2. Literally right after this Nuclear Energy lore
02
01
04
03
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Pros & Cons Applications
Oh you already know
And why Nuclear Power is
Meta
General Definition History
4. DEFINITION OF
NUCLEAR ENERGY
Nuclear power is the use of nuclear
reactions to produce electricity. Nuclear
power can be obtained from nuclear
fission, nuclear decay and nuclear fusion
reactions. Presently, the vast majority of
electricity from nuclear power is produced
by nuclear fission of uranium and
plutonium in nuclear power plants.
6. HISTORY
Cloud
Chamber
Atomic Model Neutron Fission First Reactor
Discovery of trails
of ionic particles
lead to further
research towards
particle physics
The Model of an
Atom was
revised several
times
Neutrons were
proven to exist
Uranium
Fission was
discovered
The very first
Nuclear fission
reactor was
created
1911 1911-1926 1932 1939 1942
7. Charles Thomson Rees Wilson (1869–1959), a
Scottish physicist, was credited for inventing the
cloud chamber. Inspired by sightings of the Brocken
spectre while working on the summit of Ben Nevis in
1894, he began to develop expansion chambers for
studying cloud formation and optical phenomena in
moist air. Sooner or later, he discovered that ions
could act as centers for water droplet formation in
such chambers.
Wilson’s Cloud
Chamber
8. How It Works
The basic mechanism of the cloud
chamber itself is very simple. The
most common modern technique is to
use highly vaporous alcohol and then
induce a cold surface as low as -30°C
in order to create a supersaturated
state of vapor a.k.a 100% humidity
Back on the experiment Wilson
applicated, he used subtle
expansion from the piston going
down to reduce pressure and
therefore temperature, which
simulates high altitude air.
9. Photograph of
Particles
It was a common belief that clouds
were formed through water vapor
in the air that condensed into dust
particles. However, when Wilson
cleaned any dust from his device,
clouds still form. Therefore, he
asked his university College &
Physicist, Ernest Rutherford about
the anomaly. He suggested to use
X-rays while the chamber
experiment is running. The X-ray
photos reveal something like what’s
shown on the left…
10. Why did this happen?
As it turns out, mist trails form
around the radiation particles as they
always leave trails of ionized gas
behind, which provides an optimal
trigger for condensation and cloud
formation. Naturally, clouds form due
to water vapour condensing around
dust particles. While on this case,
they condense due to charge
attraction.
13. Experiments by Ernest Rutherford established
that atoms consisted of a diffuse cloud of
negatively charged electrons surrounding a
small, dense, positively charged nucleus. Given
this experimental data, Rutherford naturally
considered a planetary model of the atom in
1911. This had electrons orbiting a solar nucleus.
However, his atom model is disastrous because
it predicts that all atoms are unstable, as the
electron would lose energy, rapidly spiral
inwards, & collapsing into the nucleus.
Rutherford’s
Atomic Model
14. The Bohr’s Atomic Model is solely a revision of
Rutherford’s model that established the existence
of different electron levels. In order to overcome the
problems of Rutherford's atom, in 1913, Niels Bohr
put forth 3 postulates that sum up most of his
model:
- The electron is able to revolve in certain
stable orbits around the nucleus without
radiating any energy
- The stationary orbits are attained at
distances no lower than a certain radius,
called the “Bohr Radius”
- Electrons can only gain and lose energy by
jumping from one allowed orbit to another
Bohr’s Atomic
Model
15. Also called the Schrödinger model, this is by far
the most accurate model of an Atom. It
represents that electrons are not stuck under a
fixed orbit like what Bohr’s model shows.
Instead, the electrons orbit is scattered &
randomized around its energy level that it forms
like cloud barriers. However, the Bohr model is
still popular as it is visually easier to understand,
especially a revised one that has neutrons.
Modern Quantum
Model
16. Discovery of
Neutron
Throughout the 1920s, the nucleus was
viewed as composed of combinations of
protons and electrons, but that model
presented several experimental and
theoretical contradictions.
In 1930, Walther Bothe and his
collaborator Herbert Becker in Giessen,
Germany found that if the energetic alpha
particles emitted from polonium fell on
certain light elements, an unusual
radiation was detected. The observed
penetrating radiation was not influenced
by an electric field, however, so it was
thought to be gamma radiation. However,
it was way more penetrating than any
gamma rays known.
17. Discovery of
Neutron
Two years later Irène Joliot-Curie and
Frédéric Joliot in Paris showed that if this
unknown radiation fell on paraffin wax,
which from energy and momentum
considerations, would have to have
impossibly high energy of 50 MeV if it
were gamma rays to scatter a massive
proton.
On hearing of the Paris results, Rutherford
and James Chadwick at the Cavendish
Laboratory also did not believe the
gamma ray hypothesis since it failed to
conserve energy. Chadwick repeated the
creation of the radiation using beryllium to
absorb the alpha particles: 9Be + 4He (α)
→ 12C + 1n.
18. Discovery of
Neutron
Measurements of the recoil energy
showed that the mass of the radiation
particles must be similar to the mass of
the proton: the new radiation could not
consist of gamma rays. Uncharged
particles with about the same mass as the
proton matched the properties
Rutherford described in 1920 and which
had later been called neutrons. Chadwick
won the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1935 for
this discovery.
The year 1932 was later referred to as the
"annus mirabilis" , meaning “wonderful
year”, for nuclear physics in the Cavendish
Laboratory
19. The discovery of the neutrons by Chadwick created a
new means of nuclear transmutation. Enrico Fermi and
his colleagues in Rome studied the results of
bombarding uranium with neutrons, and Fermi
concluded that his experiments had created new
elements with 93 and 94 protons, which was dubbed
ausenium and hesperium.
However, not everyone was convinced by Fermi's
analysis of his results. Ida Noddack suggested that
instead of creating a new, heavier element 93, it was
conceivable that the nucleus had broken up into large
fragments
Discovery of
Nuclear Fission
20. In 1939, Hahn and Strassmann at the Kaiser Wilhelm
Institute for Chemistry in Berlin had repeated the
experiment, and they discovered something beyond
their expectations. They were expecting the atom to
destabilize and scatter alpha particles, until they
reached the common final point, which is Lead.
Instead, they detected Barium and Krypton, both of
which are far lighter than lead. Barium’s atomic
number is 56, wheres Krypton’s atomic number is 36.
They all add up to 92.
Discovery of
Nuclear Fission
21. First Nuclear
Fission Reactor
Chicago Pile-1 (CP-1) was the world's first artificial nuclear
reactor. On 2 December 1942, the first human-made
self-sustaining nuclear chain reaction was initiated in CP-1
during an experiment led by Enrico Fermi. The secret
development of the reactor was the first major technical
achievement for the Manhattan Project, the Allied effort to
create nuclear weapons during World War II.
The reactor used natural uranium. This required a very
large amount of material in order to reach criticality,
along with graphite used as a neutron moderator. The
reactor contained 45,000 ultra-pure graphite blocks
weighing 330 tonnes and was fueled by 4.9 tonnes of
uranium metal and 41 tonnes of uranium oxide.
Unlike most modern nuclear reactors, it had no radiation
shielding or cooling system as it operated at very low
power – only a half watt.
25. Why go Nuclear?
Because it's one of the largest
energy sources with relatively
low carbon emissions and
can operate continuously for
long periods of time.
26. Clean
Lasting
Efficient
NUCLEAR ADVANTAGES
Generates low carbon
emissions and does not
emit greenhouse gasses,
which means it does not
contribute to climate
change.
A reliable source of
energy that can operate
continuously for long
periods of time.
(up to 18 months without
refueling)
Generates more energy
with less fuel than any
other technology today.
This means that nuclear
energy is a very efficient
source of energy
27. Resource Heavy
Hazardous
Lasting.. Waste
NUCLEAR DISADVANTAGES
Nuclear Power plants are
both expensive and
complex.
Furthermore, Nuclear
energy’s resource,
Uranium,
is non-renewable.
The disposal of nuclear
waste is a major
challenge, as it remains
radioactive for
thousands of years.
Nuclear power plants
can be dangerous if not
properly maintained,
and accidents can have
serious consequences
for human health and
the environment
29. BOMBS
commonly known as atomic
bombs or nuclear bombs. These
weapons utilize the immense
energy released from nuclear
reactions to create devastating
explosions.
30.
31. Medical applications
Nuclear energy is used in medicine
for various purposes.
Radioisotopes produced by nuclear
reactors are used in diagnostic
imaging, such as PET scans and
gamma cameras. They are also
used in cancer treatments, such as
radiation therapy.
32. Electricity generation
Nuclear power plants are used
to generate electricity. They
produce a significant amount of
electricity by harnessing the
energy released from nuclear
reactions.
33. CREDITS: This presentation template was created by Slidesgo, including
icons by Flaticon, infographics & images by Freepik
THANKS!
Do you have any questions?
Please keep this slide for attribution
