Este documento clasifica y define los diferentes tipos de oraciones compuestas, incluyendo coordinadas, subordinadas y yuxtapuestas. Las oraciones coordinadas expresan una relación de adición, alternancia o oposición entre sus elementos. Las subordinadas modifican o complementan a la oración principal y se clasifican en sustantivas, adjetivas, adverbiales y finales. Las yuxtapuestas son similares a las coordinadas y subordinadas pero en lugar de enlace llevan un signo de puntuación.
Este documento explica las diferencias entre pronombres y determinantes. Los pronombres sustituyen a un sustantivo mientras que los determinantes lo acompañan. Luego describe las clases de pronombres, incluyendo personales, demostrativos, posesivos, indefinidos, numerales, interrogativos/exclamativos y relativos. Finalmente, menciona brevemente las clases de determinantes como artículos, demostrativos, posesivos, indefinidos, numerales e interrogativos/exclamativos.
The document discusses the category of mood in the English verb. It defines mood as a grammatical category that expresses the speaker's attitude toward the process or action, indicating whether it is regarded as a fact or non-fact. The indicative mood expresses facts, while the subjunctive and imperative moods express non-facts. The subjunctive mood can be further divided into varieties based on meaning and form. The document also discusses how moods are realized in English and some issues surrounding their analysis.
Este documento clasifica y explica los diferentes tipos de oraciones subordinadas adverbiales. Identifica las propias, que pueden sustituirse por adverbios y funcionan como complementos circunstanciales, incluyendo las de lugar, tiempo y modo. También describe las impropias, como las circunstanciales de causa, finalidad, condición y concesión, y las cuantitativas consecutivas y comparativas. Explica los nexos que introducen cada tipo y advierte sobre posibles confusiones.
Este documento trata sobre los verbos en español. Explica que los verbos tienen formas personales y no personales, y describe estas formas. También describe la estructura del verbo, incluyendo el lexema, la vocal temática y las desinencias. Finalmente, cubre temas como los tiempos y modos verbales, la conjugación irregular de algunos verbos, y los diferentes tipos de verbos.
Este documento clasifica y explica los diferentes tipos de conectores discursivos, incluyendo aditivos, adversativos, concesivos, consecutivos, explicativos y más. También discute la alternancia entre posesivos posnominales y grupos preposicionales introducidos por "de", así como variaciones geográficas en el uso de estos. Finalmente, analiza construcciones de posesivo doblado.
El documento describe las características morfológicas del verbo en español. Explica que los verbos indican acciones, estados o procesos situados en un tiempo, y que contienen información sobre la persona, número, tiempo, aspecto, modo y voz. También distingue entre verbos regulares e irregulares, y describe formas no personales como el infinitivo, gerundio y participio.
Este documento clasifica y define los diferentes tipos de oraciones compuestas, incluyendo coordinadas, subordinadas y yuxtapuestas. Las oraciones coordinadas expresan una relación de adición, alternancia o oposición entre sus elementos. Las subordinadas modifican o complementan a la oración principal y se clasifican en sustantivas, adjetivas, adverbiales y finales. Las yuxtapuestas son similares a las coordinadas y subordinadas pero en lugar de enlace llevan un signo de puntuación.
Este documento explica las diferencias entre pronombres y determinantes. Los pronombres sustituyen a un sustantivo mientras que los determinantes lo acompañan. Luego describe las clases de pronombres, incluyendo personales, demostrativos, posesivos, indefinidos, numerales, interrogativos/exclamativos y relativos. Finalmente, menciona brevemente las clases de determinantes como artículos, demostrativos, posesivos, indefinidos, numerales e interrogativos/exclamativos.
The document discusses the category of mood in the English verb. It defines mood as a grammatical category that expresses the speaker's attitude toward the process or action, indicating whether it is regarded as a fact or non-fact. The indicative mood expresses facts, while the subjunctive and imperative moods express non-facts. The subjunctive mood can be further divided into varieties based on meaning and form. The document also discusses how moods are realized in English and some issues surrounding their analysis.
Este documento clasifica y explica los diferentes tipos de oraciones subordinadas adverbiales. Identifica las propias, que pueden sustituirse por adverbios y funcionan como complementos circunstanciales, incluyendo las de lugar, tiempo y modo. También describe las impropias, como las circunstanciales de causa, finalidad, condición y concesión, y las cuantitativas consecutivas y comparativas. Explica los nexos que introducen cada tipo y advierte sobre posibles confusiones.
Este documento trata sobre los verbos en español. Explica que los verbos tienen formas personales y no personales, y describe estas formas. También describe la estructura del verbo, incluyendo el lexema, la vocal temática y las desinencias. Finalmente, cubre temas como los tiempos y modos verbales, la conjugación irregular de algunos verbos, y los diferentes tipos de verbos.
Este documento clasifica y explica los diferentes tipos de conectores discursivos, incluyendo aditivos, adversativos, concesivos, consecutivos, explicativos y más. También discute la alternancia entre posesivos posnominales y grupos preposicionales introducidos por "de", así como variaciones geográficas en el uso de estos. Finalmente, analiza construcciones de posesivo doblado.
El documento describe las características morfológicas del verbo en español. Explica que los verbos indican acciones, estados o procesos situados en un tiempo, y que contienen información sobre la persona, número, tiempo, aspecto, modo y voz. También distingue entre verbos regulares e irregulares, y describe formas no personales como el infinitivo, gerundio y participio.
The document discusses comparative and superlative forms of adjectives and adverbs in English grammar. It covers:
1) The plain, comparative, and superlative forms of adjectives like "tall" and adverbs like "soon".
2) Set comparisons using the superlative form to indicate the highest degree, such as "Max was the tallest boy."
3) Term comparisons using the comparative form to compare two items, like "Max is taller than Tom."
4) Non-inflectional ways of indicating comparative and superlative forms using words like "more" and "most".
This document discusses different types of relative clauses in English grammar. It begins by providing examples of relative clauses that modify nouns. It then distinguishes between relative clauses and content clauses based on whether they contain an anaphoric element linked to an antecedent noun. The document goes on to classify relative clauses based on the presence or absence of a relative pronoun, and identifies the types of elements that can be relativized. It also discusses integrated versus supplementary relative clauses.
1. Coordination involves joining two or more equal elements using coordinators like "and", "or", and "but".
2. Coordination is different from other constructions in that it has no head. The elements joined are called coordinates.
3. There are some distinctive properties of coordination including that there is no limit to the number of coordinates, the coordinates must be syntactically similar, and an expanded coordinate can never be preposed.
This document provides a summary of key information about adjectives and adverbs in 3 paragraphs or less:
[1] Adjectives denote properties like size, shape, color, and quality. They can function attributively or predicatively and have comparative and superlative forms. Adjectives are modified by adverbs.
[2] Adverbs are derived from adjectives with the -ly suffix and modify categories other than nouns. They have comparative and superlative forms and are modified by other adverbs.
[3] The document discusses distinguishing adjectives from nouns and verbs, and describes functions of adjectives and adverbs like complements, modifiers, and restrictions
This document contains notes from several seminar topics on English grammar concepts. It discusses parts of speech, verbs, clauses, noun phrases, adjectives, adverbs, prepositions, coordination, subordination, and other grammatical terms. Examples are provided to illustrate different grammar concepts.
The document discusses morphological processes in English including inflectional and lexical morphology. It covers topics such as:
- Inflectional morphology deals with changes in word forms to express concepts like number, case, and tense, while lexical morphology focuses on word formation through processes like compounding, affixation, and conversion.
- In inflectional morphology, nouns inflect for number and case, verbs for tense and person/number, and adjectives have comparative and superlative forms.
- Lexical morphology examines processes like compounding, affixation, conversion and others to understand how new words are formed from existing word elements or bases.
- Productivity refers to whether a word
This document provides an overview of clause structure and the different types of dependents within a clause. It discusses subjects and predicates, and how to recognize subjects. It also covers the different types of dependents including complements like objects, predicative complements, and adjuncts. Specific examples are given to illustrate direct objects, indirect objects, predicative complements, and the five canonical clause structures. The document concludes by classifying adjuncts based on meaning and form.
This document contains an English grammar practice test with multiple choice and fill-in-the-blank questions. The test covers topics such as verb tenses, modals, pronouns, prepositions, and conditional sentences. It provides students with sentences to complete or underline the correct option in order to practice their understanding of English grammar rules and usage. The answer key is included to allow students to self-check their work.
This document provides examples of direct and indirect speech for statements, yes/no questions, and wh- questions. It shows how the word order and verbs change when converting direct speech to indirect speech. For statements, the exact words are not used in indirect speech and the tense may change based on the reported verb. For questions, the question word order is changed and sometimes auxiliary verbs are added or removed. Other changes that can occur in indirect speech include pronouns, possessives, place and time references.
Corsi di inglese per le professioni sanitariebisioconsulting
Scopri i nostri centri qualificati in Inghilterra. Un corso per l'inglese medico full immersion è ciò che serve alla tua carriera. Vai su www.businessenglishlondon.com
This document discusses prepositions and preposition phrases. It provides examples of different types of preposition complements including object NPs, NPs, predicative phrases, PPs, and clauses. It then asks the reader to identify the category of the complement in example sentences. Next, it discusses prepositional verbs and whether certain verb+preposition combinations are fossilized. It also discusses the differences between prepositions and adjectives. Finally, it asks the reader questions about preposition stranding, fronted prepositions, and restrictions on certain prepositions occurring with or without NP complements.
The document discusses the key elements of clause structure including subjects, predicates, and complements/adjuncts. It notes that every clause has a verb phrase as its head and the verb determines the structure of the rest of the clause. The major elements are the subject and predicate, with the predicator selecting the key content. Complements and adjuncts are dependents of the predicator in the verb phrase, with complements being obligatory or optional and adjuncts being optional additions. Predicative complements are another type of dependent that commonly has the form of a noun phrase or adjective phrase.
The document summarizes key aspects of orality and linguistic description and prescription. It defines orality as thought and verbal expression in societies where writing and print are unfamiliar to most of the population. It describes linguistic description as the objective analysis and description of how a language is spoken by a group. Linguistic prescription seeks to define standard language forms and give advice on effective language use, drawing on descriptive research and subjective aesthetics. Prescriptivism is the practice of championing one variety of a language over others, implying some forms are incorrect or improper.
This document discusses different ways of packaging information in clauses, specifically passive constructions. It outlines 3 main types of passive constructions - canonical passive constructions, prepositional passives, and get-passives. These constructions package information differently than their active counterparts but have the same core meaning. Passive constructions allow rearranging syntactic functions to emphasize different information.
Prescriptive linguistics is the study of how language should be used based on established norms and rules, rather than only describing how language is actually used. It aims to establish standards for areas like spelling, grammar, pronunciation and syntax. Advocates of prescriptive linguistics, like Samuel Johnson and Robert Lowth, believe standardized languages aid communication and wish to provide guidelines for effective writing. The subfields of prescriptive linguistics include semantics, syntax, grammar, corpus linguistics, hypercorrection, language policy, language purism, and pleonasm.
Non finite clauses and clauses without verbs chapter 13云珍 邓
This document discusses non-finite clauses and verbless clauses. It covers four main topics: 1) The four kinds of non-finite clauses including to-infinitival, bare infinitival, gerund-participial, and past participial clauses. 2) The form and functions of non-finite clauses. 3) The catenative construction where non-finite clauses are complements of verbs. 4) Verbless clauses which can function as complements of prepositions or directly as adjuncts.
This document discusses the differences between prescriptivism and descriptivism in IP translations and which approach is best. Prescriptivism emphasizes strict grammar rules while descriptivism is more fluid. Using only prescriptivism can increase costs and time on translations. A balance of both approaches is ideal, with prescriptivism for accurate language and descriptivism to convey meaning when strict grammar is not required to save resources. The best translation services can balance these approaches and manage the entire IP application process.
Descriptive grammar observes and describes how language is actually used by speakers without making judgments, while prescriptive grammar prescribes rules for what is considered correct or incorrect usage. Descriptive grammar focuses on patterns in language, whereas prescriptive grammar establishes rules for syntax, word structures, and usage. Both are concerned with rules, but descriptive grammar describes patterns observed in linguistic studies, and prescriptive grammar aims to lay out authoritative rules for language use.
Grammar II-2014 prescriptive vs Descriptive GrammarSerena Luna
This document discusses the difference between prescriptive grammar and descriptive grammar. Prescriptive grammar establishes rules of "good" and "bad" usage, dictating what constitutes proper grammar. However, prescriptive rules are not based on how language is actually used by native speakers. Descriptive grammar objectively studies the linguistic knowledge and patterns used by native speakers, regardless of social perceptions of standardness. The document argues that linguistics should be concerned with descriptive grammar alone and that prescriptive rules have no scientific basis.
This document provides an outline for a presentation on determiners. It begins with defining determiners and their meaning. Various types of determiners are discussed, including numbers, fractions, multipliers, demonstrative determiners, and quantifiers. Examples are provided to illustrate the different types of determiners and their proper usage in noun phrases.
This document provides an overview of the 8 parts of speech: nouns, pronouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, conjunctions, prepositions, and interjections. For each part of speech, it defines what it is, provides examples, and has practice identifying the part of speech in sample sentences. It focuses in more depth on nouns, pronouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, conjunctions, and prepositions - explaining their types and functions in more detail. The document aims to teach the parts of speech through definition, examples, and interactive practice exercises for the reader.
The document discusses comparative and superlative forms of adjectives and adverbs in English grammar. It covers:
1) The plain, comparative, and superlative forms of adjectives like "tall" and adverbs like "soon".
2) Set comparisons using the superlative form to indicate the highest degree, such as "Max was the tallest boy."
3) Term comparisons using the comparative form to compare two items, like "Max is taller than Tom."
4) Non-inflectional ways of indicating comparative and superlative forms using words like "more" and "most".
This document discusses different types of relative clauses in English grammar. It begins by providing examples of relative clauses that modify nouns. It then distinguishes between relative clauses and content clauses based on whether they contain an anaphoric element linked to an antecedent noun. The document goes on to classify relative clauses based on the presence or absence of a relative pronoun, and identifies the types of elements that can be relativized. It also discusses integrated versus supplementary relative clauses.
1. Coordination involves joining two or more equal elements using coordinators like "and", "or", and "but".
2. Coordination is different from other constructions in that it has no head. The elements joined are called coordinates.
3. There are some distinctive properties of coordination including that there is no limit to the number of coordinates, the coordinates must be syntactically similar, and an expanded coordinate can never be preposed.
This document provides a summary of key information about adjectives and adverbs in 3 paragraphs or less:
[1] Adjectives denote properties like size, shape, color, and quality. They can function attributively or predicatively and have comparative and superlative forms. Adjectives are modified by adverbs.
[2] Adverbs are derived from adjectives with the -ly suffix and modify categories other than nouns. They have comparative and superlative forms and are modified by other adverbs.
[3] The document discusses distinguishing adjectives from nouns and verbs, and describes functions of adjectives and adverbs like complements, modifiers, and restrictions
This document contains notes from several seminar topics on English grammar concepts. It discusses parts of speech, verbs, clauses, noun phrases, adjectives, adverbs, prepositions, coordination, subordination, and other grammatical terms. Examples are provided to illustrate different grammar concepts.
The document discusses morphological processes in English including inflectional and lexical morphology. It covers topics such as:
- Inflectional morphology deals with changes in word forms to express concepts like number, case, and tense, while lexical morphology focuses on word formation through processes like compounding, affixation, and conversion.
- In inflectional morphology, nouns inflect for number and case, verbs for tense and person/number, and adjectives have comparative and superlative forms.
- Lexical morphology examines processes like compounding, affixation, conversion and others to understand how new words are formed from existing word elements or bases.
- Productivity refers to whether a word
This document provides an overview of clause structure and the different types of dependents within a clause. It discusses subjects and predicates, and how to recognize subjects. It also covers the different types of dependents including complements like objects, predicative complements, and adjuncts. Specific examples are given to illustrate direct objects, indirect objects, predicative complements, and the five canonical clause structures. The document concludes by classifying adjuncts based on meaning and form.
This document contains an English grammar practice test with multiple choice and fill-in-the-blank questions. The test covers topics such as verb tenses, modals, pronouns, prepositions, and conditional sentences. It provides students with sentences to complete or underline the correct option in order to practice their understanding of English grammar rules and usage. The answer key is included to allow students to self-check their work.
This document provides examples of direct and indirect speech for statements, yes/no questions, and wh- questions. It shows how the word order and verbs change when converting direct speech to indirect speech. For statements, the exact words are not used in indirect speech and the tense may change based on the reported verb. For questions, the question word order is changed and sometimes auxiliary verbs are added or removed. Other changes that can occur in indirect speech include pronouns, possessives, place and time references.
Corsi di inglese per le professioni sanitariebisioconsulting
Scopri i nostri centri qualificati in Inghilterra. Un corso per l'inglese medico full immersion è ciò che serve alla tua carriera. Vai su www.businessenglishlondon.com
This document discusses prepositions and preposition phrases. It provides examples of different types of preposition complements including object NPs, NPs, predicative phrases, PPs, and clauses. It then asks the reader to identify the category of the complement in example sentences. Next, it discusses prepositional verbs and whether certain verb+preposition combinations are fossilized. It also discusses the differences between prepositions and adjectives. Finally, it asks the reader questions about preposition stranding, fronted prepositions, and restrictions on certain prepositions occurring with or without NP complements.
The document discusses the key elements of clause structure including subjects, predicates, and complements/adjuncts. It notes that every clause has a verb phrase as its head and the verb determines the structure of the rest of the clause. The major elements are the subject and predicate, with the predicator selecting the key content. Complements and adjuncts are dependents of the predicator in the verb phrase, with complements being obligatory or optional and adjuncts being optional additions. Predicative complements are another type of dependent that commonly has the form of a noun phrase or adjective phrase.
The document summarizes key aspects of orality and linguistic description and prescription. It defines orality as thought and verbal expression in societies where writing and print are unfamiliar to most of the population. It describes linguistic description as the objective analysis and description of how a language is spoken by a group. Linguistic prescription seeks to define standard language forms and give advice on effective language use, drawing on descriptive research and subjective aesthetics. Prescriptivism is the practice of championing one variety of a language over others, implying some forms are incorrect or improper.
This document discusses different ways of packaging information in clauses, specifically passive constructions. It outlines 3 main types of passive constructions - canonical passive constructions, prepositional passives, and get-passives. These constructions package information differently than their active counterparts but have the same core meaning. Passive constructions allow rearranging syntactic functions to emphasize different information.
Prescriptive linguistics is the study of how language should be used based on established norms and rules, rather than only describing how language is actually used. It aims to establish standards for areas like spelling, grammar, pronunciation and syntax. Advocates of prescriptive linguistics, like Samuel Johnson and Robert Lowth, believe standardized languages aid communication and wish to provide guidelines for effective writing. The subfields of prescriptive linguistics include semantics, syntax, grammar, corpus linguistics, hypercorrection, language policy, language purism, and pleonasm.
Non finite clauses and clauses without verbs chapter 13云珍 邓
This document discusses non-finite clauses and verbless clauses. It covers four main topics: 1) The four kinds of non-finite clauses including to-infinitival, bare infinitival, gerund-participial, and past participial clauses. 2) The form and functions of non-finite clauses. 3) The catenative construction where non-finite clauses are complements of verbs. 4) Verbless clauses which can function as complements of prepositions or directly as adjuncts.
This document discusses the differences between prescriptivism and descriptivism in IP translations and which approach is best. Prescriptivism emphasizes strict grammar rules while descriptivism is more fluid. Using only prescriptivism can increase costs and time on translations. A balance of both approaches is ideal, with prescriptivism for accurate language and descriptivism to convey meaning when strict grammar is not required to save resources. The best translation services can balance these approaches and manage the entire IP application process.
Descriptive grammar observes and describes how language is actually used by speakers without making judgments, while prescriptive grammar prescribes rules for what is considered correct or incorrect usage. Descriptive grammar focuses on patterns in language, whereas prescriptive grammar establishes rules for syntax, word structures, and usage. Both are concerned with rules, but descriptive grammar describes patterns observed in linguistic studies, and prescriptive grammar aims to lay out authoritative rules for language use.
Grammar II-2014 prescriptive vs Descriptive GrammarSerena Luna
This document discusses the difference between prescriptive grammar and descriptive grammar. Prescriptive grammar establishes rules of "good" and "bad" usage, dictating what constitutes proper grammar. However, prescriptive rules are not based on how language is actually used by native speakers. Descriptive grammar objectively studies the linguistic knowledge and patterns used by native speakers, regardless of social perceptions of standardness. The document argues that linguistics should be concerned with descriptive grammar alone and that prescriptive rules have no scientific basis.
This document provides an outline for a presentation on determiners. It begins with defining determiners and their meaning. Various types of determiners are discussed, including numbers, fractions, multipliers, demonstrative determiners, and quantifiers. Examples are provided to illustrate the different types of determiners and their proper usage in noun phrases.
This document provides an overview of the 8 parts of speech: nouns, pronouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, conjunctions, prepositions, and interjections. For each part of speech, it defines what it is, provides examples, and has practice identifying the part of speech in sample sentences. It focuses in more depth on nouns, pronouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, conjunctions, and prepositions - explaining their types and functions in more detail. The document aims to teach the parts of speech through definition, examples, and interactive practice exercises for the reader.
This document provides a summary of 100 important grammar rules organized into categories including:
- Parts of speech such as nouns, pronouns, verbs and their usage
- Sentence structure rules such as word order, subject-verb agreement, clauses
- Comparisons and comparisons of adjectives, adverbs, quantities
- Conditional sentences and their proper tense usage
- Prepositions and prepositional phrases
- Question tags and their formation
The document serves as a comprehensive grammar reference covering many fundamental English language rules.
This document defines and provides examples of the different types of adjectives in English. It discusses qualitative adjectives that describe qualities like color, size, age, etc. It also covers quantitative adjectives about numbers, demonstrative adjectives that point out nouns, possessive adjectives showing ownership, and others. The document explains how to make comparisons between adjectives and provides irregular forms. It concludes with examples of identifying adjectives in sentences.
High intermediate english level course 1Ángel Luna
The document provides an overview of nouns, pronouns, and other parts of speech. It defines nouns and lists different types of nouns. It explains the use of pronouns to avoid repetition and lists different types of pronouns including personal, possessive, reflexive, and relative pronouns. The document concludes with a quiz to test the reader's understanding of nouns and pronouns.
The document provides information on basic grammar structures including noun classes, types of pronouns, verbs, verbals and verbal phrases, and functions of nouns. It discusses concepts like count vs. non-count nouns, singular and plural verbs, subject-verb agreement, and participles. Examples are given to illustrate rules for verbs agreeing with compound subjects, collective nouns, and subjects joined by coordinating conjunctions. Gerunds, infinitives, and their functions are also outlined.
Determiners are words like articles (the, a, an) and demonstratives (this, that) that are placed before nouns and modify or limit their meaning. There are specific determiners that are used when the people or things referred to have already been mentioned or are clear from context, and general determiners that are used to introduce people or things for the first time or talk about them generally. The document provides examples of specific and general determiners and discusses which determiners can be used with count nouns, plural count nouns, and uncount nouns.
Determiners are words like "the", "a", "my" that are placed before nouns and adjectives. There are specific determiners like "the", "this", and possessives that are used when referring to things already mentioned. General determiners like "a", "an", "some" are used when introducing things for the first time or speaking generally. Different general determiners are used depending on whether the noun is singular count, plural count, or uncountable. Most determiners can also function as pronouns.
The document provides an overview of the different parts of speech in English grammar: nouns, pronouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, prepositions, conjunctions, and interjections. It defines each part of speech and provides examples. It discusses the different types of nouns, pronouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, prepositions, and conjunctions. It also covers topics like singular and plural nouns, compound nouns, common and proper nouns, possessive nouns, and more. Practice questions are included throughout for readers to test their understanding of the parts of speech.
The document asks the reader to write down as many facts as they know about Afghanistan or living in a Muslim nation. It prompts the reader to write a five sentence summary, look up 3 new words, and connect any challenges mentioned to their own experiences. The purpose seems to be to have the reader reflect on and summarize information about Afghanistan or Muslim-majority countries.
The document provides instructions for students to complete writing assignments in their journals. It includes prompts for ESL students to write about five personal items, events from a movie they remember, and to describe their teacher and a lesson from another class. It also includes instructions for a morning meeting activity where students write down weekend activities on index cards and take turns asking each other questions.
This document provides information about parts of speech, including nouns, pronouns, verbs, and their definitions and examples. It discusses how nouns can be classified into different types and cases. It explains that pronouns are used to replace nouns and defines personal, reflexive, and objective pronouns. Verbs are defined as words that show action or state of being, and examples of physical, state of being (linking), and helping verbs are provided.
The document discusses the main parts of speech in the English language. It defines nouns as persons, places, things or ideas that can be the subject of a sentence. Nouns can be proper, common, singular, plural, collective, countable or uncountable. Pronouns replace nouns in a sentence. Adjectives describe nouns, and adverbs modify verbs, adjectives or other adverbs. Conjunctions join words and phrases together. Verbs show actions or states of being. Prepositions join nouns to other words.
The document discusses common errors made in English grammar. It begins by explaining why such errors are commonly made and provides examples of errors with parts of speech like nouns, verbs, adjectives. It then examines specific areas where errors typically occur, such as with homonyms, punctuation, plural vs. possessive forms, subject-verb agreement, and common misspellings. The document aims to help students identify and avoid frequent grammatical mistakes.
This presentation defines and describes different types of nouns:
1. Nouns are naming words that can refer to people, places, objects, ideas, emotions, qualities and activities.
2. There are two main types of nouns - proper nouns, which begin with capital letters, and common nouns. Common nouns are further divided into countable and uncountable nouns.
3. Countable nouns can be pluralized and take indefinite articles like "a" or "an", while uncountable nouns cannot be pluralized and do not take indefinite articles. Both countable and uncountable nouns can also be concrete or abstract.
The document discusses various types of determiners in English grammar. It explains the differences between definite and indefinite articles, as well as the uses of the definite article "the" and indefinite articles "a" and "an". It also covers demonstrative determiners like "this", "that", "these", and "those"; possessive determiners such as "my", "your", "his", etc.; and quantifiers that express quantity like "some", "any", "few", "a few", "little", "a little", and others. Examples are provided to illustrate the different uses of each type of determiner.
The document discusses different types of adjectives in English:
1. Descriptive adjectives describe nouns by indicating qualities like size, shape, color, etc.
2. Quantitative adjectives describe the number or quantity of a noun, answering the question "how much?".
3. Demonstrative adjectives point out nouns and indicate whether they are near or far from the speaker, using words like "this, that, these, those".
Pronouns are used instead of nouns to avoid repetition. There are different types of pronouns including personal pronouns like I, you, he, she; reflexive pronouns like myself, yourself; demonstrative pronouns like this, that; indefinite pronouns like some, many; distributive pronouns like each; interrogative pronouns like who, what; and pronouns can also function as adjectives. Personal pronouns can be subjective or objective depending on if they are the doer or receiver of an action.
This document provides an overview of the key parts of speech in the English language. It discusses the major word classes of nouns, verbs, adjectives, and adverbs. For nouns and verbs, it describes the different types including common and proper nouns, singular and plural nouns, regular and irregular verbs. It also explains the relationships between verbs and tense. The document is intended as a lecture on basic grammar for students in an English 101 course.
Similar to Ss 9.11.12 descr.gr. nouns and noun phrases (20)
1. Nouns & Noun Phrases
9 November 2012
Based on
“A student’s Introduction to English Grammar”,
R. Huddleston, G. Pullum
2. What are the functions of the NP?
In a clause:
• Subject A new book was published
• Object They published a new book.
• Predicative complement It is a new book.
In PP
Complement I am talking to students.
4. N
Noun category includes:
• physical objects: people, animals, places, things
• substances: grapes, horses, Warsaw, mother, water
• abstract entities: work, hatred, debt, presence
Nouns inflect for: number (singular, plural)
case (plain, genitive)
Plain : architect architects
Genitive: architect’s architects’
5. Dependents
They occur exclusively or with nouns as head.
Certain determinatives the girl, a month, every child, which firm
Pre-head adjectives old people, a big car, recent news
Relative clauses the boy who studied,
the slides I’m presenting
6. Dependents in the structure of the NP
determiners some books, the girls, three boys, no reason
complements the loss of blood, a ban on smoking, the fact that she’s alive
modifiers a young teacher, a student from Ukraine, patients who complained
Determiners – obligatory with certain types of singular noun.
I saw a girl. *I saw girl.
Complements are licensed by the head noun
his loss of patience/He is losing patience
Modifiers – no limit to the number of modifiers in a NP.
a young student from Ukraine who complained
7. Internal & external dependents
complement Internal a/knowledge of Latin)/, the /idea that he loved it/
determiner External these/old students/, some /students I met/
Internal a/ small house/, the /slides I’m presenting/
modifier
External almost the /only survivor/, even a /good method/
8. Number: singular & plural;
inflectional forms: cat, cats
Nouns with fixed number
• some nouns are invariably singular:
- footwear, harm, nonsense, information, furniture, money
- italics, linguistics, physics, news, phonetics
*Informations are. *Linguistics are boring.
*Money are
• or invariably plural
- clothes, belongings, scissors, trousers
- cattle, vermin
*This cattle.
9. Count and non-count nouns
non-count nouns are in minority
• Count nouns take cardinal numerals as dependents.
Count noun: one chair two chairs.
Non-count noun: *one furniture, *two furnitures
Invariably singular: furniture, clothing, equipment, eagerness, wetness
Count noun: one chair two chairs.
Non-count noun: *one remain, *two remains
Invariably plural: remains, credentials, proceeds, genitals
Furniture , remains cannot combine with any numerals.
10. Nouns with count and non-count uses
Most nouns can be used with either kind of interpretation.
• Would you like a cake? Would you like some more cake?
• I’ve bought a new football. Let’s play football.
• I’ve suggested a few improvements. There’s been little improvement.
11. Subject-verb agreement
The verb agrees with the subject; inflectional forms of the verb; agreement
involves person and number.
4 special cases:
1. Measure expressions
Ten days, thirty dollars, five kilometers are plural in form but the quantity
and the measure they denote can be treated as a single entity; it determines
the form of the verb.
Fifty days is a long time to stay abroad.
Thirty dollars seems far too much for a pizza.
That ten days we spent together in Spain was wonderful.
Another three days is all we need.
12. Quantificational nouns
2. Quantificational nouns: lot, rest, number
A lot= NP
singular plural
(A lot of money) was wasted. (A lot of things) were wasted.
(The rest of meat) is over there. (The rest of the eggs) are over there.
(Not possible) (A number of errors) were found.
The meaning of number is such that the NP must be plural.
13. Collective nouns
3. Collective nouns, groups of people
In British English singular words which refer to groups of people can be used
either as singular or plural.
Singular- group as an impersonal unit
Plural - group as a collection of people doing some things.
bank, choir, class, club, government, jury, ministry, orchestra, party, public,
school, staff, team, union.
My family have decided to move to England.
The average Polish family has 2,1 members.
It is smaller than 50 years ago.
My firm are wonderful. They do all they can for me.
My firm was established 20 years ago.
14. Any, no, neither, none
4. Any, no, neither, none
• Any, no occur with both singulars and plurals.
No objection is valid. No objections are valid.
• Neither & either occur only with singulars.
Neither objection is valid.
• None occurs with both singulars and plurals
None of my friends is interested. (formal)
None of my friends are interested. (informal)
15. Determiners and determinatives
• Determinative for the category; adjective
-ive, category
• Determiner for the function; modifier
-er, function
Determinative: the student some good cars
Determinative Phrase: almost all students, very few new books
Genitive NP: my son, the teacher’s young son
What does the determiner do?
16. • It marks the NP as definite or indefinite
definite the, this, that, these, those, all, both,
relative: which, whichever, what, whatever
indefinite a, each, every, some, any, either, neither, no, another,
a few, a little, several, many, much, more, most, few,
fewer, little, less, enough, sufficient,
interrogative: which, whichever, what, whatever, one,
two, three,……….
• The determiner can be a modifier
/The better student/ won. Determiner in NP
I feel /all the better/ for my holiday. Modifier in Adj.P
Who’s /that tall guy/? Determiner in NP
He shouldn't have driven /that fast/. Modifier in Adv.P
17. Complements
Nouns do not take objects, they take complements
I criticised her decision. My criticism of her decision …
object complement
Complements: Preposition Phrase, subordinate clause
N + PP the return of the warriors
an attack by a hooligan
the removal of the files by the secretary
N + subordinate clause the people who need help
things you forgot to say
your ability to complete the task
the rumour that he is ill
18. Internal modifiers
• Internal pre-head modifiers
A long story, the condemned man, a sleeping child, another two candidates
AdjP past participle pr part. DP
==============================================================
• Internal post-head modifiers
Food for the baby, students fond of linguistics, some people I met on the train, an email written by me
PP Adj.P clause past participial
19. Combination of modifiers
the grammar book we have to study
that handsome, tall, young student in the room with a book
an old English tutor with 50 angry students who are complaining bitterly
20. External modifiers
• are within the NP but outside the head nominal
Even the director herself, all the mistakes I made,
21. The fused-head construction
A single word is at the same time a determiner/modifier and the head.
/NP/
Simple I have lots of grammar books but you don’t seem to have /any/.
They sent three exams though I ordered /ten/.
Partitive /Some of your notes/ are quite good.
I have two photos of her, but /both/ are out of focus.
They sent twenty copies but /several/ were damaged.
Special /Many/ would disagree with me on that point.
I don’t think /much/ has happened while you’ve been away.
/This/ is amusing.
22. The, a, every in fused structures
• the > that The impact of war is more serious than that of flood.
• a > one I need a book but I haven’t got one.
• every > every one I inspected a dozen cars but every one was
defective.
No > none, none is the inflected form of no
I have no money and you also have none.
Compund forms:
Some famous person > somebody famous
No harmful thing > nothing harmful
23. Classify the fused heads as: simple, partitive, special
1 Mary has two exams and Mark four.
2 Lots of students understood it and most thought it was easy.
3 You’ve made progress, but much still remains to be done.
4 There are foreigners out there; I saw several.
5 Many are called but few are chosen.
6 There were several options, and as usual he took the best.
7 Which of the topics did you find the most interesting?
8
24. Pronouns
• Personal: I like them.
• Reciprocal: They dislike each other.
• Interrogative: Who saw them?
What do you want?
• Relative: the guy who helped us
the book which you recommend
25. Gender
• Masculine; he is used for males-humans or animals
• Feminine; she is used for females, political entities,
ships
• Neutral, it is used for inanimates or for male or
female animals, human infants
26. Cases
• Nominative ‘the man’
• Genitive ‘of the man’
• Dative ‘to the man’
• Accusative ‘the man’
• Ablative ‘by the man’
• Vocative ‘O man!’
No locative case
27. The nominative-accusative contrast of case
• They wrote the examinations. subject: nominative
• They finished them in room 102. object of verb: accusative
• I talked to them yesterday. object of prep.: accusative
• It was they/them who complained.
Predicative Complement (PC) : nominative or accusative
Verbless constructions:
She is a year older than I. She is a year older than me.
Style: nominative - formal style
accusative - informal, ordinary conversation
28. The Genitive
Genitive is marked by the apostrophe and the suffix ‘s – cat’s or
by the apostrophe alone cats’.
The teacher’s car was stolen. The teachers’ car was stolen.
These people’s fate is unknown.
• The ‘s suffix occurs at the end of the genitive NP
someone else’s responsibility
the guy next door’s voice
• Dual function of the genitive as
a definite determiner the patient’s condition
and a clause subject the condition of the patient is serious
29. The genitive constructions
1 Subject of a gerund She didn’t approve of /his being given a second chance/.
participial clause
2 Fused head They accepted Mary’s proposal but not Mark’s.
3 Oblique The argument was caused by a stupid remark of Mark’s.
4 Predicative Everything in this room is John’s.
5 Attributive They’ve moved on to a new students’ dormitory.