUDY GERMANY: THE NAZI REGIME - HOW EFFECTIVELY DID THE NAZIS DEAL WITH THEIR POLITICAL OPPONENTS.
Pop art emerged in the 1950s and celebrated commonplace objects and popular culture. Key artists included Richard Hamilton and Edouardo Paolozzi in Britain as well as Andy Warhol in the US. In Germany, Capitalist Realism had a similar focus on consumer culture and mass media imagery, led by Sigmar Polke. France saw the Nouveau Réalisme movement which directly incorporated mass culture, championed by artists like Yves Klein. Op art used optical illusions to confuse the eye, exemplified by Victor Vasarely's works. Viennese Actionism featured extreme performances using organic materials. Arte Povera criticized modernity and technology through works incorporating everyday items. Neo-Expressionism revived painting
The document outlines the history of anti-Semitism in Europe leading up to and during the Holocaust. It discusses how Jews were historically discriminated against and scapegoated. In early 20th century Germany, Hitler blamed Jews for Germany's loss in WWI and pushed the ideology of Aryan racial supremacy. This led to the boycott of Jewish businesses in 1933 and the Nuremberg Laws stripping Jews of rights in 1935. Kristallnacht organized violence against Jews in 1938. During 1939-1945, Jews were isolated in ghettos and millions were deported to camps, where many were killed in gas chambers or by forced labor, until the camps were liberated by Allied forces by 1945.
The Holocaust refers to the systematic persecution and murder of approximately six million Jews by the Nazi regime and its allies between 1933 and 1945. Beginning with the rise of the Nazis to power in Germany in 1933, the new government utilized state power to persecute Jews and others deemed "racially inferior" through ghettos and concentration camps. Over the following years, the Nazi killing operations expanded, ultimately murdering around two-thirds of Europe's Jewish population in factories of death like Auschwitz through mass shootings, gas chambers, starvation, and forced labor. Millions of other groups were also targeted in the Holocaust on racial, political, ideological, and other grounds.
Germany has a long history dating back to 1814 when the German Confederation was established. Adolf Hitler served as Chancellor from 1933-1945 and was the leader of Nazi Germany during World War 2. Today, Germany has a population of over 80 million people and uses the Euro as currency. Some of the largest cities are Berlin, Hamburg, and Munich. Popular sports include soccer, cycling, and the Olympics, while famous German cultural contributions are in music, food, and products like vehicles.
The document provides a history of Lithuania including key facts and timelines. It discusses Lithuania's current status as an independent nation that is a member of the EU and NATO. It also summarizes Nazi Germany's occupation of Lithuania from 1941-1944 during World War II, where approximately 30,000 Lithuanians were exiled and over 192,000 Lithuanian Jews, which was 96% of the Jewish population, were killed during the Holocaust. Resistance groups fought against the Nazi occupation.
The document discusses the persecution and murder of Jews under the Nazi regime in Germany. It describes Adolf Hitler's desire to systematically execute Jews by hanging if he came to power. It then discusses Kristallnacht in 1938, when Nazis attacked Jews, killing 91 and arresting 30,000 who were sent to concentration camps. Synagogues and Jewish businesses were destroyed. The document also outlines the Nuremberg Laws of 1935 that stripped Jews of German citizenship and forbade marriage or sex between Jews and non-Jews. Finally, it notes that by 1942 the Nazis had control over 9 million Jews in Europe and planned to murder them all, establishing six death camps where over 3 million Jews were killed, most notably at
The document provides an overview of the Holocaust. It describes how the Nazis persecuted Jews starting in the 1930s by forming ghettos and passing laws like the Nuremberg Laws. It discusses key events like Kristallnacht and the establishment of camps like Auschwitz where many were killed through gas chambers, medical experiments, starvation or exhaustion. Over 6 million Jews were killed under Hitler's regime in the Holocaust during World War 2 before camps were liberated, though many survivors were left very weak.
German culture before 1870 saw significant political changes. Prussia established a customs union called the Zollverein in the 1830s that excluded Austria and unified most German states economically. Otto von Bismarck was appointed minister-president of Prussia in 1862 and pursued German unification through "blood and iron" rather than democratic means. Prussia fought successful wars against Denmark, Austria, and France between 1864-1871, culminating in the proclamation of the German Empire in 1871 under King Wilhelm I of Prussia.
Paul-Henri Spaak was a Belgian statesman born in 1899. He held numerous high-level political roles including Prime Minister of Belgium, Minister of Foreign Affairs, and Secretary General of NATO. Spaak played a key role in the creation and development of the European Union, notably as the chairman of the committee that produced the Spaak Report which laid the foundation for the European Economic Community. He was also instrumental in establishing the institutions of the European Union and NATO, earning him recognition as one of the founding fathers of the European Union.
The document discusses the history and formation of the European Union following World War 2 in Brussels in 1945. It outlines several key treaties in the development of the EU, including the Treaty of Paris in 1958, the Treaties of Rome in 1957 which established the European Economic Community, the Treaty of European Union in 1993, and the Treaty of Lisbon in 2007. It also questions whether Europeans could find ways to resolve conflicts through discussion instead of war going forward.
The document provides an overview of the Holocaust that took place from 1933 to 1945. It describes how the Nazis targeted around 6 million Jewish people for extermination through a systematic process that started with discrimination and deprivation of rights, then isolation in ghettos and deportation to concentration and death camps, where people were killed in gas chambers and their bodies cremated. Key elements that led to the Holocaust included totalitarianism, German nationalism, a history of antisemitism, and Hitler's belief in racial supremacy of Aryans over Jews and other groups.
The document lists eight schools from different European countries that participated in a Erasmus+ project on European history from 1945-2015. It provides an introduction to the project, outlining its goals of improving knowledge of European history, promoting critical thinking on EU issues, and developing students' sense of European identity and citizenship. The project activities described include research, debates, lectures, conferences, and study visits. The expectation is that it will offer students new perspectives and skills while helping teachers introduce a more European dimension to their lessons.
This document discusses traditions in several European countries. It includes sections on history and culture, myths and legends, traditional music and dance, handicrafts, and various cultural terms. Specific topics summarized include revolutions in Czechoslovakia, Moldavia, Wallachia, Hungary, and Poland; castles such as Karlstejn Castle, Peles Castle, Wawel Castle, and Neuschwanstein Castle; the introduction of democracy in countries like the Czech Republic, Romania, Poland, Germany, and Portugal; famous authors from each country like Karel Capek, Mihai Eminescu, Sandor Korosi Csoma, Adam Mickiewicz, Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, and Luis Vaz de Camoes;
The document discusses anti-Semitism and the Holocaust. It provides context on the persecution of Jews in Europe over hundreds of years. During WWII, the Nazis systematically murdered approximately 6 million Jews across German-occupied Europe between 1939-1945. Maps and images show the locations of concentration and death camps where Jews were imprisoned and killed through gas chambers, shootings, starvation and disease.
A brief overview of the four stages of the Holocaust. Usually I introduce it with Episode 9 of Band of Brothers (the clip where they find the camp) and Schindler's List (deportation of the ghetto clip and when the women's train arrives in Auschwitz).
The document provides background information about Poland's history and key figures. It discusses Poland's loss of independence in the 18th century and regain of independence after WWI. It then profiles important Polish historical figures like John Paul II, Lech Walesa, Jozef Pilsudski, Frederic Chopin, and Marie Curie. The document outlines Poland's transition to democracy in 1989 and process of joining the European Union from 1994 to 2004. It notes both benefits and concerns of EU membership for Poland.
The 1960s were a period of economic growth in the EU. Countries stopped charging customs duties when trading with each other and agreed on joint food production, ensuring everyone had enough to eat. Youth culture also emerged strongly during this time with the rise of bands like the Beatles stimulating cultural revolution. The Americans then reasserted their dominance in space by landing on the moon in 1969.
The European Union started in the aftermath of World War 2 to promote peace and cooperation in Europe. Germany and France were founding members and helped establish the EU in 1961. It has since expanded to include many European countries as members. The EU holds regular meetings of its members' leaders to discuss issues and policies affecting the 370 million citizens of Europe.
Victory in Europe Day (VE Day) on May 8th 1945 marked the formal end of World War 2 in Europe. It was a public holiday and day of celebration across allied nations to commemorate the defeat of Germany. People took to the streets with flags, food, and festivities. In London, crowds gathered hoping to hear speeches from Winston Churchill and King George VI announcing the war's conclusion from Buckingham Palace. VE Day brought great relief and joy after six years of global conflict.
HISTORY IGCSE CONTENT - 20TH CENTURY OPTION - DEPTH STUDY GERMANY: THE NAZI R...George Dumitrache
HISTORY IGCSE CONTENT - 20TH CENTURY OPTION - DEPTH STUDY GERMANY: THE NAZI REGIME - HOW EFFECTIVELY DID THE NAZIS DEAL WITH THEIR POLITICAL OPPONENTS.
Pop art emerged in the 1950s and celebrated commonplace objects and popular culture. Key artists included Richard Hamilton and Edouardo Paolozzi in Britain as well as Andy Warhol in the US. In Germany, Capitalist Realism had a similar focus on consumer culture and mass media imagery, led by Sigmar Polke. France saw the Nouveau Réalisme movement which directly incorporated mass culture, championed by artists like Yves Klein. Op art used optical illusions to confuse the eye, exemplified by Victor Vasarely's works. Viennese Actionism featured extreme performances using organic materials. Arte Povera criticized modernity and technology through works incorporating everyday items. Neo-Expressionism revived painting
The document outlines the history of anti-Semitism in Europe leading up to and during the Holocaust. It discusses how Jews were historically discriminated against and scapegoated. In early 20th century Germany, Hitler blamed Jews for Germany's loss in WWI and pushed the ideology of Aryan racial supremacy. This led to the boycott of Jewish businesses in 1933 and the Nuremberg Laws stripping Jews of rights in 1935. Kristallnacht organized violence against Jews in 1938. During 1939-1945, Jews were isolated in ghettos and millions were deported to camps, where many were killed in gas chambers or by forced labor, until the camps were liberated by Allied forces by 1945.
The Holocaust refers to the systematic persecution and murder of approximately six million Jews by the Nazi regime and its allies between 1933 and 1945. Beginning with the rise of the Nazis to power in Germany in 1933, the new government utilized state power to persecute Jews and others deemed "racially inferior" through ghettos and concentration camps. Over the following years, the Nazi killing operations expanded, ultimately murdering around two-thirds of Europe's Jewish population in factories of death like Auschwitz through mass shootings, gas chambers, starvation, and forced labor. Millions of other groups were also targeted in the Holocaust on racial, political, ideological, and other grounds.
Germany has a long history dating back to 1814 when the German Confederation was established. Adolf Hitler served as Chancellor from 1933-1945 and was the leader of Nazi Germany during World War 2. Today, Germany has a population of over 80 million people and uses the Euro as currency. Some of the largest cities are Berlin, Hamburg, and Munich. Popular sports include soccer, cycling, and the Olympics, while famous German cultural contributions are in music, food, and products like vehicles.
The document provides a history of Lithuania including key facts and timelines. It discusses Lithuania's current status as an independent nation that is a member of the EU and NATO. It also summarizes Nazi Germany's occupation of Lithuania from 1941-1944 during World War II, where approximately 30,000 Lithuanians were exiled and over 192,000 Lithuanian Jews, which was 96% of the Jewish population, were killed during the Holocaust. Resistance groups fought against the Nazi occupation.
The document discusses the persecution and murder of Jews under the Nazi regime in Germany. It describes Adolf Hitler's desire to systematically execute Jews by hanging if he came to power. It then discusses Kristallnacht in 1938, when Nazis attacked Jews, killing 91 and arresting 30,000 who were sent to concentration camps. Synagogues and Jewish businesses were destroyed. The document also outlines the Nuremberg Laws of 1935 that stripped Jews of German citizenship and forbade marriage or sex between Jews and non-Jews. Finally, it notes that by 1942 the Nazis had control over 9 million Jews in Europe and planned to murder them all, establishing six death camps where over 3 million Jews were killed, most notably at
The document provides an overview of the Holocaust. It describes how the Nazis persecuted Jews starting in the 1930s by forming ghettos and passing laws like the Nuremberg Laws. It discusses key events like Kristallnacht and the establishment of camps like Auschwitz where many were killed through gas chambers, medical experiments, starvation or exhaustion. Over 6 million Jews were killed under Hitler's regime in the Holocaust during World War 2 before camps were liberated, though many survivors were left very weak.
German culture before 1870 saw significant political changes. Prussia established a customs union called the Zollverein in the 1830s that excluded Austria and unified most German states economically. Otto von Bismarck was appointed minister-president of Prussia in 1862 and pursued German unification through "blood and iron" rather than democratic means. Prussia fought successful wars against Denmark, Austria, and France between 1864-1871, culminating in the proclamation of the German Empire in 1871 under King Wilhelm I of Prussia.
Paul-Henri Spaak was a Belgian statesman born in 1899. He held numerous high-level political roles including Prime Minister of Belgium, Minister of Foreign Affairs, and Secretary General of NATO. Spaak played a key role in the creation and development of the European Union, notably as the chairman of the committee that produced the Spaak Report which laid the foundation for the European Economic Community. He was also instrumental in establishing the institutions of the European Union and NATO, earning him recognition as one of the founding fathers of the European Union.
The document discusses the history and formation of the European Union following World War 2 in Brussels in 1945. It outlines several key treaties in the development of the EU, including the Treaty of Paris in 1958, the Treaties of Rome in 1957 which established the European Economic Community, the Treaty of European Union in 1993, and the Treaty of Lisbon in 2007. It also questions whether Europeans could find ways to resolve conflicts through discussion instead of war going forward.
The document provides an overview of the Holocaust that took place from 1933 to 1945. It describes how the Nazis targeted around 6 million Jewish people for extermination through a systematic process that started with discrimination and deprivation of rights, then isolation in ghettos and deportation to concentration and death camps, where people were killed in gas chambers and their bodies cremated. Key elements that led to the Holocaust included totalitarianism, German nationalism, a history of antisemitism, and Hitler's belief in racial supremacy of Aryans over Jews and other groups.
The document lists eight schools from different European countries that participated in a Erasmus+ project on European history from 1945-2015. It provides an introduction to the project, outlining its goals of improving knowledge of European history, promoting critical thinking on EU issues, and developing students' sense of European identity and citizenship. The project activities described include research, debates, lectures, conferences, and study visits. The expectation is that it will offer students new perspectives and skills while helping teachers introduce a more European dimension to their lessons.
This document discusses traditions in several European countries. It includes sections on history and culture, myths and legends, traditional music and dance, handicrafts, and various cultural terms. Specific topics summarized include revolutions in Czechoslovakia, Moldavia, Wallachia, Hungary, and Poland; castles such as Karlstejn Castle, Peles Castle, Wawel Castle, and Neuschwanstein Castle; the introduction of democracy in countries like the Czech Republic, Romania, Poland, Germany, and Portugal; famous authors from each country like Karel Capek, Mihai Eminescu, Sandor Korosi Csoma, Adam Mickiewicz, Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, and Luis Vaz de Camoes;
Questionnaire of the 3rd study period (1989-2015)eftihia67
This document is a 20 question multiple choice quiz about European history from 1945 to 2015. The questions cover topics like the Gulf War, the Maastricht Treaty, the dissolution of Czechoslovakia and the Soviet Union, the introduction of the Euro currency, the siege of Sarajevo during the Bosnian war, recipients of the Nobel Peace Prize, the Greek victory at the UEFA Euro 2004 tournament, the Srebrenica massacre during the Bosnian war, key EU treaties, naval disasters in Greece, films about the Holocaust, the 2014 crisis in Ukraine, host cities of the Summer Olympics, notable figures who died in 1990, the first female German chancellor, the breakup of Yugoslavia, cloning experiments, and major wild
Nazi Stereoscopic Photobooks of Vienna and PragueDouglas Klahr
This document summarizes two Nazi-era stereoscopic photo books about Vienna and Prague published in 1941 and 1943. It notes that while stereoscopic photography offered an immersive individual viewing experience, its loose format of individual stereoviews separated from captions compromised some aspects of propaganda by allowing freedom of viewing sequence and breaking the link between image and text. The books presented the cities in a traditional static architectural style but the stereoscopic format's freedoms undermined complete message control sought by propaganda. They were luxury items targeted towards wealthy audiences and distributed through Hitler's personal photographer Heinrich Hoffmann's empire.
The document summarizes the key developments in literature between 1915-1946 known as the Modern Age. It describes how World War I shattered optimism and faith in social institutions, leading writers to experiment with fragmented styles reflecting the modern world. Modernist works often rejected traditional narratives and forms in favor of stream-of-consciousness, free verse, and techniques from surrealism and imagism to depict psychological realities. Notable movements included the Lost Generation expatriates and the Harlem Renaissance, while authors like Hemingway, Fitzgerald, and Faulkner gained international recognition.
This illustrated article describes the history of Ukrainian Studies in North America during the Cold War and after. It's major thesis is that the popularity of multiculturalism in Canada led to a different tone to Ukrainian Studies in that country as opposed to the United States. Major institutions such as the Harvard Ukrainian Research Institute and the Canadian Institute of Ukrainian Studies are compared and contrasted and the careers of many important scholars are discussed.
- January 1945: Auschwitz concentration camp is liberated. Elie Wiesel, a Holocaust survivor, describes the horrors he witnessed there.
- February 1945: Women gain the right to vote in Italy following the end of fascism. Allied leaders meet at Yalta to plan the post-war world.
- August 1945: The US drops atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki, leading to Japan's surrender and the end of World War 2.
- January 1945: Auschwitz concentration camp is liberated. Elie Wiesel, a Holocaust survivor, describes the horrors he witnessed there.
- February 1945: Women gain the right to vote in Italy following the end of fascism. Allied leaders meet at Yalta to plan for post-war Europe.
- August 1945: The US drops atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki, leading to Japan's surrender and the end of World War 2.
After my lecture for the International Conference for Curators of Contemporary Art (IKT) in Siena in 2001, I was invited by the Vestjaellands Kunstmuseum in Denmark to write an essay in the framework of "Industry of Vision" a project and exhibition that addressed and questioned historical and contemporary Utopias and Heterotopias.
World War II began in 1939 when Germany invaded Poland. Over the next six years, the war involved most major world powers and resulted in 60 million deaths as well as widespread destruction across Europe and Asia. Key events included Germany's invasion of Poland, the Holocaust which killed 6 million Jews, the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, and the Allied D-Day invasion of Normandy on June 6, 1944. The war ended in 1945 with Germany's surrender on May 8 and Japan's surrender on September 2.
The document discusses key events and tactics used during World War II by both sides to gain intelligence on the enemy. It also summarizes the Holocaust, where approximately six million European Jews were systematically murdered by Nazi Germany, as well as other victims of Nazi persecution including Romani people, Slavs, homosexuals and others. Finally, it covers the bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki by the United States in an effort to force Japan's surrender, describing the immediate and long-term impacts of the attacks.
1) The document discusses the Monuments Men, a group of 345 individuals from 13 countries assembled to locate and return thousands of artistic masterpieces looted by the Nazis during World War II.
2) It provides context on the immense value of cultural works targeted by the Nazis, and the unprecedented destruction of World War II that threatened their loss.
3) The document summarizes key sources that detail the Monuments Men efforts, including a 1946 US government report and memoirs from Monuments Men James Rorimer and Walker Hancock, who described the destruction they witnessed and works they helped preserve.
Poland has a long and complex history. It is located in Central Europe and has experienced occupation by both Germany and the Soviet Union during WWII. Warsaw, the capital, was nearly completely destroyed but has since been rebuilt. Poland transitioned to democracy in 1989 after the Solidarity movement led widespread protests against communist rule. Key events in Polish history include accepting Christianity in 966, gaining independence in 1918 after being partitioned for over 100 years, and overthrowing communist control through peaceful protests in the late 1980s.
This document discusses how German museums underrepresent the "Gastarbeiter" movement from 1961-1973, in which over 14 million immigrant workers, including over 800,000 Turks, came to Germany. While other countries have immigration museums, Germany lacks representation of this important period. The omission reveals that German cultural memory is focused on overcoming World War II and defining national identity against that dark past. As a result, the Gastarbeiter and their descendants are excluded from being considered a true part of German history and culture. This gaps leaves modern Germany unable to fully acknowledge its multicultural present and future.
The document provides summaries of several famous photos from the 20th century between 1900-1939, including:
1) The Exposition Universelle of 1900 in Paris which unveiled talking films and new technologies and attracted over 50 million visitors.
2) A 1900 photo showing female telephone operators dressed in white dresses and black skirts manually operating switchboards.
3) The Wright brothers' first powered flight on December 17, 1903, lasting 12 seconds - a breakthrough in aviation.
4) Josephine Baker, an African American entertainer who rose to fame in France in the early 20th century and helped the French resistance in World War II.
The document provides summaries of several famous photos from the 20th century between 1900-1939, including:
1) The Exposition Universelle of 1900 in Paris which unveiled talking films and new technologies and attracted over 50 million visitors.
2) A 1900 photo showing female telephone operators dressed in white dresses manually connecting calls.
3) The Wright brothers' first powered flight on December 17, 1903, lasting 12 seconds and pioneering aviation.
4) Josephine Baker, an African American entertainer who rose to fame in France in the early 1900s and helped the French resistance in World War 2.
5) The sinking of the Titanic in 1912 after hitting an iceberg, with over 1,
The document provides summaries of several famous photos from the 20th century between 1900-1939, including:
1) The Exposition Universelle of 1900 in Paris which unveiled talking films and new technologies and attracted over 50 million visitors.
2) A 1900 photo showing female telephone operators dressed in white dresses and black skirts manually connecting calls.
3) The Wright brothers' first powered flight on December 17, 1903, lasting 12 seconds and pioneering aviation.
4) Josephine Baker, an African American entertainer who rose to fame in France in the early 1900s and helped the French resistance in World War II.
5) A photo of the Titanic departing on its ill-fated
Anne Frank In Historical Perspective A Teaching Guide For Secondary SchoolsNatasha Grant
This document provides an overview of the uniqueness of the Holocaust compared to other modern tragedies. It argues that while other events involved large-scale loss of life, they did not target the total destruction of an entire people in the way that the Holocaust did against European Jews. Specifically, it notes that the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki aimed to end the war, not destroy the Japanese people. Treatment of Native Americans and African slaves involved exploitation for economic gain rather than a goal of extermination. Japanese internment in the US during WWII was due to security concerns, not a plan for murder. While the Armenian genocide and other mass killings were atrocities, they did not have the same industrialized system of mass
World War I had a major impact on the arts in the early 20th century. Several movements emerged in response, including Dadaism, which rejected tradition, and Surrealism, which focused on dreams. In the postwar period, modernist writers like James Joyce and Ezra Pound experimented with new techniques. In visual arts, abstract expressionism became popular in the mid-20th century, with painters like Jackson Pollock and Willem de Kooning focusing on the act of creation. Pop art emerged in the 1960s, as artists like Andy Warhol reflected mass culture.
The workshop focused on the major events of the 1980s in Europe through music videos and photos. Students at the Evening High School of Aigaleo attended a workshop on April 3, 2017 that looked at pivotal moments from across Europe in that decade using multimedia like music and imagery to explore the time period. The workshop was created by Eftyhia Koundouraki to examine key events through the lens of culture.
The document contains a collection of lesson plans and worksheets on European history from 1945-2015. It includes lessons on the founding and development of the European Union, the Cold War, the collapse of communism in Eastern Europe, the Berlin Wall, human rights declarations, and other historical events and periods. The collection is intended for use in history classes taught in English or translated into other languages. It provides teachers with digital resources like pictures and magazines that they can select and modify for their lessons.
The document describes a film project called "70 years of European History through Films" that was created by teachers and students from several European countries to serve as a teaching aid about recent European history told through films from 1945-2015. It discusses how the project was a collaborative effort between educators from countries like Greece, Czech Republic, Italy, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Spain, and Turkey.
This document describes the products created by a group of 8 secondary schools across Europe as part of the Erasmus+ project "70 YEARS OF EUROPEAN HISTORY (1945-2015)". The products include a timeline, chronicle, board game, albums, calendar, vocabulary booklet, worksheets, movie file, video, blog, mobile application, and brochures/posters highlighting major historical events and developments in Europe over the past 70 years. Each participating school was responsible for developing one or more of these educational resources to teach students about European history.
This document contains a list of terms related to politics, economics, and education with their corresponding numbers:
1. Agriculture
2. Assignment
3. Constitution
4. Curriculum
5. Committee
The workshop focused on providing a brief history of the European Union from World War II to today. Students watched presentations and videos, completed worksheets and crosswords to learn about the EU's development. They also engaged in an interesting debate about the future of the European Union and Greece's role within it. The workshop used various educational activities to teach students about the story and future of the European Union.
Students at the Evening High School of Aigaleo attended a two hour interactive course taught by their ICT teacher on how to use the popular online platform "SlideShare" to create and share presentations, documents, and other knowledge publicly or privately. The course explained best practices for compellingly uploading, sharing, and using SlideShare.
On January 27th, which is International Holocaust Remembrance Day designated by the UN, a workshop was held at the Evening High School of Aigaleo conducted by history teachers Mrs. Pefani Konstantina and Mrs. Boulbasakou Theodora. Students presented on the Holocaust, including photos and videos from their trip to concentration camps Auschwitz and Majdanek, to discuss the worst crime in human history and its consequences in Europe. The UN and its member states have held annual commemoration ceremonies since 2005 to mark the anniversary of the liberation of Auschwitz-Birkenau and honor the victims and survivors of the Holocaust.
On August 25, 1991, Linus Torvalds announced a new operating system kernel called "Linux" and asked for feedback on it. Linux went on to become widely used both for traditional computers and embedded systems like routers. In 1993, Euronews launched as the first pan-European 24-hour news channel to provide a European perspective and counterbalance English-language news channels. In 1994, the Channel Tunnel opened, connecting Britain to the European mainland for the first time since the Ice Age.
A two hour course was conducted for students on creating word clouds using different online generators like Wordle, Wordmosaic, Tagxedo, and Tagul. The course taught students how to make their own word clouds and was led by the ICT teacher Mr. Harilaos Evangelou at the Evening High School of Aigaleo.
The document summarizes the film "The Theory of Everything" which is based on the life of renowned physicist Stephen Hawking. It describes how Hawking fell in love with fellow Cambridge student Jane Wilde but received an earth-shattering medical diagnosis at a young age. With Jane's support, Hawking embarked on ambitious scientific work studying time despite having little of it left. The film highlights Hawking and Jane's relationship as they defy odds in medicine and science. Eddie Redmayne's portrayal of Hawking earned him critical acclaim and awards.
Comparative results of the 3 rd questionnaireHaris Evaggelou
- A questionnaire was given twice to students to assess their knowledge of recent European history.
- The percentage of correct answers increased from the first to second time the questionnaire was completed, showing that the students' knowledge improved.
- Between the first and second administrations, students participated in educational workshops, presentations, seminars, and visits, which likely contributed to boosting their understanding of European history.
- When questions included images or pictures, students performed better, indicating that multimedia aids can enhance learning.
How to Setup Warehouse & Location in Odoo 17 InventoryCeline George
In this slide, we'll explore how to set up warehouses and locations in Odoo 17 Inventory. This will help us manage our stock effectively, track inventory levels, and streamline warehouse operations.
How to Manage Your Lost Opportunities in Odoo 17 CRMCeline George
Odoo 17 CRM allows us to track why we lose sales opportunities with "Lost Reasons." This helps analyze our sales process and identify areas for improvement. Here's how to configure lost reasons in Odoo 17 CRM
How to Make a Field Mandatory in Odoo 17Celine George
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How to Fix the Import Error in the Odoo 17Celine George
An import error occurs when a program fails to import a module or library, disrupting its execution. In languages like Python, this issue arises when the specified module cannot be found or accessed, hindering the program's functionality. Resolving import errors is crucial for maintaining smooth software operation and uninterrupted development processes.
Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docxadhitya5119
This is part 1 of my Java Learning Journey. This Contains Custom methods, classes, constructors, packages, multithreading , try- catch block, finally block and more.
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty,
International FDP on Fundamentals of Research in Social Sciences
at Integral University, Lucknow, 06.06.2024
By Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
3. This Photo Album is one of the final products of Erasmus + Project "70yeh (1945-2015)" and it is also the final result of the team work
between students and teachers from the following schools:
-Evening HighSchoolof Aigaleo,Athens,Greece
-MaçkaAnadolu İmamHatip Lisesi,Macka,Turkey
-LiceumOgolnosztalcaceim. AdamaMickiewicza,OpoleLubelskie,Poland
-LiceulTehnologic,GrigoreC. Moisil"Buzau,Buzau,Romania
-Associazioneperlo sviluppoculturale "Plateja",Taranto,Italy
-Agrupamentode EscolasAugustoCabrita,Barreiro,Portugal
-IESClara Campoamor,La Solana,Spain
-Gymnazium,Ceskolipska 373,Praha 9, Prague,CzechRepublic
This Project emerged from the need to fulfill numerous gaps in what concerns the period of European History that followed the Second
World War until the present day. In this way, it was possible to identify that most students were not familiar with important facts and
events which are crucial for the full exercise of the European citizenship.
Thus, the purpose of this project was to grant all the students and teachers of the different partner schools the opportunity to research
and develop partnership works about the major historical, artistic and scientific events in the period under study.
So, the history of the Photo Album starts at the end of the Second World War and pretends to illustrate through photos collected from
the different partners, some of the moments that marked European History during this period. We tried not to use familiar photos and
collect the ones which weren’t so well known to the general public.
4. The album doesn’t follow an accurate timeline. It is organized in unifying themes such as:
- Behindthe Curtin– where we can see captured images behind the iron curtain during the Cold War;
- Difficult timesafterthe war – where we pretend to portray events that occurred after the Second World War;
- Somethingwent wrong– where we illustrate some environmental and ecological disasters;
- War and Terrorism – where we intend to show that, unfortunately, the end of the Second World War, hasn’t brought peace for
everybody yet and that there are other conflicts still prevailing;
- Fighting for freedom – where we illustrate important moments with people struggling for freedom and defense of the Human Rights in
several European countries;
- The photographerwasthere – where we can view some historical curiosities that are not usually disclosed;
- Once we were heroes– where the statues have fallen down the pedestal and heroes are understood in a different perspective;
- Towardsthe future– where we show technological examples and changes that have brought progress to Europe.
To accomplish this Photo Album we used different tools and we had to do an exhaustive research on this topic.
We believe that this Album has contributed to: the development of different language skills, research using different means, use
different technologies, do editing-related work and collaborative and group work; etc.
The Photo Album is a useful work instrument that can be used by all the members of the educational community as a starting point for
the study of European History over the last 70 years.
In our point of view, the Photo Album has contributed to lead our students to stand up and make critical reflections towards the world
they live in and to develop critical attitudes towards European History. Therefore, the feeling of belonging to the same community may
lead them to build a better world, without wars, a world that promotes solidarity, respect for the Human Rights and the integration of all
in a unique community – a European Union.
6. The building of the Berlin Wall in August 1961 divided families and
neighborhoods in what had been the capital of Germany. The Wall
represents a uniquely squalid, violent, and ultimately futile, episode
in the post-war world. Life was changed overnight in Berlin. Streets,
subway lines, bus lines, tramlines, canals and rivers were divided.
Family members, friends, lovers, schoolmates, work colleagues and
others were abruptly separated. In some cases, children had been
visiting their grandparents on the other side of the border and were
suddenlycut off fromtheirparents.
6
8. An exchangeof spiesandprisonerson Glienicke bridge,1986
During the era of Cold War, many spies, but also many innocent
citizens of rivaling world powers, were captured and imprisoned
on both sides of the Iron Curtain. Some of those prisoners were
laterfreedor swappedfor political reasons.
Manin frontof a war tank
Emil Gallo, a Slovak plumber, standing in front of a Warsaw Pact
tank and baring his chest in a gesture of protest during the invasion
of Czechoslovakia in 1968. Taken on Šafárikovo námestie in
Bratislava,Slovakia.
8
9. Mathias Rust's Cessna 172 that landed illegally in the Red Square on May 28,
1987. A German amateur pilot that flew from Finland to Moscow (while being
tracked by the Soviet air defense as well as Soviet Jet Interceptors - which never
receivedpermissionto fire).
Romania - During communism all the 8 year old
children were made “pionier” (pioneer). There
were celebrations and everybody was very proud
to become a responsible communist. This picture
was taken in front of the Mausoleum in Marasesti
where the heroes of the 1st World War are
buried.
9
10. The Socialist Fraternal Kiss between Leonid Brezhnev and Erich Honecker,
1979
Endof Communism
10
14. ValkaLager,Nuremberg,WestGermany,1950
A desolate image that captures the trauma of a Europe recovering
from the Second World War. Valka Lager was set up in 1946
on the site of a former war prisoner’s camp. After the war it
started to house refugees from the Baltic states and other
countries in Eastern Europe who had been displaced by the war.
As late as 1951, it was still the home of more than 4,000 refugees.
The end of World War Two brought in its wake the largest
population movements in European history. Many people were
displaced during the war and it was very hard for them to return
home.
14
15. A girl who grew up in a concentration camp draws a picture of
“home”whilelivingin a residencefor disturbedchildren,1948
This photograph was taken by Chim (David Seymour) in a home for
emotionally disturbed children located in Warsaw, 1948. There are
a few versions of this image, but most of the captions mention that
the subject grew up inside a concentration camp. There’s little
information about the girl’s identity, her name was Tereszka, a
diminutive version of Teresa. Her eyes are piercing, like a window
to her soul. Not the eyes of an innocent youth. She’s probably
experiencedhorrorsat thatage.
15
16. A German child meets her father, a WW2 soldier, for the first time
sinceshewas1 yearold,1956
The event of this famous photo was taken on what’s known as “Die
Heimkehr der Zehntausend” (The Return of the 10,000), as they
were the last GermanPOWsin the SovietUnion to be released.
On a visit to Moscow in the fall 1955, Konrad Adenauer secured
the release of the last approximately 10,000 German POWs from
Soviet prisons. In return, the Federal Republic agreed to establish
diplomatic relations with the Soviet Union. West German press
reports emphasized how well the newly released men had
survived their time in prison and how glad they were to reprise
their roles as family breadwinners. The Soviets temporarily halted
the release of prisoners when it became clear that the Federal
Republic was seeking to delay the agreed-on exchange of
ambassadorsfor as longas possible.
16
17. Romania: Butcher’s Photo: Bărăgan - Sometime in that period
Photographer:ValeriuButoi
SPAIN
RationcardfromtheSpanishpostwar
17
18. SPAIN
1955-1975. More than a million Spaniards emigrated to Europe
(especially to France,Germanyand Switzerland).
18
19. Theruinsof Dresden,1945
At the end of World War Two the city of Dresden was in ruins, all its
buildings were destroyed and thousands of civilians were dead. The
order by Allied commanders to heavily bomb Dresden towards the
end of the war has become one of the most controversial decisions
madein the Europeantheater.
Interestingfacts:
Of 28,410 houses in central Dresden, 24,866 were destroyed. 15 sq
km totally demolished—of which there were: 14,000 homes, 72
schools, 22 hospitals, 19 churches, 5 theaters, 50 banks, 31
department stores,31 hotelsand 62 administrativebuildings.
19
22. Vajont dam disaster
The picture represents the consequences of one of the
greatest natural disasters that occurred in the North of Italy in
1963. On 9 October 1963, during initial filling, a massive
landslide caused a man-made tsunami in the lake in which 50
million cubic metres of water overtopped the dam in a 250-
metre wave, leading to the complete destruction of several
villages and towns, and 1917 deaths.
22
The Italian luxury liner Andrea Doria sank in July 1956
At 11:10 p.m. the Italian ocean liner Andrea Doria and the
Swedish ocean liner Stockholm collide in a heavy Atlantic fog.
Fifty-one passengers and crew were killed in the collision.
Miraculously, all 1660 survivors on the Andrea Doria were
rescued from the ship before it sunk late the next morning.
Both ships were equipped with sophisticated radar systems
and authorities were puzzled as to the cause of the accident.
23. Theremainsof the astronautVladimirKomarov,
a manwho fellfromspace, 1967
Mankind’s road to the stars had its unsung heroes. One of
them was the Soviet cosmonaut Vladimir Komarov. His
spaceflight on Soyuz 1 made him the first Soviet
cosmonaut to fly into outer space more than once, and he
became the first human to die on a space mission—he
was killed when the Soyuz 1 space capsule crashed after
re-entry on April 24, 1967 due to a parachute failure.
However, because he died when the capsule crashed into
ground, he is not considered the first human fatality in
outer space. This photograph shows the charred remains
of Komarov being looked over by Soviet officials during his
open casket funeral. Only a chipped heel bone survived
the crash.
23
24. The Chernobyl nuclear power plant sits crippled two to
three days after the explosion in Chernobyl, Ukraine in
April, 1986. In front of the chimney is the destroyed 4th
reactor
24
29. The long walk - A British army bomb disposal specialist
approachesa suspectvehiclein NorthernIreland,early‘’70.
29
30. FemaleIRA fighter,1970s
Thephotowastakenby the Irishphotographer ColmanDoyle.
The gun the girl is showing is ArmaLite AR-18. It was obtained by
the IRA from the US in the early 1970s and became an emotive
symbol of IRA armed campaign. The IRA fighters nicknamed this
gun“theWidowmaker“.
In Ireland, there were women both in Republican groups such as
the IRA, which are fighting against British forces in Northern
Ireland, as well as in groups of Loyalists who are pro-state and
support the continuation of British rule of the area. Usually the
IRA women cadres performed certain non-military roles, in
which they exploited traditional stereotypes of gender. They
used to hide and carry weapons, as the British soldiers were
loath to body search women because of the tremendous public
revulsionit wouldcreate.
30
31. Warin the Kosovo
Serbian Police patrol searching for possible KLA positions near
Glogovac,21st of March,1999.
Srebrenica massacre, slaying of more than 7,000 Bosniak
(Bosnian Muslim) boys and men, perpetrated by Bosnian Serb
forces in Srebrenica, a town in eastern Bosnia and
Herzegovina, in July1995.
31
32. FormerURSS
A column of Russian tanks makes its way towards Tskhinvali in the
breakaway Georgian province of South Ossetia, where fighting has
killedthousands.
Russia Invades Georgia (2008): Separatists in South Ossetia and
Abkhazia, traditionally backed by Russia, begin an armed insurgency
against Georgia, which maintained control over the two regions. In
the aftermath of the Kosovo separation from Serbia, Russia felt
empowered to support these separatist movements, knowing the
international community, which largely favoured Kosovo's
secession, would have little ground to stand on against the move. In
which case, Russia sent troops to expel Georgian troops from the
two regions, after which it recognized the two new independent
republics..
32
33. “Man has conquered everything and destroyed millions of plants,
yet this one won't submit." - Leo Tolstoy comparing the Thistle plant
to a Chechen.
First Chechen War (1994-96): When the Russian republic of
Chechnya attempted to break away from the Federation, Russia
mobilizedits armyto assertcontrol.
33
34. SPAIN
2004 - Terrorist Jihadist attacks on 11th March in Madrid: almost
200deadpeople
34
35. Paris2015
The November 2015 Paris attacks were a series of coordinated terrorist
attacks that occurred on Friday 13 November 2015 in Paris and in the
city's northern suburb, Saint-Denis.
35
42. Portugal CarnationRevolution During the Carnation Revolution, Lisbon was the stage of several
demonstrations. The factory workers wanted to see their rights
respected and lots of strikes took place in 1974 and 1975. Most of
the workers wanted to earn more money and work less hours. They
were fed up of their bosses who treated them like slaves during the
Dictatorship. In these images we can see workers with bands that say
”AgainstFascism,popularforce”.
42
44. Czechoslovakia
Colectivization 1948-1960(1989)
These are some of the people who protest against collectivization which is
managed by Communist Party of Czechoslovakia. It took a lot of years. The
very first start was in 1948 and the end was in 1960. But it faded out till
year 1989. We can see how desperate the people look while they fought
fortheirown fieldsandproperties.
44
45. Romania
Revolutionists in a truck of the Army. 16th
December- 25th December1989
Place:Bucharest, Romania
Outcome: Revolutionists’ victory, institution of
democracy and execution of Ceaușescu and
hiswife.
45
47. “Loukanikos”: the famousGreekriotdog
Riot dog is a term used by English-speaking media denoting
any of the stray dogs that, in recent years, accompany street
protestersin Athens, Greece.
It has been observed that a number of these dogs remain
among the protesters even when violent rioting breaks
out. Some of the dogs have been prominently featured in
media reportage on the protests. Greece's Riot Dogs have
acquired, through the years, a large following of fans around
the world.
Greece
47
51. Emil Cioran, Eugen Ionescu and Mircea Eliade
Eugen Ionescu met Emil Cioran and Mircea Eliade between 1928 –
1933, when he was a student at the University of Bucharest. The
three remained good friends for their whole lives. This photo
shows them at Place Furstenberg in Paris, in 1986. It is one of the
very few photos which shows them together and maybe the last
picture of Mircea Eliade (who died on 22nd April 1986).
51
52. The last photo of all four Beatles together, August 22,
1969.
Mona Lisa being returned to its home at the Louvre
in Paris,France,afterWW2.1945.
52
53. Troppingthe ColourParade
A guard of honor passes out as Queen Elizabeth II rides past
duringthe Troopingthe ColourParade,1970
53
56. SPAIN
1975 - Franco died. The dictatorship began to collapse and the
transitionto a democracystartedits firststeps.Eisenhower´s visit to Franco in Spain, 1959
56
57. Fidel Castro and Nikita Khrushchev drinking wine from a drinking
hornin the SovietRepublicof Georgia,1963
57
64. Workerand supervisorat a car factory,Moscow, 1954
The distance between the two of them is too close. The worker has his
hands not hanging loose, but slightly raised as though preparing to make a
move. Meanwhile, the supervisor has that one hand at the collar of her
dress like she’s trying to slightly spread it more and draw attention to her
chest. The scene just screams sexual tension. Or, since it’s a factory, it’s
just really loud and they have to be close to hear what the hell the other
personis saying.And everythingelseis a happycoincidence.
Photo taken by photographer Henri Cartier-Bresson during his visit to the
ZIS car factory in Moscow. ZIS is an acronym for “Factory named for Stalin”
and it was a major Soviet automobile, truck, military vehicle, and heavy
equipment manufacturer. The factory also produced luxury armored cars
formostSovietleaders.
Henri Cartier-Bresson was the first Western photographer to be allowed to
visitSovietUnionafterthe deathof JosefStalin, in 1953.
(Photo credit: Henri Cartier-Bresson/Magnum Photos. Colored by:
Klimbim).
64
65. In the yearsof Spanisheconomictake-off,the 600 wasa
symbolof the newmiddleclass
SPAIN
TheTalgotrain.An innovativedesignof the Spanishindustry,1963
65
66. A car factoryin EuropeThe assembly line of Porsche 911's at the
Stuttgartfactory,1970
66
67. Thefirstautomatedtellermachinein London
Interestingfacts:
The picture represents a great innovation that changed our lives: the first
automatedtellermachinewasplacedin Londonin 1967.
It is widely accepted that the first ATM was put into use by Barclays
Bank in its Enfield Town branch in North London. This machine was
inauguratedby the Englishcomedyactor RegVarney.
67
68. VESPAWAS PATENTED
The picture represents the first example of a
Vespadrivenby a lady
FIRSTBIKINI
In the photo, a girl wears the first
exampleof a bikini.
On July 5, 1946, French designer Louis
Reard unveils a daring two-piece
swimsuit at the Piscine Molitor, a
popular swimming pool in Paris. Parisian
showgirl Micheline Bernardini modeled
the new fashion, which Reard dubbed
“bikini,” inspired by a news-making U.S.
atomic test that took place off the Bikini
Atoll in the Pacific Ocean earlier that
week.
68
70. SOURCES
Behind the Curtain(pages 3-9)
Page 4:Building of the Berlin wall :
https://history105.libraries.wsu.edu/spring2016/2016/01/19/theberlin-
wall/
http://www.rarehistoricalphotos.com/
Page 5 : Berlin Wall Erected by USSR (1961)
https://tr.pinterest.com/pin/307089268313700084/
Page 6:Changing Prisioners - Photo credit to: Heribert Proepper/Associated Press
Man in front of a war tank
https://www.google.pt/search?q=primavera+de+praga&espv=2&biw=16
80&bih=944&site=webhp&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&sqi=2&ved=0a
hUKEwjL1vSUibrRAhUFchQKHdFSDh0Q_AUIBigB&dpr=1#imgrc=fnDVmoZ
KDKcgBM%3A
Page 7:Mathias Rust's Cessna 172 that landed illegally in the Red Square on May
28, 1987 http://www.rarehistoricalphotos.com/
Pionners - photo – Daniela Macadon teacher from Romania
Page 8:Socialist fraternal kiss - http://www.rarehistoricalphotos.com/
End of comunism
https://www.google.pt/search?q=queda+do+muro+de+berlim&espv=2&
biw=1680&bih=944&site=webhp&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&sqi=2&
ved=0ahUKEwizlb23iLrRAhWBVBQKHUqWDhwQ_AUIBigB#imgrc=VQmnh
ACU_eIO-M%3A
Page 9:Tearing the Berlin Wall down, 1989 - Fot. Peter Andrews Reuters
End of Communism - http://www.rarehistoricalphotos.com/
Difficulttimesafter the war (pages: 11 – 17)
Page 12:Valka Lager, Nuremberg, West Germany, 1950 C.Republic
Page 13:A girl who grew up in a concentration cam
http://www.rarehistoricalphotos.com/
Page 14:A German child meets her father - http://www.rarehistoricalphotos.com/
Page 15:Butcher (Romania)Photographer: Valeriu Butoi
Ration card from the Spanish postwar
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fa/Cartilla_de_racion
amiento_Espa%C3%B1a_1945.JPG
Page 16:Emigration (Spain)
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Estatua_de_toc
%C3%B3n_dedicada_al_emigrante.jpg
Page 17:The ruins of Dresden, 1945 - http://www.rarehistoricalphotos.com/
Somethingwentwrong (pages:19-23)
Page20: The Italian luxury liner Andrea Doria sank in July 1956
https://www.bostonglobe.com/metro/2015/08/08/dive/1nCHQf4t6iKoU
0BHzRPdMK/story.html
Vajont dam disaster - https://ejatlas.org/conflict/vajont-dam-disaster-
italy
Page 21 :The remains of the astronaut Vladimir Komarov -
http://www.rarehistoricalphotos.com/
Page 22:The Chernobyl nuclear power plant
ttps://www.google.com.tr/search?q=marshall+plan&espv=2&biw=1366&
bih=662&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiO_93Lp4PQAhX
HCMAKHUWqDqAQ_AUIBigB#tbm=isch&q=The+Chernobyl+nuclear+po
wer+plant+sits+crippled+two+to+three+days+after+the+explosion+in+Ch
ernobyl%2C+Ukraine+in+April%2C+1986.+In+front+of+the+chimney+is+t
he+destroyed+4th+reactor.&imgrc=IgC4hl52YM2lPM%3A
Page 23:The remains of the astronaut Vladimir Komarov -
http://www.rarehistoricalphotos.com/
War and Terrorism(pages:25-33)
Page 26:Ireland – IRAUK_Irish “Troubles” in Northem Ireland (1969-98)
http://www.rarehistoricalphotos.com/
Seven horses of the Queen’s Household Cavalry lie dead after the IRA
detonated a nail bomb, 1982
http://www.rarehistoricalphotos.com/
Page 27:The long walk - http://www.rarehistoricalphotos.com/
Page 28:Female IRA fighter, 1970s - http://www.rarehistoricalphotos.com/
Page 29:Srebrenica massacre - https://global.britannica.com/event/Bosnian-
conflict
War in the Kosovo
https://www.google.com.tr/search?q=Srebrenica+massacre&espv=2&bi
w=1366&bih=662&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwihoqWg
q4PQAhUI6xoKHXzFC0UQ_AUIBigB#tbm=isch&q=A+Serbian+Police+patr
ol+searching+for+possible+KLA+positions+near+Glogovac%2C+21st+of+
March%2C+1999&imgrc=jvkhvcGbHqBxfM%3A
Page 30:Former URSS - http://www.theirishstory.com/2015/02/09/the-
northernirelandconflict-1968-1998-an-overview/
Page 31:First Chechen War (1994-96)
http://www.discussionworldforum.com/showthread.php?p=83556
Page 32:Terrorism in Spain
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8d/Atocha_Station_
makeshift_shrine_march_2004.jpg
Page 33:Paris 2015 - Fot. Rafał Zambrzycki / System Informacyjny Sejmu
71. Fighting for freedom(pages 35-45)
Pages 36 - 39: France, May 68 - anos60.wordpress.com/2008/05/26/maio-de-68-
40-anos/
razaoinadequada.com/2013/06/09/paris-maio-de-68/
www.reddit.com/r/france/comments/4j8j49/les_casseurs_de_mai_68/
https://pt.pinterest.com/jblago/1960s-mai-68/
Pages 40 – 41: Carnation Revolution, Portugal – Photographer Jacques Gayard.
Page 42: Colectivization 1948-1960 (1989) - http://www.moderni-
dejiny.cz/clanek/podoby-kolektivizace-pracovni-text/
Pages 43-44 – http://rarehistoricalphotos.com/romanian-revolution-pictures-
1989/
Page 45: “Loukanikos”: the famous Greek riot dog grécia -
http://www.tribune.gr/; http://www.fatsimare.gr/
The Photographerwas there (pages 47-51)
Page 48: 775 confirmed kills in one picture, 1945 -
http://www.rarehistoricalphotos.com/
West Berlin policemen and East German soldiers -
http://www.rarehistoricalphotos.com/
Page 49: Emil Cioran, Eugen Ionescu and Mircea Eliade - Photo: Louis Monier
http://www.gettyimages.com/detail/news-photo/ionesco-e-m-cioran-
and-m-eliade-on-the-furstenberg-square-news-
photo/110149947#eionesco-emcioran-and-meliade-on-the-furstenberg-
square-in-paris-in-picture-id110149947
Page 50: Mona Lisa being returned to its home at the Louvre -
http://www.rarehistoricalphotos.com/
The last photo of all four Beatles together -
http://www.rarehistoricalphotos.com/
Page 51: Tropping the Colour Parade - Fot. Ian Waldie/ Reuters
Once we were heroes (pages: 53 – 59)
Page 54: Eisenhower´s visit to Franco in Spain 1959
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2d/Franco_eisenh
ower_1959_madrid.jpg
1975 - Franco died -
http://www.hoy.es/multimedia/201511/17/media/Franco-
entierro/7790178.jpg
Page 55: Fidel Castro and Nikita Khrushchev -
http://www.rarehistoricalphotos.com/
Page 56: An assassination attempt on the Pope’s life - Fot. Wikimedia Commons
John Paul II ’s funeral - Fot. Tomasz Wierzejski/REPORTER
Page 57: Pope Benedictus XVI - Fot. VaticanoAP/PLINIO LEPRI
Page 58: Hungarian Prime Minister Ferenc Szalasi Romania
Page 59: A Soviet soldier carrying Hitler’s head, after capturing Berlin in 1945 -
http://www.rarehistoricalphotos.com/
Breakup of Lenine’s Monument – Fot. Patrick PIEL
Towards the future (pages: 61-67)
Page 62: Worker and supervisor at a car factory, Moscow, 1954 -
http://www.rarehistoricalphotos.com/
Page 63: The Talgo train Spain
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/68/Renfe_350_00
3_librea_TalgoII_b.jpg
The FIAT 600 Spain -
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Seat_600_(8675507441).jpg
Page 64: The assembly line of Porsche 911's at the Stuttgart factory. 1970
http://www.rarehistoricalphotos.com/
A car factory in Europe - http://www.rarehistoricalphotos.com/
Page 65: The first automated teller machine in London
http://content.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,19145
60_1914558_1914559,00.htm
Page 66: Vespa was patented in Italy - http://www.jalopyjournal.com
First bikini
http://www.slate.com/articles/life/fashion/2013/07/history_of_the_bik
ini_how_it_came_to_america.html
Page 66: 1992 Seville Expo -
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/75/Expo_92_03.jp
g
1998 Lisbon EXPO -
https://www.google.pt/imgres?imgurl=http%3A%2F%2F4.bp.blogspot.c
om%2F-
ZwdbrsWP634%2FUZzHO16QrgI%2FAAAAAAAAA0g%2FMYDbgJSiL_g%2
Fs1600%2FExpo98foto2.jpg&imgrefurl=http%3A%2F%2Fasdicasdaba.blo
gs.sapo.pt%2F7249.html&docid=SIVmZaskYW_lqM&tbnid=afDek8uPhn
D7nM%3A&vet=1&w=1600&h=1039&bih=694&biw=1280&q=expo%209
8&ved=0ahUKEwjqnvSw7KHRAhWFvRQKHS39AUAQMwg6KAkwCQ&iact
=mrc&uact=8