The document provides an overview of the Age of Exploration between the 15th and 16th centuries in Europe. It describes the rise of powerful nation-states, technological advances in navigation, and the main motivations for European expansion including increasing trade, spreading Christianity, and acquiring wealth and territory. The major European powers that engaged in exploration are examined along with the impacts on economics, politics, society and indigenous populations worldwide.

1. THE AGE OF EXPLORATION 15 TH AND 16 TH CENTURY AN OVERVIEW

3. BACKGROUND- 15 TH CENTURY RISE OF NATIONISM AMONG THE NEW NATION-STATES OF EUROPE EMERGENCE OF POWERFUL NEW NATION-STATES WITH ASSERTIVE MONARCHS INVENTION OF THE PRINTING PRESS EXPANSION OF TRADE AND BUSINESS ACTIVITY RENAISSANCE QUEST FOR KNOWLEDGE RECONQUISTA COMPLETED IN SPAIN- 1492

4. MOTIVATING FACTORS FOR EUROPEAN EXPANSION DESIRE TO ENHANCE NATIONAL PRESTIGE (NATIONALISM) NATIONAL WEALTH AND TERRITORY PRESTIGE FOR MONARCHS POSSIBILITY OF PERSONAL WEALTH, FAME, AND SOCIAL PRESTIGE QUEST FOR NEW GEOGRAPHICAL KNOWLEDGE DESIRE TO SPREAD CHRISTIANITY INTENSIFYING INTERNATIONAL COMPETITION AMONG THE POWERFUL NATION-STATES OF EUROPE DESIRE TO FIND NEW TRADE ROUTES TO THE EAST – INCREASE PROFITS

5. NEW TECHNOLOGIES THAT IMPACTED EXPLORATION BETTER AND FASTER SHIP DESIGN PRINTING PRESS MORE RELIABLE MAGNETIC COMPASS THE INVENTION OF THE CLOCK ALLOWED FOR NEW NAVIGATIONAL METHODS- EVENTUALLY LONGITUDE ASTROLABE- LATITUDE NAVIGATION MORE ACCURATE MAPS GUN POWDER AND NEW WEAPONS CANNONS AND MUSKETS

6. CARAVEL

8. PRINTING PRESS

9. ASTROLABE

10. NEW WEAPONS

13. IMPROVED COMPASS

14. MAJOR NATION- STATES INVOLVED IN EXPLORATION

15. PORTUGAL WEST AFRICA PARTS OF ASIA SOUTH AMERICA (Brazil) MAJOR EMPHASIS WAS ON TRADE GOLD SLAVE TRADE-WEST AFRICA NEW PRODUCTS AND SPICES

16. PRINCE HENRY THE NAVIGATOR OF PORTUGAL National policies strongly supported exploration and trade Portugal had a long tradition of navigation and trade

17. SLAVE TRADE – WEST AFRICA African slaves were brought to the New World to primarily work in agriculture Portugal was the major slave trading European nation

18. SPAIN CARIBBEAN ISLANDS CENTRAL AMERICA SOUTH AMERICA (EXCEPT BRAZIL) MEXICO SOUTH WEST NORTH AMERICA PHILIPPINES

19. FERDINAND AND ISABELLA OF SPAIN SUPPORTED EXPLORATION AND EXPANSION

20. MAJOR EMPHASIS ACCUMULATION OF GOLD AND SILVER EXPANSION OF TRADE FARMING - SUGAR PLANTATIONS SOME SLAVE TRADE – LIMITED Spain outlawed the slave trade in the 1700’s ACTIVE IN THE SPREAD OF CHRISTIANITY- JESUITS MISSIONARIES ACQUISITION OF LAND- NATIONAL AND PERSONAL ENHANCE PERSONAL PRESTIGE AND SOCIAL STANDING STRICT SOCIAL HIERARCHY IN SPAIN (FEUDAL IN MANY RESPECTS)

21. LINE OF DEMARCATION 1493 OFFICIAL AGREEMENT THAT DIVIDED THE TERRITORIES CLAIMED BY SPAIN AND PORTUGAL IN THE NEW WORLD IMAGINARY LINE DRAWN BY POPE ALEXANDER VI LANDS EAST OF THE LINE -PORTUGAL LANDS WEST OF THE LINE -SPAIN

22. LINE OF DEMARCATION

23. ENGLAND EAST COAST OF NORTH AMERICA CANADA INDIA

24. MAJOR EMPHASIS EXPANSION OF TERRITORY TRADE NEW OPPORTUNITIES FOR MIDDLE CLASS FLEEING RELIGIOUS PERSECUTION

25. MAJOR EUROPEAN EXPLORERS VASCO DA GAMA- first to sail around the Cape of Good Hope MAGELLAN -first voyage to circumnavigate the globe COLUMBUS -first European voyage to arrive in the New World CORTEZ -conquest of the Aztec Empire in Mexico PIZARRO -conquest of the Incan Empire in Peru BALBOA -first to see the Pacific- crossed Panama PONCE DE LEON- explored Florida CORONADO -first European to see the Grand Canyon and explore the southern US

26. VASCO DA GAMA- PORTUGUESE

27. MAGELLAN-PORTUGUESE MAGELLAN DID NOT SURVIVE THE VOYAGE OF THE 270 MEN WHO BEGAN THE VOYAGE AROUND THE GLOBE, ONLY 18 FINISHED AND RETURNED TO EUROPE

29. COLUMBUS- ITALIAN LED THREE VOYAGES TO THE NEW WORLD

30. CORTEZ- SPANISH

31. PIZARRO- SPANISH

32. PIZARRO-CONQUEST OF THE INCAN EMPIRE IN PERU

33. INCAN EMPIRE IN PERU THE ANCIENT INCAN CITY OF MACHU PICCHU

34. BALBOA CROSSING THE ISTHMUS OF PANAMA FIRST EUROPEAN TO CROSS FROM THE ATLANTIC TO THE PACIFIC

35. CORONADO EXPLORED THE SOUTHWEST (GRAND CANYON)

36. LABOR AND INDUSTRY IN THE NEW WORLD

37. ENCOMIENDA TRIBUTE LABOR SYSTEM – NATIVE PEOPLES WERE REQUIRED TO GIVE LABOR TO THE EUROPEAN SETTLERS

38. MINING SILVER MINES AT POTOSI VAST AMOUNTS OF GOLD AND SILVER WERE SENT TO SPAIN FROM THE NEW WORLD PRIMARY LABOR FORCE WAS THE INDEGENOUS POPULATION

39. PLANTATIONS- SUGAR BECAME A MAJOR EXPORT CROP NATIVE PEOPLES AND AFRICAN SLAVES WORKED THE FARMS AND PLANTATIONS

40. 15 TH AND 16 TH CENTURY ECONOMIC MODEL MERCANTILISM BASED ON THE ACCUMULATION OF GOLD AND SILVER (PRECIOUS METALS) GOLD AND SILVER WERE THE MEASURE OF WEALTH- NOT BUSINESS OR PRODUCTION THE PURPOSE OF THE ECONOMY WAS TO SERVE THE STATE TRADE WAS FOCUSED PRIMARILY ON EXPORTING AND SELLING GOODS IN THE NEW COLONIES LITTLE CAPITAL INVESTMENT IN BUSINESS COLONIAL HOLDINGS WERE SEEN AS A SOURCE OF RAW MATERIALS MARKETS FOR EUROPEAN GOODS

41. THE IMPACT OF EUROPEAN EXPANSION – AGE OF EXPLORAITON

42. ECONOMIC RAPID ECONOMIC GROWTH AND AN INCREASE IN BUSINESS ACTIVITY VAST AMOUNTS OF GOLD AND SILVER FLOODED INTO EUROPE PRICES OF GOODS ROSE DUE TO INLFATION AND MERCANTILIST ECONOMIC POLICIES EXPANDED OPPORTUNITES FOR THE RISING MIDDLE CLASS MAJORITY OF EUROPEANS SAW LITTLE IMPROVEMENT IN THEIR STANDARD OF LIVING CAPITALISM BEGAN TO EMERGE (EXCEPTION WAS IN SPAIN)

43. POLITICAL WESTERN EUROPE BEGAN TO DOMINATE THE GLOBE NEW LANDS WERE CLAIMED AND COLONIZED WESTERN POLITICAL MODELS WERE INSTALLED THE RIVALRY BETWEEN THE NATION-STATES OF EUROPE INTENSIFIED INTERNATIONAL TENSIONS GREW

44. SOCIETAL SOCIAL VALUES BEGAN TO BE MORE FOCUSED ON MATERIAL WEALTH AND SOCIAL STANDING GROWING SECULAR TREND RISING MIDDLE CLASS BENIFITTED FROM NEW ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL OPPORTUNITIES POWER AND WEALTH IN THE COLONIES CAME TO BE CONCENTRATED IN THE HANDS OF A FEW SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC ISSUES HAVE CONTINUED TO PLAGUE THESE REGIONS AS A RESULT OF THIS TREND

45. RELIGIOUS CHRISTIANITY SPREAD ACROSS THE GLOBE THE AMERICAS PARTS OF ASIA CHRISTIAN MISSIONARIES WORKED TO CONVERT NATIVE POPULATIONS THE JESUITS WERE VERY ACTIVE STARTED MISSIONS ESTABLISHED SCHOOLS THE CATHOLIC CHURCH BECAME DOMINANT IN MANY COLONIAL REGIONS VERY OFTEN CONVERSIONS WERE FORCED AND OR COERCED; HOWEVER, MANY TRULY CONVERTED TO CHRISTIANITY CHRISTIANITY OFTEN BLENDED WITH TRADITIONAL RELIGIOUS BELIEFS AND PRACTICES SYNCRETICISM

46. GLOBAL MILLIONS OF AFRICANS WERE IMPORTED TO THE NEW WORLD AS SLAVES ANIMALS WERE BROUGHT TO THE AMERICAS HORSES AND CATTLE NEW PLANTS AND CROPS WERE EXCHANGED TOMATOES POTATOES CORN ETC.

47. INDIGENOUS POPULATIONS NATIVE POPULATIONS IN THE NEW WORLD WERE DECIMATED ESTIMATED THAT FROM 1500-1600 THE POPULATION SHRANK FROM 20 MILLION TO 2 MILLION DISEASE AND MALNUTRITION WAR AND CONFLICT HARSH LABOR

48. INDIGENOUS POPULATIONS MIXED WITH EUROPEANS AND AFRICANS NEW CULTURAL AND RACIAL GROUPS BLENDING OF CULTURES LANGUAGE RELIGION CUSTOMS MUSIC ART

49. THE AGE OF EXPLORATION WAS IN MANY WAYS A REFLECTION THE IDEALS AND VALUES OF THE RENAISSANCE