Antipsychotic medications are used to treat various psychotic disorders like schizophrenia. Typical antipsychotics work by blocking dopamine D2 receptors, while atypical antipsychotics have diverse receptor profiles. Both types can cause extrapyramidal side effects, but atypicals have a lower risk. Selection of an antipsychotic requires weighing efficacy, side effect profile, medical comorbidities, and other individual factors. Treatment aims to reduce symptoms, improve long-term outcomes, and prevent relapse.
ANTIDEPRESSANTS: All you need to know...by RxVichu! :)RxVichuZ
This is my 50th powerpoint.......
Deals with Important tips while using ANTIDEPRESSANTS, their special precautions, ADRs and differential mechanisms.
Will be worthwhile for a precise insight!!
Thanking all viewers who have supported me all my ways to reach this 50th milestone!!
Regards,
Vishnu. :)
information regarding psychopharmacology especially for nursing students and community. covers all group like anti psychotic, anti anxiety, antidepressants, mood stabilizing agents etc.
ANTIDEPRESSANTS: All you need to know...by RxVichu! :)RxVichuZ
This is my 50th powerpoint.......
Deals with Important tips while using ANTIDEPRESSANTS, their special precautions, ADRs and differential mechanisms.
Will be worthwhile for a precise insight!!
Thanking all viewers who have supported me all my ways to reach this 50th milestone!!
Regards,
Vishnu. :)
information regarding psychopharmacology especially for nursing students and community. covers all group like anti psychotic, anti anxiety, antidepressants, mood stabilizing agents etc.
Ketamine - clinical use in major depression - Mats Lindström - SSAI2017scanFOAM
A talk by Mats Lindström at the 2017 meeting of the Scandinavian Society of Anaestesiology and Intensive Care Medicine.
All of the conference content can be found here: https://scanfoam.org/ssai2017/
Developed in collaboration between scanFOAM, SSAI and SFAI.
A simple presentation describing medications used in Psychosis.
In this file, you can have a better idea about psychosis, Schizophrenia and their treatment nowadays.
Pharmacology lecture for medical students in English.
antipsychotics history, managment of psychosis,side effect of antipsychotics, mechanism of antipsychotics, atypical antipsychotics,2nd generation antipsychotics.
Module: Pharmacotherapy III
Module Coordinator: Dr. Arwa M. Amin Mostafa
Academic Level: Postgraduate, Master of Pharmacy in Clinical Pharmacy
School: Dubai Pharmacy College
Year of first presented in Class: 2018
This presentation is for Educational purpose. It has no commercial value associated with it.
Ketamine - clinical use in major depression - Mats Lindström - SSAI2017scanFOAM
A talk by Mats Lindström at the 2017 meeting of the Scandinavian Society of Anaestesiology and Intensive Care Medicine.
All of the conference content can be found here: https://scanfoam.org/ssai2017/
Developed in collaboration between scanFOAM, SSAI and SFAI.
A simple presentation describing medications used in Psychosis.
In this file, you can have a better idea about psychosis, Schizophrenia and their treatment nowadays.
Pharmacology lecture for medical students in English.
antipsychotics history, managment of psychosis,side effect of antipsychotics, mechanism of antipsychotics, atypical antipsychotics,2nd generation antipsychotics.
Module: Pharmacotherapy III
Module Coordinator: Dr. Arwa M. Amin Mostafa
Academic Level: Postgraduate, Master of Pharmacy in Clinical Pharmacy
School: Dubai Pharmacy College
Year of first presented in Class: 2018
This presentation is for Educational purpose. It has no commercial value associated with it.
A compiled Power point presentation on "Antipsychotic drugs" suitable for Undergraduate level medical students and also PG students in the subject of Pharmacology.
This short presentation demonstrates important adverse effects of common anti-psychotic medications in clinical practice and how to effectively manage the adverse events.
Here is an overview of Antipsychotics,starting from basic pathophysiology of Psychosis and Schizophrenia,breifing the Neuropharmacology and lastly introduction of drugs with special reference to side effects and clincal uses.
Antipsychotics, antipsychotic drugs, major tranquilizers, tranquilizersMuthu Venkatachalam
introduction, indication, contraindications and side effects of antipsychotic drugs are explained.
Antipsychotic drugs used in the treatment of schizophrenia including psychosis is described.
Chlorpromazine, Clozapine
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
Anti ulcer drugs and their Advance pharmacology ||
Anti-ulcer drugs are medications used to prevent and treat ulcers in the stomach and upper part of the small intestine (duodenal ulcers). These ulcers are often caused by an imbalance between stomach acid and the mucosal lining, which protects the stomach lining.
||Scope: Overview of various classes of anti-ulcer drugs, their mechanisms of action, indications, side effects, and clinical considerations.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
3. Introduction of conventional antipsychotics - Synthesis of Chlorpromazine in 1950 - First clinical trial of Chlorpromazine for agitation and psychosis by Deniker, et al in 1952 - Classified as: Phenothiazines (Clorpromazine) Piperazines (Perphenazine, Fluphenazine, Trifluroperazine) Piperidines (Thioridazine, Mesoridazine) Thioxanthenes (Thiothixine) Butyrophenones (Haloperidol) Dihydroindolines (Molindone) Diphenylbutylpiperidines (Pimozide)
12. ExtraPyramidal Symptoms - Acute Dystonic Reactions with tightening of facial and neck muscles, associated torticollis or retrotorticollis, with or without tightness in the jaw - Akathisia described as “restless legs” or the “need to keep moving” - Parkinsonism characterized as flattening of the facial expressions, stiffness of gait, muscular rigidity in the trunk and extremities, pill rolling tremor of the fingers, and at times excessive salivation Tardive Dyskinesia chronic and often debilitating rhythmic, choreoathetoic movements, incidence is about 25% in patients taking antipsychotic agents for 2 years, 50% of cases are irreversible, 5-10x greater risk in older patients
17. Relative Advantages of Atypical Antipsychotics: - Fewer EPS due to blockade of D2 receptors and other receptors - Incidence of TD is improved - Improvement of negative symptoms - Possible improvement of cognitive symptoms - Not need augmentation with anticholinergics - Efficacy for mood and suicidality (Clozapine) - Efficacy for treatment-resistant patients (Clozapine) - Decrease relapse Disadvantage of Atypical Antipsychotics: - Relatively more expensive - Association with increased metabolic and cardiovascular risk
18. Factors to Consider in Selecting Which Medication to Prescribe: (The Risk Benefit Analysis Ratio) Patient related factors: - Prior history of similar episodes - Previous psychotropic drug treatment - Favorable and adverse response to any psychotropic medications - Patient’s preference for a particular medication based on past experience - Any medical condition or recent treatment with medications for non-psychiatric illnesses - Past and present alcohol history - Use of over-the-counter or illicit drugs - Complexity of illness - Co-morbidities –psychiatric and medical - Illness burden - Functional disability
19. Drug Related Factors: - FDA indications - Adverse side effects - Pharmacokinetic properties - Drug to drug interactions - Cost - Intended route of administration Most patients prefer oral medication. Patient with recurrent relapse related to non-adherence are candidates for long acting injectable antipsychotic medication.
20. Assumptions: - All are equal in efficacy when dose is optimal. - Each have a unique SE profile. - Each have a unique pharmacokinetic properties. - Individual patients responds preferentially to certain medication. - No patient characteristics predict response to a particular medication
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23. Olanzapine (Zyprexa):Dose 10-30mg/d Advantages: - Wide range of receptor activity - Half-life is 30 hours - 5 hours to peak - Available in disintegrating tablets (dissolves quickly, difficult to cheek or spit out, comparable to intramuscular injection, certainty of dosage) - Injectable form 10mg vial (10mg/injection) Disadvantages: - Risk of weight gain - Associated with diabetes and metabolic dyscontrol - Sedation - Orthostatic - Anticholinegic effects
24. Quetiapine (Seroquel): Dose 100 -300 to 400-800mg/d Advantages: - Short elimination half-life (6 hours) given twice a day dose, works also once a day dose - Lowest incidence of EPS - Useful for psychosis in Parkinson’s Disease - Rapid onset of action Disadvantages: - Only in tablet form - More expensive - Higher level of sedation even with gradual titration - Orthostatic SE during early phase of treatment - Risk of weight gain - Akathisia - Anticholinergic effects - Carries warning about potential development of cataracts
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27. Aripiprazole (Abilify): Dose 10-15mg up to 30mg/d Advantages: - Partial agonist at dopamine and serotonin receptors (binds and activates but not same extent as a full agonist) - 5HT1A receptor agonist activity - 75 hours elimination half life - Intermediate peak concentration - Relatively low incidence of EPS - Recent indication for Bipolar patients - Injectable IM 10 and 15mg Disadvantages: - SE: nausea, vomiting, insomnia, headache - Not a lot of clinical experience
31. Medical Comorbilities - Diabetes and Obesity is reported to be 1.5 - 2 times higher in people with Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia compared with the general population. - People with chronic mental illness have increased morbidity and mortality from natural causes compared with the general population. - They have 15% to 20% lower life expectancy. Characteristics of Individuals with Chronic Mental Illness - Medically underserved - Sedentary behavior - Excessive sleeping - Overeating - Poor Nutrition - Substance Abuse (47%) - Smoking (75% vs 25%)
33. Source: Based on Toalson Pet al Primary Care Companion Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 2004;6:152-158
34. From the American Diabetic Association, American Psychiatric Association, American Association of Clinical Endocrinologist and the North American Association for the study of Obesity Source: Based on consensus statement, Diabetic Care 2004 Feb 27 (2); 596-601
35. Increased Mortality In Elderly Patients With Dementia Related Psychosis : Elderly patients with dementia related psychosis treated with atypical antipsychotic drugs are at an increased risk of death compared to placebo. Analysis of 17 placebo controlled trials (modal duration of 10 weeks) in this patients revealed a risk of death in the drug treated patients of between 1.6 to 1.7 times seen in placebo treated patients. Over the course of a typical 10-week controlled trial, the rate of death in drug treated patients was about 4.5% compared to a rate of 2.6% in the placebo group. Although the causes of death were varied, most of the deaths appeared to be either cardiovascular (e.g. heart failure, sudden death) or infectious (e.g. pneumonia) in nature.
36. Neurleptic Malignant Syndrome - life threatening, occurs in about 0.5%-1% of patients treated with antipsychotic, more frequent in conventional high potency agents, occurs in atypicals as well. Cardinal Signs and Symptoms - include body temperature exceeding 38*C, altered level of consciousness, tachycardia, labile blood pressure, diaphoresis and extreme muscle rigidity Elevated CPK > 300U/ml, Elevated WBC>15,000/mm3 Treatment - discontinuation of antipsychotics and supportive
46. Addition of inhibitors of CYP3A4 and 1A2 isozymes such as erythromycin and fluvoxamine can elevate clozapine serum concentration to toxic levels. Carbamazepine, phenobarbital and phenytoin – induce metabolism of antipsychotic agents , thereby lowering serum concentrations below a therapeutic threshold.
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51. References: - APA Practice Guideline for Treatment of Psychiatric Disorders Compendium 2004 - Essentials of Clinical Psychiatry 2004 - Handbook of Drug Therapy in Psychiatry 3 rd edition - Practical Guide to Care of Psychiatric Patients 3 rd edition - Essential Psychopharmacology Neuroscientific Basis and Practical Applications by Stephen M. Stahl - Medical Comorbidity in Patients with Schizophrenia, Journal of Clinical Psychiatry Supplement 6 Vol 66, Nasrallah,Keck 2005 - New Findings in Schizophrenia: An Update on Causes and Treatment, Supplement to Clinical Psychiatry News, Nemeroff, Lieberman et al 2004 Other resources: APA Practice Guideline http://www.psych.org/psych_pract/treatg/pg/prac_guide.cfm
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