Text mining is the process of extracting interesting and non-trivial knowledge or information from unstructured text data. Text mining is the multidisciplinary field which draws on data mining, machine
learning, information retrieval, computational linguistics and statistics. Important text mining processes are information extraction, information retrieval, natural language processing, text classification, content analysis and text clustering. All these processes are required to complete the preprocessing step before
doing their intended task.
Text can be analysed by splitting the text and extracting the keywords .These may be represented as summaries, tabular representation, graphical forms, and images. In order to provide a solution to large amount of information present in textual format led to a research of extracting the text and transforming the unstructured form to a structured format. The paper presents the importance of Natural Language Processing (NLP) and its two interesting applications in Python Language: 1. Automatic text summarization [Domain: Newspaper Articles] 2. Text to Graph Conversion [Domain: Stock news]. The main challenge in NLP is natural language understanding i.e. deriving meaning from human or natural
language input which is done using regular expressions, artificial intelligence and database concepts.Automatic Summarization tool converts the newspaper articles into summary on the basis of frequency of words in the text. Text to Graph Converter takes in the input as stock article, tokenize them on various index (points and percent) and time and then tokens are mapped to graph. This paper proposes a business solution for users for effective time management.
Mining Opinion Features in Customer ReviewsIJCERT JOURNAL
Now days, E-commerce systems have become extremely important. Large numbers of customers are choosing online shopping because of its convenience, reliability, and cost. Client generated information and especially item reviews are significant sources of data for consumers to make informed buy choices and for makers to keep track of customer’s opinions. It is difficult for customers to make purchasing decisions based on only pictures and short product descriptions. On the other hand, mining product reviews has become a hot research topic and prior researches are mostly based on pre-specified product features to analyse the opinions. Natural Language Processing (NLP) techniques such as NLTK for Python can be applied to raw customer reviews and keywords can be extracted. This paper presents a survey on the techniques used for designing software to mine opinion features in reviews. Elven IEEE papers are selected and a comparison is made between them. These papers are representative of the significant improvements in opinion mining in the past decade.
hExarAbax makkAmasjix samayaM anni rojulu 5:00 am - 9:00 pm
(Mecca Masjid timings in Hyderabad - All days 5:00 am - 9:00 pm)
User query: makkAmasjix PIju eVMwa?
(What is the fee for Mecca Masjid?)
POS-tagger: makkAmasjix PIju/WQ eVMwa
Replace with root word: makkAmasjix PIju/WQ eMwa
Context Handler: Updates context to 'makkAmasjix'
Advanced Filter: Keywords - makkAmas
A Novel Approach for Rule Based Translation of English to Marathiaciijournal
This paper presents a design for rule-based machine translation system for English to Marathi language pair. The machine translation system will take input script as English sentence and parse with the help of Stanford parser. The Stanford parser will be used for main purposes on the source side processing, in the machine translation system. English to Marathi Bilingual dictionary is going to be created. The system will take the parsed output and separate the source text word by word and searches for their corresponding target words in the bilingual dictionary. The hand coded rules are written for Marathi inflections and also reordering rules are there. After applying the reordering rules, English sentence will be syntactically reordered to suit Marathi language
The Process of Information extraction through Natural Language ProcessingWaqas Tariq
Information Retrieval (IR) is the discipline that deals with retrieval of unstructured data, especially textual documents, in response to a query or topic statement, which may itself be unstructured, e.g., a sentence or even another document, or which may be structured, e.g., a boolean expression. The need for effective methods of automated IR has grown in importance because of the tremendous explosion in the amount of unstructured data, both internal, corporate document collections, and the immense and growing number of document sources on the Internet.. The topics covered include: formulation of structured and unstructured queries and topic statements, indexing (including term weighting) of document collections, methods for computing the similarity of queries and documents, classification and routing of documents in an incoming stream to users on the basis of topic or need statements, clustering of document collections on the basis of language or topic, and statistical, probabilistic, and semantic methods of analyzing and retrieving documents. Information extraction from text has therefore been pursued actively as an attempt to present knowledge from published material in a computer readable format. An automated extraction tool would not only save time and efforts, but also pave way to discover hitherto unknown information implicitly conveyed in this paper. Work in this area has focused on extracting a wide range of information such as chromosomal location of genes, protein functional information, associating genes by functional relevance and relationships between entities of interest. While clinical records provide a semi-structured, technically rich data source for mining information, the publications, in their unstructured format pose a greater challenge, addressed by many approaches.
MULTILINGUAL INFORMATION RETRIEVAL BASED ON KNOWLEDGE CREATION TECHNIQUESijcseit
As the information access across languages increases, the importance of a system that supports querybased
searching with the presence of multilingual also grows. Gathering the information in different
natural language is the most difficult task, which requires huge resources like database and digital
libraries. Cross language information retrieval (CLIR) enables to search in multilingual document
collections using the native language which can be supported by the different data mining techniques. This
paper deals with various data mining techniques that can be used for solving the problems encountered in
CLIR.
This document proposes using Word2Vec and decision trees to extract keywords from textual documents and classify the documents. It reviews related work on keyword extraction and text classification techniques. The proposed approach involves preprocessing text, representing words as vectors with Word2Vec, calculating frequently occurring keywords for each category, and using decision trees to classify documents based on keyword similarity. Experiments using different preprocessing and Word2Vec settings achieved an F-score of up to 82% for document classification.
Keyword Extraction Based Summarization of Categorized Kannada Text Documents ijsc
The internet has caused a humongous growth in the number of documents available online. Summaries of documents can help find the right information and are particularly effective when the document base is very large. Keywords are closely associated to a document as they reflect the document's content and act as indices for a given document. In this work, we present a method to produce extractive summaries of documents in the Kannada language, given number of sentences as limitation. The algorithm extracts key words from pre-categorized Kannada documents collected from online resources. We use two feature selection techniques for obtaining features from documents, then we combine scores obtained by GSS (Galavotti, Sebastiani, Simi) coefficients and IDF (Inverse Document Frequency) methods along with TF (Term Frequency) for extracting key words and later use these for summarization based on rank of the sentence. In the current implementation, a document from a given category is selected from our database and depending on the number of sentences given by the user, a summary is generated.
Text can be analysed by splitting the text and extracting the keywords .These may be represented as summaries, tabular representation, graphical forms, and images. In order to provide a solution to large amount of information present in textual format led to a research of extracting the text and transforming the unstructured form to a structured format. The paper presents the importance of Natural Language Processing (NLP) and its two interesting applications in Python Language: 1. Automatic text summarization [Domain: Newspaper Articles] 2. Text to Graph Conversion [Domain: Stock news]. The main challenge in NLP is natural language understanding i.e. deriving meaning from human or natural
language input which is done using regular expressions, artificial intelligence and database concepts.Automatic Summarization tool converts the newspaper articles into summary on the basis of frequency of words in the text. Text to Graph Converter takes in the input as stock article, tokenize them on various index (points and percent) and time and then tokens are mapped to graph. This paper proposes a business solution for users for effective time management.
Mining Opinion Features in Customer ReviewsIJCERT JOURNAL
Now days, E-commerce systems have become extremely important. Large numbers of customers are choosing online shopping because of its convenience, reliability, and cost. Client generated information and especially item reviews are significant sources of data for consumers to make informed buy choices and for makers to keep track of customer’s opinions. It is difficult for customers to make purchasing decisions based on only pictures and short product descriptions. On the other hand, mining product reviews has become a hot research topic and prior researches are mostly based on pre-specified product features to analyse the opinions. Natural Language Processing (NLP) techniques such as NLTK for Python can be applied to raw customer reviews and keywords can be extracted. This paper presents a survey on the techniques used for designing software to mine opinion features in reviews. Elven IEEE papers are selected and a comparison is made between them. These papers are representative of the significant improvements in opinion mining in the past decade.
hExarAbax makkAmasjix samayaM anni rojulu 5:00 am - 9:00 pm
(Mecca Masjid timings in Hyderabad - All days 5:00 am - 9:00 pm)
User query: makkAmasjix PIju eVMwa?
(What is the fee for Mecca Masjid?)
POS-tagger: makkAmasjix PIju/WQ eVMwa
Replace with root word: makkAmasjix PIju/WQ eMwa
Context Handler: Updates context to 'makkAmasjix'
Advanced Filter: Keywords - makkAmas
A Novel Approach for Rule Based Translation of English to Marathiaciijournal
This paper presents a design for rule-based machine translation system for English to Marathi language pair. The machine translation system will take input script as English sentence and parse with the help of Stanford parser. The Stanford parser will be used for main purposes on the source side processing, in the machine translation system. English to Marathi Bilingual dictionary is going to be created. The system will take the parsed output and separate the source text word by word and searches for their corresponding target words in the bilingual dictionary. The hand coded rules are written for Marathi inflections and also reordering rules are there. After applying the reordering rules, English sentence will be syntactically reordered to suit Marathi language
The Process of Information extraction through Natural Language ProcessingWaqas Tariq
Information Retrieval (IR) is the discipline that deals with retrieval of unstructured data, especially textual documents, in response to a query or topic statement, which may itself be unstructured, e.g., a sentence or even another document, or which may be structured, e.g., a boolean expression. The need for effective methods of automated IR has grown in importance because of the tremendous explosion in the amount of unstructured data, both internal, corporate document collections, and the immense and growing number of document sources on the Internet.. The topics covered include: formulation of structured and unstructured queries and topic statements, indexing (including term weighting) of document collections, methods for computing the similarity of queries and documents, classification and routing of documents in an incoming stream to users on the basis of topic or need statements, clustering of document collections on the basis of language or topic, and statistical, probabilistic, and semantic methods of analyzing and retrieving documents. Information extraction from text has therefore been pursued actively as an attempt to present knowledge from published material in a computer readable format. An automated extraction tool would not only save time and efforts, but also pave way to discover hitherto unknown information implicitly conveyed in this paper. Work in this area has focused on extracting a wide range of information such as chromosomal location of genes, protein functional information, associating genes by functional relevance and relationships between entities of interest. While clinical records provide a semi-structured, technically rich data source for mining information, the publications, in their unstructured format pose a greater challenge, addressed by many approaches.
MULTILINGUAL INFORMATION RETRIEVAL BASED ON KNOWLEDGE CREATION TECHNIQUESijcseit
As the information access across languages increases, the importance of a system that supports querybased
searching with the presence of multilingual also grows. Gathering the information in different
natural language is the most difficult task, which requires huge resources like database and digital
libraries. Cross language information retrieval (CLIR) enables to search in multilingual document
collections using the native language which can be supported by the different data mining techniques. This
paper deals with various data mining techniques that can be used for solving the problems encountered in
CLIR.
This document proposes using Word2Vec and decision trees to extract keywords from textual documents and classify the documents. It reviews related work on keyword extraction and text classification techniques. The proposed approach involves preprocessing text, representing words as vectors with Word2Vec, calculating frequently occurring keywords for each category, and using decision trees to classify documents based on keyword similarity. Experiments using different preprocessing and Word2Vec settings achieved an F-score of up to 82% for document classification.
Keyword Extraction Based Summarization of Categorized Kannada Text Documents ijsc
The internet has caused a humongous growth in the number of documents available online. Summaries of documents can help find the right information and are particularly effective when the document base is very large. Keywords are closely associated to a document as they reflect the document's content and act as indices for a given document. In this work, we present a method to produce extractive summaries of documents in the Kannada language, given number of sentences as limitation. The algorithm extracts key words from pre-categorized Kannada documents collected from online resources. We use two feature selection techniques for obtaining features from documents, then we combine scores obtained by GSS (Galavotti, Sebastiani, Simi) coefficients and IDF (Inverse Document Frequency) methods along with TF (Term Frequency) for extracting key words and later use these for summarization based on rank of the sentence. In the current implementation, a document from a given category is selected from our database and depending on the number of sentences given by the user, a summary is generated.
A Simple Information Retrieval Techniqueidescitation
The document presents a simple information retrieval technique that involves removing stop words and punctuation from documents, calculating term frequency and inverse document frequency, constructing a master document matrix, and ranking documents based on similarity to user queries. The technique is demonstrated on a sample collection of 5 documents. For a query on "information retrieval system", the documents are ranked from most similar to least similar as document 5, document 1, document 2, document 3, document 4. The technique provides an easy way to search and retrieve relevant documents from a collection.
A NOVEL APPROACH FOR WORD RETRIEVAL FROM DEVANAGARI DOCUMENT IMAGESijnlc
Large amount of information is lying dormant in historical documents and manuscripts. This information would go futile if not stored in digital form. Searching some relevant information from these scanned images would ideally require converting these document images to text form by doing optical character
recognition (OCR). For indigenous scripts of India, there are very few OCRs that can successfully recognize printed text images of varying quality, size, style and font. An alternate approach using word spotting can be effective to access large collections of document images. We propose a word spotting
technique based on codes for matching the word images of Devanagari script. The shape information is utilised for generating integer codes for words in the document image and these codes are matched for final retrieval of relevant documents. The technique is illustrated using Marathi document images.
Natural Language Processing Theory, Applications and Difficultiesijtsrd
The promise of a powerful computing device to help people in productivity as well as in recreation can only be realized with proper human machine communication. Automatic recognition and understanding of spoken language is the first step toward natural human machine interaction. Research in this field has produced remarkable results, leading to many exciting expectations and new challenges. This field is known as Natural language Processing. In this paper the natural language generation and Natural language understanding is discussed. Difficulties in NLU, applications and comparison with structured programming language are also discussed here. Mrs. Anjali Gharat | Mrs. Helina Tandel | Mr. Ketan Bagade "Natural Language Processing Theory, Applications and Difficulties" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-6 , October 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd28092.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/computer-engineering/28092/natural-language-processing-theory-applications-and-difficulties/mrs-anjali-gharat
Natural language processing using pythonPrakash Anand
Natural language processing (NLP) is concerned with interactions between computers and human languages. NLP analyzes text to handle tasks like summarization, translation, sentiment analysis, and topic segmentation. The Natural Language Toolkit (NLTK) is a Python library that provides tools for NLP tasks like tokenization, stemming, tagging, parsing, and classification. Tokenization is the process of splitting text into tokens or chunks. Bag-of-words is an algorithm that encodes text as numeric vectors, representing word presence or absence to allow machine learning on text data. NLP has applications in areas like spam filtering, chatbots, and sentiment analysis.
The document discusses the development of a text-assisted defence information extractor using open source software. It describes the various components used in information extraction like gazetteers, sentence splitters, tokenizers, part-of-speech taggers, transducers, and JAPE grammars. The extractor helps identify keywords related to defence from a collection of domain-specific text documents. Preliminary results are promising, though more refinement is underway including a GUI for querying and a dictionary to improve keyword searching.
A LANGUAGE INDEPENDENT APPROACH TO DEVELOP URDUIR SYSTEMcscpconf
This is the era of Information Technology. Today the most important thing is how one gets theright information at right time. More and more data repositories are now being made available online. Information retrieval systems or search engines are used to access electronic information available on the internet. These information retrieval systems depend on the available tools and techniques for efficient retrieval of information content in response to the user query needs. During last few years, a wide range of information in Indian regional languages like Hindi, Urdu, Bengali, Oriya, Tamil and Telugu has been made available on web in the form of e-data. But the access to these data repositories is very low because the efficient search engines/retrieval systems supporting these languages are very limited. We have developed a language independent system to facilitate efficient retrieval of information available in Urdu language which can be used for other languages as well. The system gives precision of 0.63 and the recall of the system is 0.8.
A language independent approach to develop urduir systemcsandit
This is the era of Information Technology. Today the most important thing is how one gets the
right information at right time. More and more data repositories are now being made available
online. Information retrieval systems or search engines are used to access electronic
information available on the internet. These information retrieval systems depend on the
available tools and techniques for efficient retrieval of information content in response to the
user query needs. During last few years, a wide range of information in Indian regional
languages like Hindi, Urdu, Bengali, Oriya, Tamil and Telugu has been made available on web
in the form of e-data. But the access to these data repositories is very low because the efficient
search engines/retrieval systems supporting these languages are very limited. We have
developed a language independent system to facilitate efficient retrieval of information
available in Urdu language which can be used for other languages as well. The system gives
precision of 0.63 and the recall of the system is 0.8.
A prior case study of natural language processing on different domain IJECEIAES
This document summarizes a prior case study on natural language processing across different domains. It begins with an introduction to natural language processing, describing how it is a branch of artificial intelligence that allows computers to understand human language. It then reviews several existing studies that applied natural language processing techniques such as named entity recognition and text mining to tasks like identifying technical knowledge in resumes, enhancing reading skills for deaf students, and predicting student performance. The document concludes by highlighting some of the challenges in developing new natural language processing models.
The document describes an intelligent query processing system for the Malayalam language. It presents a model for developing such a system, focusing on time inquiries for different transportation modes. The system performs shallow syntactic and semantic analysis of queries. It determines the query type and required result slots. SQL queries are generated to retrieve answers from the database. The system architecture includes morphological analysis, shallow parsing, query frame identification, SQL generation, and answer retrieval. It was evaluated on 70 queries with 87.5% precision.
Survey on Indian CLIR and MT systems in Marathi LanguageEditor IJCATR
Cross Language Information Retrieval (CLIR) deals with retrieving relevant information stored in a language different from
the language of user’s query. This helps users to express the information need in their native languages. Machine translation based (MTbased)
approach of CLIR uses existing machine translation techniques to provide automatic translation of queries. This paper covers the
research work done in CLIR and MT systems for Marathi language in India.
A template based algorithm for automatic summarization and dialogue managemen...eSAT Journals
Abstract This paper describes an automated approach for extracting significant and useful events from unstructured text. The goal of research is to come out with a methodology which helps in extracting important events such as dates, places, and subjects of interest. It would be also convenient if the methodology helps in presenting the users with a shorter version of the text which contain all non-trivial information. We also discuss implementation of algorithms which exactly does this task, developed by us. Key Words: Cosine Similarity, Information, Natural Language, Summarization, Text Mining
IRJET- Short-Text Semantic Similarity using Glove Word EmbeddingIRJET Journal
The document describes a study that uses GloVe word embeddings to measure semantic similarity between short texts. GloVe is an unsupervised learning algorithm for obtaining vector representations of words. The study trains GloVe word embeddings on a large corpus, then uses the embeddings to encode short texts and calculate their semantic similarity, comparing the accuracy to methods that use Word2Vec embeddings. It aims to show that GloVe embeddings may provide better performance for short text semantic similarity tasks.
Arabic morphology complex is a core challenge of
Arabic information retrieval. This limitation makes
Arabic language is so complex environment of
information retrieval specialists due to the high
inflected in Arabic language. This paper explains the
importance of the stemming in information retrieval
through developed a method to search about information needs in Arabic text. The new developed
method based on light stemmer to increase matching
the keywords between the query, with the related
document in the test collection.
COMPREHENSIVE ANALYSIS OF NATURAL LANGUAGE PROCESSING TECHNIQUEJournal For Research
Natural Language Processing (NLP) techniques are one of the most used techniques in the field of computer applications. It has become one of the vast and advanced techniques. Language is the means of communication or interaction among humans and in present scenario when everything is dependent on machine or everything is computerized, communication between computer and human has become a necessity. To fulfill this necessity NLP has been emerged as the means of interaction which narrows the gap between machines (computers) and humans. It was evolved from the study of linguistics which was passed through the Turing test to check the similarity between data but it was limited to small set of data. Later on various algorithms were developed along with the concept of AI (Artificial Intelligence) for the successful execution of NLP. In this paper, the main emphasis is on the different techniques of NLP which have been developed till now, their applications and the comparison of all those techniques on different parameters.
Benchmarking nlp toolkits for enterprise applicationConference Papers
The document summarizes a study that evaluated five popular natural language processing (NLP) toolkits (CoreNLP, NLTK, OpenNLP, SparkNLP, and spaCy) on their ability to perform common NLP tasks like sentence segmentation, tokenization, lemmatization, part-of-speech (POS) tagging, and named entity recognition (NER) on news articles in Malay. The study found that CoreNLP achieved the highest accuracy on four tasks, while spaCy was slightly better than CoreNLP for POS tagging. When retraining the NER models on Malaysian entities, CoreNLP and spaCy achieved the highest F-score of 0.78, beating OpenNLP.
An unsupervised approach to develop ir system the case of urduijaia
Web Search Engines are best gifts to the mankind by Information and Communication Technologies.
Without the search engines it would have been almost impossible to make the efficient access of the
information available on the web today. They play a very vital role in the accessibility and usability of the
internet based information systems. As the internet users are increasing day by day so is the amount of
information being available on web increasing. But the access of information is not uniform across all the
language communities. Besides English and European languages that constitutes to the 60% of the
information available on the web, there is still a wide range of the information available on the internet in
different languages too. In the past few years the amount of information available in Indian Languages
has also increased. Besides English and few European Languages, there are no tools and techniques
available for the efficient retrieval of this information available on the internet. Especially in the case of
the Indian Languages the research is still in the preliminary steps. There are no sufficient amount of tools
and techniques available for the efficient retrieval of the information for Indian Languages.
As we know that Indian Languages are very resource poor languages in terms of IR test data collection.
So my main focus was mainly on developing the data set for URDU IR, training and testing data for
Stemmer.
We have developed a language independent system to facilitate efficient retrieval of information available
in Urdu language which can be used for other languages as well. The system gives precision of 0.63 and
the recall of the system is 0.8. For this Firstly I have developed an Unsupervised Stemmer for URDU
Language [1] as it is very important in the Information Retrieval.
Robust extended tokenization framework for romanian by semantic parallel text...ijnlc
Tokenization is considered a solved problem when reduced to just word borders identification, punctuation
and white spaces handling. Obtaining a high quality outcome from this process is essential for subsequent
NLP piped processes (POS-tagging, WSD). In this paper we claim that to obtain this quality we need to use
in the tokenization disambiguation process all linguistic, morphosyntactic, and semantic-level word-related
information as necessary. We also claim that semantic disambiguation performs much better in a bilingual
context than in a monolingual one. Then we prove that for the disambiguation purposes the bilingual text
provided by high profile on-line machine translation services performs almost to the same level with
human-originated parallel texts (Gold standard). Finally we claim that the tokenization algorithm
incorporated in TORO can be used as a criterion for on-line machine translation services comparative
quality assessment and we provide a setup for this purpose.
This document presents an algorithm for converting text to graphs using natural language processing techniques. It discusses two applications: 1) an automatic text summarizer that takes newspaper articles as input and generates summaries based on word frequencies, and 2) a text to graph converter that takes stock articles as input, extracts terms related to points, percentages and time, and maps these tokens to a graph. The algorithm uses Python libraries like NLTK, regular expressions and Matplotlib to perform tasks like text segmentation, pattern matching and graph plotting.
ALGORITHM FOR TEXT TO GRAPH CONVERSION AND SUMMARIZING USING NLP: A NEW APPRO...kevig
Text can be analysed by splitting the text and extracting the keywords .These may be represented as summaries, tabular representation, graphical forms, and images. In order to provide a solution to large amount of information present in textual format led to a research of extracting the text and transforming
the unstructured form to a structured format. The paper presents the importance of Natural Language Processing (NLP) and its two interesting applications in Python Language: 1. Automatic text summarization [Domain: Newspaper Articles] 2. Text to Graph Conversion [Domain: Stock news]. The
main challenge in NLP is natural language understanding i.e. deriving meaning from human or natural language input which is done using regular expressions, artificial intelligence and database concepts. Automatic Summarization tool converts the newspaper articles into summary on the basis of frequency
of words in the text. Text to Graph Converter takes in the input as stock article, tokenize them on various index (points and percent) and time and then tokens are mapped to graph. This paper proposes a business solution for users for effective time management.
Review and Approaches to Develop Legal Assistance for Lawyers and Legal Profe...IRJET Journal
This document discusses using artificial intelligence and machine learning techniques to develop a legal assistant to help lawyers and legal professionals. It notes that the Indian legal system has a large backlog of pending cases. The proposed legal assistant would use techniques like text analysis, sentiment analysis, neural networks, decision trees and clustering to analyze legal documents and help lawyers prepare cases more efficiently. It summarizes several existing studies that have explored models using convolutional neural networks, k-nearest neighbors algorithms and decision trees for tasks like classifying cases, predicting verdicts and clustering similar judgments. The document concludes that while research is ongoing, AI and ML models have shown promise in assisting with case preparation and judicial decision-making.
DataFest 2017. Introduction to Natural Language Processing by Rudolf Eremyanrudolf eremyan
The document discusses Rudolf Eremyan's work as a machine learning software engineer, including several natural language processing (NLP) projects. It provides details on a chatbot Eremyan created for the TBC Bank in Georgia that had over 35,000 likes and facilitated over 100,000 conversations. It also mentions sentiment analysis on Facebook comments and introduces NLP, discussing its history and applications such as text classification, machine translation, and question answering. The document outlines Eremyan's theoretical NLP project involving creating a machine learning pipeline for text classification using a labeled dataset.
A Novel Approach for Rule Based Translation of English to Marathiaciijournal
This paper presents a design for rule-based machine translation system for English to Marathi language pair. The machine translation system will take input script as English sentence and parse with the help of Stanford parser. The Stanford parser will be used for main purposes on the source side processing, in the machine translation system. English to Marathi Bilingual dictionary is going to be created. The system will take the parsed output and separate the source text word by word and searches for their corresponding target words in the bilingual dictionary. The hand coded rules are written for Marathi inflections and also reordering rules are there. After applying the reordering rules, English sentence will be syntactically reordered to suit Marathi language
A Simple Information Retrieval Techniqueidescitation
The document presents a simple information retrieval technique that involves removing stop words and punctuation from documents, calculating term frequency and inverse document frequency, constructing a master document matrix, and ranking documents based on similarity to user queries. The technique is demonstrated on a sample collection of 5 documents. For a query on "information retrieval system", the documents are ranked from most similar to least similar as document 5, document 1, document 2, document 3, document 4. The technique provides an easy way to search and retrieve relevant documents from a collection.
A NOVEL APPROACH FOR WORD RETRIEVAL FROM DEVANAGARI DOCUMENT IMAGESijnlc
Large amount of information is lying dormant in historical documents and manuscripts. This information would go futile if not stored in digital form. Searching some relevant information from these scanned images would ideally require converting these document images to text form by doing optical character
recognition (OCR). For indigenous scripts of India, there are very few OCRs that can successfully recognize printed text images of varying quality, size, style and font. An alternate approach using word spotting can be effective to access large collections of document images. We propose a word spotting
technique based on codes for matching the word images of Devanagari script. The shape information is utilised for generating integer codes for words in the document image and these codes are matched for final retrieval of relevant documents. The technique is illustrated using Marathi document images.
Natural Language Processing Theory, Applications and Difficultiesijtsrd
The promise of a powerful computing device to help people in productivity as well as in recreation can only be realized with proper human machine communication. Automatic recognition and understanding of spoken language is the first step toward natural human machine interaction. Research in this field has produced remarkable results, leading to many exciting expectations and new challenges. This field is known as Natural language Processing. In this paper the natural language generation and Natural language understanding is discussed. Difficulties in NLU, applications and comparison with structured programming language are also discussed here. Mrs. Anjali Gharat | Mrs. Helina Tandel | Mr. Ketan Bagade "Natural Language Processing Theory, Applications and Difficulties" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-6 , October 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd28092.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/computer-engineering/28092/natural-language-processing-theory-applications-and-difficulties/mrs-anjali-gharat
Natural language processing using pythonPrakash Anand
Natural language processing (NLP) is concerned with interactions between computers and human languages. NLP analyzes text to handle tasks like summarization, translation, sentiment analysis, and topic segmentation. The Natural Language Toolkit (NLTK) is a Python library that provides tools for NLP tasks like tokenization, stemming, tagging, parsing, and classification. Tokenization is the process of splitting text into tokens or chunks. Bag-of-words is an algorithm that encodes text as numeric vectors, representing word presence or absence to allow machine learning on text data. NLP has applications in areas like spam filtering, chatbots, and sentiment analysis.
The document discusses the development of a text-assisted defence information extractor using open source software. It describes the various components used in information extraction like gazetteers, sentence splitters, tokenizers, part-of-speech taggers, transducers, and JAPE grammars. The extractor helps identify keywords related to defence from a collection of domain-specific text documents. Preliminary results are promising, though more refinement is underway including a GUI for querying and a dictionary to improve keyword searching.
A LANGUAGE INDEPENDENT APPROACH TO DEVELOP URDUIR SYSTEMcscpconf
This is the era of Information Technology. Today the most important thing is how one gets theright information at right time. More and more data repositories are now being made available online. Information retrieval systems or search engines are used to access electronic information available on the internet. These information retrieval systems depend on the available tools and techniques for efficient retrieval of information content in response to the user query needs. During last few years, a wide range of information in Indian regional languages like Hindi, Urdu, Bengali, Oriya, Tamil and Telugu has been made available on web in the form of e-data. But the access to these data repositories is very low because the efficient search engines/retrieval systems supporting these languages are very limited. We have developed a language independent system to facilitate efficient retrieval of information available in Urdu language which can be used for other languages as well. The system gives precision of 0.63 and the recall of the system is 0.8.
A language independent approach to develop urduir systemcsandit
This is the era of Information Technology. Today the most important thing is how one gets the
right information at right time. More and more data repositories are now being made available
online. Information retrieval systems or search engines are used to access electronic
information available on the internet. These information retrieval systems depend on the
available tools and techniques for efficient retrieval of information content in response to the
user query needs. During last few years, a wide range of information in Indian regional
languages like Hindi, Urdu, Bengali, Oriya, Tamil and Telugu has been made available on web
in the form of e-data. But the access to these data repositories is very low because the efficient
search engines/retrieval systems supporting these languages are very limited. We have
developed a language independent system to facilitate efficient retrieval of information
available in Urdu language which can be used for other languages as well. The system gives
precision of 0.63 and the recall of the system is 0.8.
A prior case study of natural language processing on different domain IJECEIAES
This document summarizes a prior case study on natural language processing across different domains. It begins with an introduction to natural language processing, describing how it is a branch of artificial intelligence that allows computers to understand human language. It then reviews several existing studies that applied natural language processing techniques such as named entity recognition and text mining to tasks like identifying technical knowledge in resumes, enhancing reading skills for deaf students, and predicting student performance. The document concludes by highlighting some of the challenges in developing new natural language processing models.
The document describes an intelligent query processing system for the Malayalam language. It presents a model for developing such a system, focusing on time inquiries for different transportation modes. The system performs shallow syntactic and semantic analysis of queries. It determines the query type and required result slots. SQL queries are generated to retrieve answers from the database. The system architecture includes morphological analysis, shallow parsing, query frame identification, SQL generation, and answer retrieval. It was evaluated on 70 queries with 87.5% precision.
Survey on Indian CLIR and MT systems in Marathi LanguageEditor IJCATR
Cross Language Information Retrieval (CLIR) deals with retrieving relevant information stored in a language different from
the language of user’s query. This helps users to express the information need in their native languages. Machine translation based (MTbased)
approach of CLIR uses existing machine translation techniques to provide automatic translation of queries. This paper covers the
research work done in CLIR and MT systems for Marathi language in India.
A template based algorithm for automatic summarization and dialogue managemen...eSAT Journals
Abstract This paper describes an automated approach for extracting significant and useful events from unstructured text. The goal of research is to come out with a methodology which helps in extracting important events such as dates, places, and subjects of interest. It would be also convenient if the methodology helps in presenting the users with a shorter version of the text which contain all non-trivial information. We also discuss implementation of algorithms which exactly does this task, developed by us. Key Words: Cosine Similarity, Information, Natural Language, Summarization, Text Mining
IRJET- Short-Text Semantic Similarity using Glove Word EmbeddingIRJET Journal
The document describes a study that uses GloVe word embeddings to measure semantic similarity between short texts. GloVe is an unsupervised learning algorithm for obtaining vector representations of words. The study trains GloVe word embeddings on a large corpus, then uses the embeddings to encode short texts and calculate their semantic similarity, comparing the accuracy to methods that use Word2Vec embeddings. It aims to show that GloVe embeddings may provide better performance for short text semantic similarity tasks.
Arabic morphology complex is a core challenge of
Arabic information retrieval. This limitation makes
Arabic language is so complex environment of
information retrieval specialists due to the high
inflected in Arabic language. This paper explains the
importance of the stemming in information retrieval
through developed a method to search about information needs in Arabic text. The new developed
method based on light stemmer to increase matching
the keywords between the query, with the related
document in the test collection.
COMPREHENSIVE ANALYSIS OF NATURAL LANGUAGE PROCESSING TECHNIQUEJournal For Research
Natural Language Processing (NLP) techniques are one of the most used techniques in the field of computer applications. It has become one of the vast and advanced techniques. Language is the means of communication or interaction among humans and in present scenario when everything is dependent on machine or everything is computerized, communication between computer and human has become a necessity. To fulfill this necessity NLP has been emerged as the means of interaction which narrows the gap between machines (computers) and humans. It was evolved from the study of linguistics which was passed through the Turing test to check the similarity between data but it was limited to small set of data. Later on various algorithms were developed along with the concept of AI (Artificial Intelligence) for the successful execution of NLP. In this paper, the main emphasis is on the different techniques of NLP which have been developed till now, their applications and the comparison of all those techniques on different parameters.
Benchmarking nlp toolkits for enterprise applicationConference Papers
The document summarizes a study that evaluated five popular natural language processing (NLP) toolkits (CoreNLP, NLTK, OpenNLP, SparkNLP, and spaCy) on their ability to perform common NLP tasks like sentence segmentation, tokenization, lemmatization, part-of-speech (POS) tagging, and named entity recognition (NER) on news articles in Malay. The study found that CoreNLP achieved the highest accuracy on four tasks, while spaCy was slightly better than CoreNLP for POS tagging. When retraining the NER models on Malaysian entities, CoreNLP and spaCy achieved the highest F-score of 0.78, beating OpenNLP.
An unsupervised approach to develop ir system the case of urduijaia
Web Search Engines are best gifts to the mankind by Information and Communication Technologies.
Without the search engines it would have been almost impossible to make the efficient access of the
information available on the web today. They play a very vital role in the accessibility and usability of the
internet based information systems. As the internet users are increasing day by day so is the amount of
information being available on web increasing. But the access of information is not uniform across all the
language communities. Besides English and European languages that constitutes to the 60% of the
information available on the web, there is still a wide range of the information available on the internet in
different languages too. In the past few years the amount of information available in Indian Languages
has also increased. Besides English and few European Languages, there are no tools and techniques
available for the efficient retrieval of this information available on the internet. Especially in the case of
the Indian Languages the research is still in the preliminary steps. There are no sufficient amount of tools
and techniques available for the efficient retrieval of the information for Indian Languages.
As we know that Indian Languages are very resource poor languages in terms of IR test data collection.
So my main focus was mainly on developing the data set for URDU IR, training and testing data for
Stemmer.
We have developed a language independent system to facilitate efficient retrieval of information available
in Urdu language which can be used for other languages as well. The system gives precision of 0.63 and
the recall of the system is 0.8. For this Firstly I have developed an Unsupervised Stemmer for URDU
Language [1] as it is very important in the Information Retrieval.
Robust extended tokenization framework for romanian by semantic parallel text...ijnlc
Tokenization is considered a solved problem when reduced to just word borders identification, punctuation
and white spaces handling. Obtaining a high quality outcome from this process is essential for subsequent
NLP piped processes (POS-tagging, WSD). In this paper we claim that to obtain this quality we need to use
in the tokenization disambiguation process all linguistic, morphosyntactic, and semantic-level word-related
information as necessary. We also claim that semantic disambiguation performs much better in a bilingual
context than in a monolingual one. Then we prove that for the disambiguation purposes the bilingual text
provided by high profile on-line machine translation services performs almost to the same level with
human-originated parallel texts (Gold standard). Finally we claim that the tokenization algorithm
incorporated in TORO can be used as a criterion for on-line machine translation services comparative
quality assessment and we provide a setup for this purpose.
This document presents an algorithm for converting text to graphs using natural language processing techniques. It discusses two applications: 1) an automatic text summarizer that takes newspaper articles as input and generates summaries based on word frequencies, and 2) a text to graph converter that takes stock articles as input, extracts terms related to points, percentages and time, and maps these tokens to a graph. The algorithm uses Python libraries like NLTK, regular expressions and Matplotlib to perform tasks like text segmentation, pattern matching and graph plotting.
ALGORITHM FOR TEXT TO GRAPH CONVERSION AND SUMMARIZING USING NLP: A NEW APPRO...kevig
Text can be analysed by splitting the text and extracting the keywords .These may be represented as summaries, tabular representation, graphical forms, and images. In order to provide a solution to large amount of information present in textual format led to a research of extracting the text and transforming
the unstructured form to a structured format. The paper presents the importance of Natural Language Processing (NLP) and its two interesting applications in Python Language: 1. Automatic text summarization [Domain: Newspaper Articles] 2. Text to Graph Conversion [Domain: Stock news]. The
main challenge in NLP is natural language understanding i.e. deriving meaning from human or natural language input which is done using regular expressions, artificial intelligence and database concepts. Automatic Summarization tool converts the newspaper articles into summary on the basis of frequency
of words in the text. Text to Graph Converter takes in the input as stock article, tokenize them on various index (points and percent) and time and then tokens are mapped to graph. This paper proposes a business solution for users for effective time management.
Review and Approaches to Develop Legal Assistance for Lawyers and Legal Profe...IRJET Journal
This document discusses using artificial intelligence and machine learning techniques to develop a legal assistant to help lawyers and legal professionals. It notes that the Indian legal system has a large backlog of pending cases. The proposed legal assistant would use techniques like text analysis, sentiment analysis, neural networks, decision trees and clustering to analyze legal documents and help lawyers prepare cases more efficiently. It summarizes several existing studies that have explored models using convolutional neural networks, k-nearest neighbors algorithms and decision trees for tasks like classifying cases, predicting verdicts and clustering similar judgments. The document concludes that while research is ongoing, AI and ML models have shown promise in assisting with case preparation and judicial decision-making.
DataFest 2017. Introduction to Natural Language Processing by Rudolf Eremyanrudolf eremyan
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A Novel Approach for Rule Based Translation of English to Marathiaciijournal
This paper presents a design for rule-based machine translation system for English to Marathi language
pair. The machine translation system will take input script as English sentence and parse with the help of
Stanford parser. The Stanford parser will be used for main purposes on the source side processing, in the
machine translation system. English to Marathi Bilingual dictionary is going to be created. The system will
take the parsed output and separate the source text word by word and searches for their corresponding
target words in the bilingual dictionary. The hand coded rules are written for Marathi inflections and also
reordering rules are there. After applying the reordering rules, English sentence will be syntactically
reordered to suit Marathi language.
Natural Language Processing_in semantic web.pptxAlyaaMachi
This document discusses natural language processing (NLP) techniques for extracting information from unstructured text for the semantic web. It describes common NLP tasks like named entity recognition, relation extraction, and how they fit into a processing pipeline. Rule-based and machine learning approaches are covered. Challenges with ambiguity and overlapping relations are also discussed. Knowledge bases can help relation extraction by defining relation types and arguments.
Structured and Unstructured Information Extraction Using Text Mining and Natu...rahulmonikasharma
Information on web is increasing at infinitum. Thus, web has become an unstructured global area where information even if available, cannot be directly used for desired applications. One is often faced with an information overload and demands for some automated help. Information extraction (IE) is the task of automatically extracting structured information from unstructured and/or semi-structured machine-readable documents by means of Text Mining and Natural Language Processing (NLP) techniques. Extracted structured information can be used for variety of enterprise or personal level task of varying complexity. The Information Extraction (IE) in also a set of knowledge in order to answer to user consultations using natural language. The system is based on a Fuzzy Logic engine, which takes advantage of its flexibility for managing sets of accumulated knowledge. These sets may be built in hierarchic levels by a tree structure. Information extraction is structured data or knowledge from unstructured text by identifying references to named entities as well as stated relationships between such entities. Data mining research assumes that the information to be “mined” is already in the form of a relational database. IE can serve an important technology for text mining. The knowledge discovered is expressed directly in the documents to be mined, then IE alone can serve as an effective approach to text mining. However, if the documents contain concrete data in unstructured form rather than abstract knowledge, it may be useful to first use IE to transform the unstructured data in the document corpus into a structured database, and then use traditional data mining tools to identify abstract patterns in this extracted data. We propose a novel method for text mining with natural language processing techniques to extract the information from data base with efficient way, where the extraction time and accuracy is measured and plotted with simulation. Where the attributes of entities and relationship entities from structured and semi structured information .Results are compared with conventional methods.
The document discusses Python and the Natural Language Toolkit (NLTK). It explains that Python was chosen as the implementation language for NLTK due to its shallow learning curve, transparent syntax and semantics, and good string handling functionality. NLTK provides basic classes for natural language processing tasks, standard interfaces and implementations for tasks like tokenization and tagging, and extensive documentation. NLTK is organized into packages that encapsulate data structures and algorithms for specific NLP tasks.
CANDIDATE SET KEY DOCUMENT RETRIEVAL SYSTEMIRJET Journal
This document describes a proposed candidate set key document retrieval system. The system would process user queries in English and return relevant documents from a collection. It would use natural language processing techniques like tokenization, stop word removal, stemming, and lemmatization to index the documents and match them with user queries. The proposed system architecture includes components for indexing, processing user queries, and retrieving relevant documents from the collection. The indexing process involves organizing the documents, extracting tokens, removing stop words, and applying stemming/lemmatization to create an inverted index for efficient searching.
This document discusses semantic similarity and document clustering. It introduces semantic similarity as a metric based on the meaning of documents rather than their surface form. Various semantic similarity measures are described, including path-based measures like Shortest Path and Wu & Palmer's measure. Document clustering aims to automatically group documents into clusters based on semantic similarity of content. The document discusses document pre-processing steps like tokenization, stop word removal, and lemmatization to represent documents as vectors for clustering. WordNet is also introduced as a lexical database used in many semantic similarity tasks.
Survey of Machine Learning Techniques in Textual Document ClassificationIOSR Journals
Classification of Text Document points towards associating one or more predefined categories based
on the likelihood expressed by the training set of labeled documents. Many machine learning algorithms plays
an important role in training the system with predefined categories. The importance of Machine learning
approach has felt because of which the study has been taken up for text document classification based on the
statistical event models available. The aim of this paper is to present the important techniques and
methodologies that are employed for text documents classification, at the same time making awareness of some
of the interesting challenges that remain to be solved, focused mainly on text representation and machine
learning techniques.
This document describes a neural network-based chatbot that can analyze user queries and emotions to provide appropriate responses. It uses various Python modules like NLTK, Tensorflow, Numpy etc. to perform natural language processing, build the neural network model and analyze emotions. The chatbot takes input from users in the form of text, speech or images. It then processes the input to understand the user's emotion and situation and provides encouraging responses like recommending books, music or movies. The goal is to act as a virtual friend for users like students who want to share their feelings. The architecture involves preprocessing the input, training the neural network model and predicting responses based on the query.
Clustering of Deep WebPages: A Comparative Studyijcsit
The internethas massive amount of information. This information is stored in the form of zillions of
webpages. The information that can be retrieved by search engines is huge, and this information constitutes
the ‘surface web’.But the remaining information, which is not indexed by search engines – the ‘deep web’,
is much bigger in size than the ‘surface web’, and remains unexploited yet.
Several machine learning techniques have been commonly employed to access deep web content. Under
machine learning, topic models provide a simple way to analyze large volumes of unlabeled text. A ‘topic’is
a cluster of words that frequently occur together and topic models can connect words with similar
meanings and distinguish between words with multiple meanings. In this paper, we cluster deep web
databases employing several methods, and then perform a comparative study. In the first method, we apply
Latent Semantic Analysis (LSA) over the dataset. In the second method, we use a generative probabilistic
model called Latent Dirichlet Allocation(LDA) for modeling content representative of deep web
databases.Both these techniques are implemented after preprocessing the set of web pages to extract page
contents and form contents.Further, we propose another version of Latent Dirichlet Allocation (LDA) to the
dataset. Experimental results show that the proposed method outperforms the existing clustering methods.
T EXT M INING AND C LASSIFICATION OF P RODUCT R EVIEWS U SING S TRUCTURED S U...csandit
Text mining and Text classification are the two pro
minent and challenging tasks in the field of
Machine learning. Text mining refers to the process
of deriving high quality and relevant
information from text, while Text classification de
als with the categorization of text documents
into different classes. The real challenge in these
areas is to address the problems like handling
large text corpora, similarity of words in text doc
uments, and association of text documents with
a subset of class categories. The feature extractio
n and classification of such text documents
require an efficient machine learning algorithm whi
ch performs automatic text classification.
This paper describes the classification of product
review documents as a multi-label
classification scenario and addresses the problem u
sing Structured Support Vector Machine.
The work also explains the flexibility and performan
ce of the proposed approach for e
fficient text classification.
Natural Language Processing (NLP) is a subfield of artificial intelligence (AI) and computational linguistics that focuses on enabling computers to understand and interact with human language. It combines techniques from computer science, linguistics, and statistics to bridge the gap between human language and machine understanding. NLP has gained significant attention in recent years due to advancements in AI and the increasing need for machines to process and interpret vast amounts of textual data.
This document provides an introduction to character recognition and optical character recognition (OCR). It discusses the purpose and history of OCR, including early technologies from the 1910s-1930s. It also covers the scope, technology used, and how to use OCR software. Finally, it discusses the feasibility study for an OCR project, including technical, operational, and economic feasibility. The overall purpose is to develop an efficient OCR software system to convert paper documents to electronic format for improved document processing and searchability.
The document provides an overview of text mining, including:
1. Text mining analyzes unstructured text data through techniques like information extraction, text categorization, clustering, and summarization.
2. It differs from regular data mining as it works with natural language text rather than structured databases.
3. Text mining has various applications including security, biomedicine, software, media, business and more. It faces challenges in representing meaning and context from unstructured text.
This document summarizes an article about adaptive information extraction. It discusses how information extraction research has grown with the increasing availability of online text sources. However, one drawback of information extraction is its domain dependence. To address this, machine learning techniques have been used to develop adaptive information extraction systems that can be applied to new domains with less manual adaptation. The document provides an overview of information extraction and different machine learning approaches used for adaptive information extraction.
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TEXT MINING: OPEN SOURCE TOKENIZATION TOOLS – AN ANALYSIS
1. Advanced Computational Intelligence: An International Journal (ACII), Vol.3, No.1, January 2016
DOI:10.5121/acii.2016.3104 37
TEXT MINING: OPEN SOURCE TOKENIZATION
TOOLS – AN ANALYSIS
Dr. S.Vijayarani1
and Ms. R.Janani2
1
Assistant Professor, 2
Ph.D Research Scholar, Department of Computer Science,
School of Computer Science and Engineering, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore.
ABSTRACT
Text mining is the process of extracting interesting and non-trivial knowledge or information from
unstructured text data. Text mining is the multidisciplinary field which draws on data mining, machine
learning, information retrieval, computational linguistics and statistics. Important text mining processes
are information extraction, information retrieval, natural language processing, text classification, content
analysis and text clustering. All these processes are required to complete the preprocessing step before
doing their intended task. Pre-processing significantly reduces the size of the input text documents and
the actions involved in this step are sentence boundary determination, natural language specific stop-word
elimination, tokenization and stemming. Among this, the most essential and important action is the
tokenization. Tokenization helps to divide the textual information into individual words. For performing
tokenization process, there are many open source tools are available. The main objective of this work is to
analyze the performance of the seven open source tokenization tools. For this comparative analysis, we
have taken Nlpdotnet Tokenizer, Mila Tokenizer, NLTK Word Tokenize, TextBlob Word Tokenize, MBSP
Word Tokenize, Pattern Word Tokenize and Word Tokenization with Python NLTK. Based on the results,
we observed that the Nlpdotnet Tokenizer tool performance is better than other tools.
KEYWORDS:
Text Mining, Preprocessing, Tokenization, machine learning, NLP
1. INTRODUCTION
Text mining is used to extract interesting information, knowledge or pattern from the unstructured
documents that are from different sources. It converts the words and phrases in unstructured
information into numerical values which may be linked with structured information in database
and analyzed with ancient data mining techniques [5]. It is the analysis of data which contained in
natural language text. If the text mining techniques are used to solve business problems then it is
called as text analytics. Figure 1 shows the general steps of text mining.
Fig 1: Text Mining Steps
2. Advanced Computational Intelligence: An International Journal (ACII), Vol.3, No.1, January 2016
38
Fig 2: Preprocessing Operations
Figure 2 shows the various operations performed during preprocessing. Stemming is the process
for reducing modulated words to their word stem, root or base. Stop word is word which is
filtered out before or after the processing of natural language text [6]. Tokenization is the process
of breaking a stream of textual content up into words, terms, symbols, or some other meaningful
elements called tokens. In this research work, we have analyzed the performance of seven open
source tokenization tools. The list of tokens turns into input for in additional processing including
parsing or text mining. Tokenization is beneficial both in linguistics and in computer science,
where it forms the part of lexical analysis [1]. Generally, the process of tokenization occurs at the
word level. But, it is sometimes tough to define what is meant by a "word". Regularly a tokenizer
commits on simple heuristics, for example:
• Punctuation and whitespace may or may not be included in the resulting list of tokens.
• All contiguous strings of alphabetic characters are part of one token; in the same way
with numbers.
• Tokens are separated by the way of whitespace characters, such as a space or line break,
or by punctuation characters.
Tokenization process is mainly complicated for languages written in ‘scriptio continua’ which
reveals no word limits such as Ancient Greek, Chinese, or Thai [3]. A Scriptio continuum, also
known as scriptura continua or scripta continua, is a style of writing without any spaces or other
marks in between the words or sentences. The main use of tokenization is to identify the
meaningful keywords [2]. The disadvantage of tokenization is difficult to tokenize the document
without any whitespace, special characters or other marks.
1.1 Need for Tokenization
Generally textual data is only a set of characters at the initial stage. All processes in text analysis
will require the words which is available in the data set. For this reason, the requirement for a
parser is a tokenization of documents [1]. This process may trivial as the text is already stored in
machine-readable formats. But, some problems are still left, for example the punctuation mark
removal, end of line hyphen removal [5]. But characters like brackets, hyphens, etc. are
processing well. Tokenizers also provide the reliability for the documents.
Example
Input: Data Mining is the process to extract hidden predictive information from database and
transform it into understandable structure for future use.
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39
Output: Data, Mining, is, the, process, to, extract, hidden, predictive, information, from, database,
and, transform, it, into, understandable, structure, for, future, use.
The paper is organized as follows. Section 2 gives the details about the tokenization tools. Section
3 explains the performance analysis of different open source tokenization tools and conclusion of
this work is given in section 4.
2. TOOLS FOR TOKENIZATION
For tokenize a document, many tools are available. The tools are listed as follows,
• Nlpdotnet Tokenizer
• Mila Tokenizer
• NLTK Word Tokenize
• TextBlob Word Tokenize
• MBSP Word Tokenize
• Pattern Word Tokenize
• Word Tokenization with Python NLTK
In order to perform the analysis, we provide an input document and this document are processed
by these tools and the output produced by these tools is considered for analysis. Each tool has
produced different outputs for the same document input.
2.1 Nlpdotnet Tokenizer
In computational linguistics, Nlpdotnet is a Python library for Natural Language Processing tasks
which is based on neural networks. Currently, it performs tokenization, part-of-speech tagging,
semantic role labelling and dependency parsing. Though it seems trivial, tokenizing is so
important that it is vital to almost all advanced natural language processing activities [8]. Figure 3
shows the input and output of Nlpdotnet tokenizer.
Fig 3: Nlpdotnet tokenizer output
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2.2 Mila Tokenizer
MILA was developed in 2003 by the Israel Ministry for Science and Technology. Its mission is to
create the infrastructure necessary for computational processing of the Hebrew language and
make it available to the research community as well as to commercial enterprises. The MILA
Hebrew Tokenization Tool divides inputted undotted Hebrew text (right to left) into tokens,
sentences, and paragraphs and converts these into XML format. [9]. Figure 4 and 5 shows the
input and output of Mila tokenizer.
Fig 4: Mila Tokenizer Input
Fig 5: Mila Tokenizer output
2.3 NLTK Word Tokenize
NLTK stands for Natural Language Tool Kit. It is the famous Python Natural Language
Processing Toolkit. NLTK is an important platform for building Python programs to work with
human language data. It provides easy-to-use interfaces to over 50 corpora (a corpus
(plural corpora) is a large and structured set of texts) and lexical resources such as WordNet,
along with a set of text processing libraries for classification, tokenization, stemming, tagging,
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parsing, and semantic reasoning [10]. Figure 6 and 7 shows the input and output of NLTK Word
Tokenize.
Fig 6: NLTK Word Tokenize Input
Fig 7: NLTK Word Tokenize output
2.4 TextBlob Word Tokenize
TextBlob is a new python based natural language processing toolkit, which carries the fields like
NLTK and Pattern. It provides text mining, text analysis and text processing modules for the
python developers. It contains the python library for processing the textual form of data. It
provides a simple application program interface (API) for leaping into common natural language
processing (NLP) tasks, such as tokenizing, part-of-speech tagging, noun phrase extraction,
sentiment analysis, classification, translation and more [11]. Figure 8 and 9 shows the input and
output of TextBlob Word Tokenize.
Fig 8: Text Blob Word Tokenize input
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Fig 9: TextBlob Word Tokenize output
2.5 MBSP Word Tokenize
MBSP is a text analysis system and it is based on TiMBL (Tilburg Memory-Based Learner) and
MBT (Memory Based Tagger) memory based learning applications developed at CLiPS
(Computational Linguistics & Psycholinguistics) and ILK (Induction of Linguistic Knowledge).
It provides tools for Tokenization and Sentence Splitting, Part of Speech Tagging, Chunking,
Lemmatization, Relation Finding and Prepositional Phrase Attachment. The general english
version of MBSP has been trained on data from the Wall Street Journal corpus. The Python
implementation of MBSP is open source and freely available [12]. Figure 10 and 11 shows the
input and output of MBSP Word Tokenize.
Fig 10: MBSP Word Tokenize input
Fig 11: MBSP Word Tokenize output
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2.6 Pattern Word Tokenize
Pattern is a web mining module for the Python programming language. It has tools for data
mining (Google, Twitter and Wikipedia API, a web crawler, a HTML DOM parser), natural
language processing (part-of-speech taggers, preprocessing, n-gram search, sentiment analysis,
WordNet), machine learning (vector space model, clustering, SVM), network analysis and canvas
visualization [13].
Fig 12: Pattern Word Tokenize input
Fig 13: Pattern Word Tokenize output
2.7 Word Tokenization with Python NLTK
NLTK provides a number of tokenizers in the module. The text is first tokenized into sentences
using the PunktSentenceTokenizer [14]. Then each sentence is tokenized into words using four
different word tokenizers:
• TreebankWordTokenizer - This tokenizer uses regular expressions to tokenize text as in
Treebank.
• WordPunctTokenizer - This tokenizer divides a string into substrings by splitting on the
specified string, which it is defined in subclasses.
• PunctWordTokenizer- This tokenizer divides a text into a list of sentences; by using
unsupervised algorithms.
• WhitespaceTokenize - This tokenizer divides text at whitespace.
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Fig 14: Word Tokenization with Python Input TreebankWordTokenizer
Fig 15: Treebank Word Tokenizer output WordPunctTokenizer
Fig 16: wordPunct Tokenizer output PunctWordTokenizer
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Fig 17: PunctWord Tokenizer output WhitespaceTokenize
Fig 18: Whitespace Tokenizer output
3. PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS
In order to perform the comparative analysis of the tokenization tools, there are two performance
measures are used; limitations and output. Limitations describe the uploading file format,
language used and maximum number of characters taken for tokenization. Output helps to find
how the normal characters, numbers and special symbols are tokenized. Each tool has produced
different output for the same input document. Table 1 provides the performance of the seven open
source tokenization tools.
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S.No Name of the
Tool
Limitations Output
1 Nlpdotnet
Tokenizer
This tool can read only
text documents but it can
take large number of
documents. This output is
easy to use and
formatted.
2 Mila Tokenizer In this tool, only we have
to enter the input,
uploading of the files is
not possible. The output
is in XML format and it
is very difficult to use for
future. In this tool we can
enter the text from right
to left.
3 NLTK Word
Tokenize
In this tool, only we have
to enter the input,
uploading of the files is
not possible. It is a
Python based tool.
4 TextBlob Word
Tokenize
In this tool, only we have
to enter the input,
uploading of the files is
not possible. This tool
could not tokenize the
special characters.
5 MBSP Word
Tokenize
In this tool also we have
to enter the input,
uploading of the files is
not possible. It is also a
Python based tool.
6 Pattern Word
Tokenize
File uploading is not
possible. Input is to be
entered and it is a Python
based tool.
7 Word
Tokenization
with Python
NLTK
This tool can take up to
50000 characters at a
time. But it gives the best
output
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4. CONCLUSION
Pre-processing activities plays an important role in the various application domains. The domain
specific applications are more proper for text analysis. This is very important and it improves the
performance of the information retrieval system. This research paper analyzes the performance of
seven open source tokenization tools. From this analysis, some tools have read text documents
only and considered the limited number of characters. By analyzing all the measures, compared to
other tools Nlpdotnet tokenizer gives the best output. Normally, Tokenization process can be used
for the documents which are written in English and French, because these languages use white
space to separate the words. Tokenization process could not be used in other languages, for
example, Chinese, Thai, Hindi, Urdu, Tamil, etc. This is one of the open research problem for
text mining researchers. There is a need to develop a common Tokenization tool for all the
languages.
REFERENCES
[1] C.Ramasubramanian , R.Ramya, Effective Pre-Processing Activities in Text Mining using
Improved Porter’s Stemming Algorithm, International Journal of Advanced Research in Computer
and Communication Engineering Vol. 2, Issue 12, December 2013
[2] Dr. S. Vijayarani , Ms. J. Ilamathi , Ms. Nithya, Preprocessing Techniques for Text Mining - An
Overview, International Journal of Computer Science & Communication Networks,Vol 5(1),7-16
[3] I.Hemalatha, Dr. G. P Saradhi Varma, Dr. A.Govardhan, Preprocessing the Informal Text for
efficient Sentiment Analysis, International Journal of Emerging Trends & Technology in Computer
Science (IJETTCS) Volume 1, Issue 2, July – August 2012
[4] A.Anil Kumar, S.Chandrasekhar, Text Data Pre-processing and Dimensionality Reduction
Techniques for Document Clustering, International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology
(IJERT) Vol. 1 Issue 5, July - 2012 ISSN: 2278-0181
[5] Vairaprakash Gurusamy, SubbuKannan, Preprocessing Techniques for Text Mining, Conference
paper- October 2014
[6] ShaidahJusoh , Hejab M. Alfawareh, Techniques, Applications and Challenging Issues in Text
Mining, International Journal of Computer Science Issues, Vol. 9, Issue 6, No 2, November -2012
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[8] http://nlpdotnet.com/services/Tokenizer.aspx
[9] http://www.mila.cs.technion.ac.il/tools_token.html
[10] http://textanalysisonline.com/nltk-word-tokenize
[11] http://textanalysisonline.com/textblob-word-tokenize
[12] http://textanalysisonline.com/mbsp-word-tokenize
[13] http://textanalysisonline.com/pattern-word-tokenize
[14] http://text-processing.com/demo/tokenize
Dr.S.Vijayarani, MCA, M.Phil, Ph.D., is working as Assistant Professor in the
Department of Computer Science, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore. Her fields of
research interest are data mining, privacy and security issues in data mining and data
streams. She has published papers in the international journals and presented research
papers in international and national conferences.
Ms. R. Janani, MCA., M.Phil., is currently pursuing her Ph.D in Computer Science in
the Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Bharathiar University,
Coimbatore. Her fields of interest are Data Mining, Text Mining and Natural Language
Processing.