This presentation provides an overview of the Age of Discovery in the 15th-16th century, including exploration, science, alchemy, the printing press, and cartography.
This presentation provides an overview of the Age of Discovery in the 15th-16th century, including exploration, science, alchemy, the printing press, and cartography.
W7L3European Age of ExplorationA World Map from Alberto Cantin.docxmelbruce90096
W7L3
European Age of Exploration
A World Map from Alberto Cantino, 1502
When we last left Europe, the Islamic trading influences had sparked a revolution of ideas in Italy that began to spread across the cultural centers of European kingdoms. The Italian Renaissance slowly spread across Europe, bringing new innovations in technology, art, music, scientific understanding, mathematics, and medicine. In turn these ideas had sparked the Reformation. However, by the sixteenth century, as the Reformation picked up steam and began spreading radical religious ideas throughout Christendom, already some European kingdoms had begun applying Renaissance inventions to new economic opportunities: Exploration.
The presence of patronage throughout royal courts had encouraged a stability of economies. This stability was called mercantilism – the economic doctrine that assumes government control of foreign trade is the most important element of ensuring prosperity for a given state. The idea is that trading partners need each other to prosper, so trading states are less likely to war with each other over minor details, lest that diminishes trade. The downside to mercantilism is that it can foster an atmosphere of such extreme competition between two or more states that other states end up falling prey to that intense rivalry. This is exactly what happened with cultures in Africa, North America, the Caribbean, and Mesoamerica. But the immediacy of stability caused by mercantilism contributed to the standing atmosphere of intellectual curiosity and increasing centralized governments to lead expeditions outside of European domains.
Portugal
The Portuguese had regained control over the Kingdom of Portugal in 1415, when conquering Christian forces had expelled the occupying Moors. Spain still had some years of fighting left to regain control over the remaining Iberian Peninsula, but Portugal began to set its affairs in order and set its sights on increased trade. Playing a key role in this development was Prince Henry the Navigator.
Prince Henry the Navigator extended Portuguese trade ports throughout the coasts of Africa and into India
Prince Henry was very religious and thought that exploring the African coastline might benefit Portugal in economic glory while benefitting African through conversion from mostly Islamic beliefs to Christian ideas. He established a navigation school to increase the knowledge of sailors. New techniques in ship-building allowed for longer journeys with more gods on board. He also spread the idea that courtly chivalrous honor could be achieved through behaviors off the battle-field. In addition to military glory, he thought, knightly behavior could be earned through intellectual exploration, religious piety and missionary work, and the adventure of journeying to places unknown. In the early 1400s, Portuguese sailors began sailing into ports along the African coast. They were there not as conquerors, but as traders.
And so, Portugues.
CHAPTER 2Early Globalization The AtlanticWorld, 1492–16.docxcravennichole326
CHAPTER 2
Early Globalization: The Atlantic
World, 1492–1650
Figure 2.1 After Christopher Columbus “discovered” the New World, he sent letters home to Spain describing the
wonders he beheld. These letters were quickly circulated throughout Europe and translated into Italian, German, and
Latin. This woodcut is from the first Italian verse translation of the letter Columbus sent to the Spanish court after his
first voyage, Lettera delle isole novamente trovata by Giuliano Dati.
Chapter Outline
2.1 Portuguese Exploration and Spanish Conquest
2.2 Religious Upheavals in the Developing Atlantic World
2.3 Challenges to Spain’s Supremacy
2.4 New Worlds in the Americas: Labor, Commerce, and the Columbian Exchange
Introduction
The story of the Atlantic World is the story of global migration, a migration driven in large part by the
actions and aspirations of the ruling heads of Europe. Columbus is hardly visible in this illustration of his
ships making landfall on the Caribbean island of Hispaniola (Figure 2.1). Instead, Ferdinand II of Spain (in
the foreground) sits on his throne and points toward Columbus’s landing. As the ships arrive, the Arawak
people tower over the Spanish, suggesting the native population density of the islands.
This historic moment in 1492 sparked new rivalries among European powers as they scrambled to create
New World colonies, fueled by the quest for wealth and power as well as by religious passions. Almost
continuous war resulted. Spain achieved early preeminence, creating a far-flung empire and growing
rich with treasures from the Americas. Native Americans who confronted the newcomers from Europe
suffered unprecedented losses of life, however, as previously unknown diseases sliced through their
populations. They also were victims of the arrogance of the Europeans, who viewed themselves as
uncontested masters of the New World, sent by God to bring Christianity to the “Indians.” The Spanish
enslaved Native Americans, forcing them to bring whatever gold could be found to fill Spanish coffers.
Chapter 2 Early Globalization: The Atlantic World, 1492–1650 39
2.1 Portuguese Exploration and Spanish Conquest
By the end of this section, you will be able to:
• Describe Portuguese exploration of the Atlantic and Spanish exploration of the
Americas, and the importance of these voyages to the developing Atlantic World
• Explain the importance of Spanish exploration of the Americas in the expansion of
Spain’s empire and the development of Spanish Renaissance culture
Portuguese colonization of Atlantic islands in the 1400s inaugurated an era of aggressive European
expansion across the Atlantic. In the 1500s, Spain surpassed Portugal as the dominant European power.
This age of exploration and the subsequent creation of an Atlantic World marked the earliest phase of
globalization, in which previously isolated groups—Africans, Native Americans, and Europeans—first
came into contact with each other, sometimes with disastrous resu ...
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1. The Age of Exploration
On the Brink of a New World
2.
3. The Motives
Economic Motives
– Desire to find new areas for trade
– Break existing monopolies
4. The Motives
Religious Zeal
– Spain and Portugal heavily
defined by religion, want to
spread Christianity
– “With the divine power of the
true God, they would work
miracles”
5. The Motives
Fantastic Lands
– The Travels of John Mandeville
– Marco Polo’s Travels
– The search for Prester John
6. The Means
Maps
– Portolani = more useful than T in O Map,
fairly accurate
– The further from the known world, the
more fantastic maps got
– Ptolemy grossly underestimated the size
of the Earth
7.
8. The Means
Ships and Sailing
– Importation of technology from China like
the axial rudder
– Lateen Sail
– Astrolabe and Sextant
9.
10. Prince Henry the Navigator
1419 founds school
for Navigators in
Portugal
Funds Portuguese
expeditions down
the African Coast
11.
12.
13. Portuguese Maritime
Empire
1419: Prince Henry founds school of
navigation
1441: reach thee Senegal River just
north of Cape Verde
1471: discover gold in western Africa
(Gold Coast)
1488: Bartholomew Dias rounds Cape
of Good Hope
14. Portuguese Maritime
Empire
1498: Vasco da Gama reaches Calicut
and announces that he has come to
find Christians and spices
1509: Portuguese armada defeats joint
Turkish and Indian fleet
1510: establish land base in Bombay
15.
16.
17.
18. The Search for Spice
1511: Albuquerque gains control of
Malacca, ending Arab dominance of
spice trade and creating a good
launching point for expeditions to
China and Japan
The battle was short and bloody.
19. “To enhance the terror of his
name he always separated Arabs
from the other inhabitants of the
city, and cut off the right hand of
every man, and the noses and
ears of every woman.”
22. Voyages of the New
World
New Voyages
– John Cabot explores the coast of New
England for Henry VII of England
– South America accidentally discovered by
Pedro Cabral of Portugal in 1500
– Amerigo Vespucci wrote a series of letters
on the geography of the new world
Americas
23.
24. Food for Thought…
What makes the New World a new
world?
How does that show the bias of
European explorers?
25. Spain builds an Empire
Cortez’s conquest of the Aztec and
Pizarro’s conquest of the Inca lead to
a large land based empire in central
and south America
By the late 1600s, only 5% of Latin
America’s native population was still
alive
26.
27. Administering the
Spanish Empire
Queen Isabella declared natives to be
subjects of Spain
Established encomienda system:
Conquering Spaniards gain the right to
collect tribute and use natives as slave
laborers
29. Yet into this sheepfold, into this land of meek outcasts
there came some Spaniards who immediately behaved
like ravening wild beasts, wolves, tigers, or lions that
had been starved for many days. And Spaniards have
behaved in no other way during the past forty years,
down to the present time, for they are still acting like
ravening beasts, killing, terrorizing, afflicting, torturing,
and destroying the native peoples, doing all this with the
strangest and most varied new methods of cruelty, never
seen or heard of before, and to such a degree that this
Island of Hispaniola once so populous (having a
population that I estimated to be more than three
million), has now a population of barely two hundred
persons.
~Bartolomeo de Las Casas
30. Administering the
Spanish Empire
Spain developed the Viceroy system to
oversee the large empire
Viceroy’s were the king’s
representatives in the new world
Audiencias were advisory groups that
often acted as judicial bodies
31. The Pope and the New
World
Papal Bull: Inter Caetera divides the
world in half
Treaty of Tordesillas moves line of
demarcation to give Portugal access to
Brazil
Spain exercised extensive control over
the new world
32.
33. The Pope and the New
World
Missionaries like the Dominicans and
Jesuits worked to Christianize the
native populations
Conquistadors were often under strict
orders to try to convert before fighting
Mass conversion of Indians led to
strong establishment of Catholicism in
the New World
34. New Rivals in the World
Arena
By the 1600s, northern European
nations like Britain, France, and the
Netherlands were engaged in overseas
exploration
Hope to remove Portuguese and
Spanish naval and trade dominance
Hope to wind north east and north
west passages to the Indies
35. New Rivals in the World
Arena
Britain establishes colonies along
eastern seaboard of North America
French establish trading posts along
the Mississippi and Great Lakes
Dutch focus most colonial efforts on
Asia
None of these countries is focused on
creating a large land empire… yet.
36. Britain and the
Netherlands
Trade and Exploration controlled by
privately operated joint-stock
companies
How does the contract signed by
Henry Hudson differ from earlier
contracts?
37.
38. Effects of Exploration and
Colonization
The Atlantic Slave Trade
European dominance over Indian
Ocean trade
British and French inroads into India
39. The West in Southeast
Asia
Portugal establishes a large empire,
but is to small to maintain it
Combined Christian forces defeat
Ottoman Empire in Battle of Lepanto,
win dominance over Indian Ocean
trade
40. “My country, oh my country. Too
heavy is the task that has been laid on
you shoulders. Day after day I watch
ships leaving your shores filled always
with the bravest men. And too many
do not return… Who then is left to till
the fields, to harvest the grapes, to
keep the enemy on our frontier at
bay?”
41. The West in Southeast
Asia
Spain enters the region when Magellan
lands in the Philippines
Becomes a major base for Spanish
trade in the region
42. The West in Southeast
Asia
The Dutch establish a fort in Java in
1619
Dutch East India Co. begins building
pepper plantations
By the late 1700s, the Dutch
controlled most of Indonesia
43. The West in India
Mughal empire in a state of decline
1601 Queen Elizabeth charters the
British East India Co.
By 1650 British control major port in
Calcutta
44.
45. The West in India
Dutch and French also try to establish
ports
Sir Robert Clive wins victories making
Britain dominant power in India
46. China
In 1433, The Ming Dynasty recalls the
Treasure Fleet of Zheng He and turns
inward
1514 Portuguese land on Chinese
coast, begin trading
China controls favorable balance of
trade exporting far more than they
import
47.
48. China
China’s unwillingness to deal with
western “barbarians” ultimately winds
up hurting them. By the 19th century,
China will be unable to compete
militarily with the west.
49. Japan
Tokogawa Shogunate at first is willing
to trade with westerners
After a while they fear damage to their
culture and isolate
After isolation, trade is limited to
Hirado and Nagasaki with the Dutch
51. The West Indies
Britain holds Barbados, Jamaica, and
Bermuda
France controls St. Dominique,
Martinique, and Guadolupe
Establish plantations similar to
Portugal’s in Brazil focusing on
tobacco, cotton, coffee and sugar (all
in very high demand in Europe)
52.
53.
54. What have you learned?
How did the motives differ between the
Iberian kingdoms and the nation states of
Northern Europe?
What areas were explored by each nation
state?
How did the Age of Discovery relate to the
questioning spirit of the Renaissance?
What were the long term effects of
Discovery?