The document discusses different development approaches and infrastructure development policies in Nepal. It describes labor-based, environment-friendly, and participatory approaches. It also discusses community management with engineers acting as facilitators. Key features of Nepal's infrastructure development policies are outlined, including interim plans, development plans, and specific policies like the Nepal Agricultural Perspective Plan. The document also describes the ethnographic approach to collecting information through participant observation and thick description of social contexts.

1. Group Members
Saurav
Saurav
Saurav
Sharda
Shiva
Sijan
Sonuja
Development Approach
1
Tutor
Asst. Prof. Shukra Raj Paudel
Department of Civil Engineering
IOE, Tribhuvan University
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2. Objectives of the Presentation
At the end of this presentation, listeners will be able
to:
• Understand and compare different development
approaches
• Familiarize the Infrastructure Development
policies of Nepal
• Comprehend the ethnographic information
collection approach and participatory approach,
tools and observation
• Intuit the terms resource mapping, wealth
ranking, poverty definition
2

3. 1. Development Approaches (LEP)
2. Community management, engineers role as
facilitator
3. Key features: Infrastructure development policies
of Nepal
4. Ethnographic approach to collect information
5. Participatory approach as community
empowerment
6. Participatory tools, focus group discussions, key
informants interview
7. Participatory observation, structured questionnaire
8. Resource mapping, wealth ranking, poverty
definition
Presentation Outline
3

4. • A component of sustainable development
• Aims at improving the human well-being in the
society
• Enables people to progress towards self-
sufficiency.
Development
Social Development
Any progressive change is development.
4

5. 2.1 Development Approach
• L- Labor Based
• E- Environment Friendly
• P- Participatory
• Territorial approach
• Gender approach
• Partnership approach
5

6. 2.1 Development Approach contd.
• L- Labor Based
• Use of Local level Technology
• Provides Local Employment
• Local skill development
• Local income generation, livelihood improvement
6

7. 2.1 Development Approach contd.
• E- Environment Friendly
• Account the real impact of development on the
environment
• Less disturbance to the environment
• Simple mitigation measures
• Able to face the challenges of Sustainable
development
7

8. 2.1 Development Approach contd.
• P- Participatory Approach
• Everyone participates in the decision-making
part of a development process
• Participation either individually or
representation of a group
• Ideal approach to development since each
participation is highly encouraged and
welcomed and no distinct dominant figure
• But perfect participatory approach cannot be
obtained: misinterpretation, conflicts, omitted
views and people etc.
8

9. 2.1 Development Approach contd.
• Advantages of participatory approach
• Cultivates feeling of ownership among
participating members which result to make
feel themselves responsible for the
development project
• Ensures wider acceptance of the decisions
• Wider range of perspectives and insights for
sustainability
• Provides chance for less represented and
minorities in community to shine and do
important work
• Likely to unite different groups
• Likely to survive beyond the planning process
9

10. 2.1 Development Approach contd.
• Disadvantages of participatory approach
• Inclusion of every groups make decision making
process last longer
• Representatives from each group are required to
be educated and understand the pathways and
pitfalls in a development process
• Inclusion of mavericks, which should be handled
properly to run smoothly
• Representation might not be done by right
people of a particular group
• Requires patience, time and commitment
• Greater chance of clash of ideals and division of
ideas
10

11. • Benefits a group of people but might provide lesser
benefit for an individual self interest
• Significant importance in developing the community
and a nation as a whole
• Using more than can be replenished leads to scarcity
since supply is not unlimited
• Overuse can lead to community problems
Common Pool Resource
11

12. Management of CPR along with the
community as a whole by the
community itself with the help of
volunteers and stakeholders within itCommunity
Environment, Housing
and Place
Community Safety
Children young
people education
Tackling Poverty
Access and
Transport
Health and Science
Enterprise and Skill
Efficient and effective
Service
2.2 Community Management
Fig: Community Management
12

13. • Purpose of facilitator
• Make any process easier and understandable
• Helps a group of people understand what steps
they need to fulfill their objectives while avoiding
any pitfall on the way while maintaining a neutral
view
• Technical and managerial expertise of an engineer
makes him an ideal facilitator in getting the technical
and management aspect of a project correct.
2.2 Engineer as a Facilitator
13

14. 2.2 Role of Engineer as a Facilitator
14
Organizing and directing activities involved
Planning, scheduling and leading meetings
Ensuring all the team members understand the process
Focal point in the communication and recognizing the
training needs of the team members and encouraging team
Acting as technical expert and researching
Solving certain conflicts and interferences
Selecting the level, defining the borders and work scope for
the analysis considering the impact and resources required

15. 2.3 Key Features of Infrastructure
Development policies in Nepal
• Nepal has many development policies in place
that aim to produce sustainability to
development works in Nepal and bring a better
standard of living among people.
• We has a long experience of planned
development of infrastructure through interim
plans since 1956.
15

16. 2.3 Infrastructure Development contd.
• Interim Plans of Nepal
• First 5 years Interim Plan (13/14-17/18)
Plan Holiday 18/19
• Second 5 years Interim Plan (19/20-21/22)
• Third 5 years Interim Plan (22/23-26/27)
• Fourth 5 years Interim Plan (27/28-31/32)
• Fifth 5 years Interim Plan (32/33-36/37)
• Sixth 5 years Interim Plan (37/38-41/42)
• Seventh 5 years Interim Plan (42/43-46/47)
Plan Holiday 47/48,48/49
16

17. 2.3 Infrastructure Development contd.
• Interim Plans of Nepal
• Eighth 5 years Interim Plan (49/50-53/54)
• Ninth 5 years Interim Plan (54/55-58/59)
• Tenth 5 years Interim Plan (59/60-63/64)
• Third Year Interim Plan (64/65-66/67)
• Twelfth 3 years Interim Plan (67/68-69/70)
• Thirteenth 3 years Interim Plan (70/71-
72/73)
• Fourteenth 3 years Interim Plan (73/74-
75/76)
17

18. 2.3 Infrastructure Development contd.
• Nepal Development Plans (10-5 years plans)
• Improvement of existing local infrastructures
and facilities (1st five year plan)
• Regional approach to development (4th five
year plan)
• Small area development programme (5th five
year plan)
• Promotion of people’s partnership through
local leadership (6th five year plan)
• “Basic needs” programme (7th five year plan)
18

19. 2.3 Infrastructure Development contd.
Eighth five year plan
• Attainable sustainable growth
• Liberal market oriented economy, Government as
facilitator, motivator and regulator
• Bottom up approach in development works were
inititiated.
• Agricultural sector development (9th five year plan)
• “One family one employment” policy (9th five year
plan)
• Poverty alleviation and improve economic, social
and human indicators. (10th five year plan) 19

20. 2.3 Infrastructure Development contd.
• Reconstruction, social reconciliation and
proportionate development (Eleventh plan)
• Achieve millennium development goal and
reduce poverty to 21% (Twelfth plan)
• Uplifting Nepal from LDC to developing countries
by 2022 (Thirteenth Plan)
20

21. 2.3 Infrastructure Development contd.
• Fourteenth Plan
Economic Growth rate - 7.2%
Agricultural sector – 4.7%
Non agricultural sector – 8.4%
Human Development Index – 0.57
Electricity access – 87%
Internet Access – 65%
Drinking water access - 90%
21

22. 2.3 Infrastructure Development contd.
• Nepal Agricultural Perspective Plan (1997-2012)
• Focuses on agricultural technology, road and
power, irrigation, chemical fertilizer.
• Projection of declination of people living
below poverty line by 5.5 million.
• Weather roads connection for transportation
of fruits and herbs.
• Installation of shallow tube wells to harness
easily available groundwater for irrigation.
22

23. 2.3 Infrastructure Development contd.
• A 20-year master plan-2002
• Strengthen political and administrative linkages.
• Alleviate poverty.
• Develop and utilize economic and cultural
potentiality.
• Minimize transportation cost
• Minimum adverse effect on environment.
23

24. 2.3 Infrastructure Development contd.
• National Transport Policy -2001
• Develop reliable, cost effective,, safe facility and
sustainable transportation system.
• District roads, village roads, agricultural roads,
etc.
• Priority Investment Plan (1997-2007)
• Guidance for development of roads.
• Nepal Roads Board Act (2002)
24

25. 2.4 Ethnographic approach to collect
information
25
 Ethnography refers to literally means “writing
culture”
 Ethnographic research
 Seeks an in-depth understanding of how
people make sense of lived reality in their
social worlds
 Involves observation or participant-
observation, “hanging out” with people in their
natural, everyday settings
 Uses fieldnotes to render “thick descriptions”
of social interaction and lived experience
through researcher immersion in events and
activities of the social setting

26. Usefulness Of Ethnography
 Ethnography is useful for studying the links
between social contexts, cultural meanings, and
practices
 Practices are people’s everyday “doings”
(activities, interactions)
 Ethnographic focus on behavioral and interactive
dimensions of social life lends richness and
depth
 Ethnography requires great deal of time, energy,
resources
 Ethnography is most often rooted in the
interpretive or critical traditions, not a positivist
framework
 Feminist ethnography often seeks to “give voice”
to women’s concerns; combines interpretive and
critical perspectives

27.  Ethnography provides a window into the social
worlds people inhabit
 Ethnography focuses on people’s “doings”
(practices, interactions) in their natural setting
 Participant-observation is the most common
ethnographic approach
 Recording and analyzing fieldnotes are the core
research activities of ethnography
 Ethnographic fieldnotes can be paired with
other data collection methods (e.g.,
interviews)
 Ethnography is an interpretive activity
 Ethnography is representation of lived
experience, not “reality”

28. Common Methods In Ethnography
• Field research
• Participant observation
• Case studies
• Focus groups

29. Participant Observation
• “Participant observation combines participation
in the lives of the people under study with the
maintenance of a professional distance that
allows adequate observation and recording of
data (Fetterman 45).”

30. Case Studies: exploratory, explanatory
and descriptive
• In-depth analysis of an individual or a group of
people with shared characteristics.
• Often includes personal accounts directly from
the participants.
• Draws conclusions only about that participant or
group and only in that specific context.
• Research emphasis is placed on exploration and
description.

31. Focus Groups
• Concentrated group exploration and
discussions.
• What can be gained from the focus group
method?
• Method is qualitative but the information
gathered can be quantitative.

32. 2.5 Participatory Approach as Community
Empowerment
What is Participation ??
Participation is a process through which people
influence and share control over planning and the
decision making.
Peoples right to communicate their stories should
be at the heart of participatory strategies leading to
empowerment. (Melkote & Steeves 2001:355)
32

33. 33

34.  Its our right!
Expressing our views, freedom of thought and having
the opportunity to participate in the cultural, artistic
and recreational life of our communities is also more
than just a good practice it is our right.
 Our opinion and decisions count!
When considering and providing opportunities for
participation it is important to acknowledge them as
active and competent.
34
Participation Importance
2.5 Participatory Approach as Community
Empowerment contd.

35.  Identify our Strengths and Weaknesses
Allowing others to identify their own strengths and
weaknesses and offering them guidance and
support is important for building their self-esteem
and capacity.
 Build self esteem and capacity
35
2.5 Participatory Approach as Community
Empowerment contd.

36. Community empowerment
Empowerment is the ability of individuals to gain
control socially, politically, economically, and
psychologically through
• access to information, knowledge, and skills;
• decision making;
• individual self-efficacy, community participation, and
perceived control (Rappaport 1987; Zimmerman and
Rappaport 1988).
 In other word, it is a process of change by which
individuals or groups with little or no power gain the
power ability to make choices that affect their lives

37. Community development
Community development has two basic goals (two
basic purposes):
• first, to improve the quality of life of all members
of the community,
• and second, to involve all members of the
community in the process.
Basic three approaches for community
development
1. Top-down 2. Partnership 3. Bottom-up
37

38. 38
Fig: relationship among approaches, participation and level of
empowerment Approaches Participation Empowerment
Source: Journal of Environmental Management
Approaches Participation Empowerment
Top-down Participation as a mean
(static, passive,
controllable)
Low empowerment
Bottom-up Participation as an end
(active, dynamic, and
self-
mobilization)
Moderate
empowerment
Partnership
(cooperative)
Working together High
empowerment and
Sustainable

39. Scale of participatory approach
39
Empowering
1. Rapid expert
analysis
2. Questionnaires
3. Key
informants
1. In depth joint
analysis, learning
and action
2.Visualdiagrams
3. Group
Discussions
4. Active
Participation
Extractive
1. Options
are shared but
not power
2. Empowering
method for
extractive
purposes
Fig. Scale of participatory approach

40. Strategic Approaches
40
Learning Partnership
1. Analyzing
problems
2. Finding
problems
3. Shaping plans
1. Developing
professional teams
1. Involving
stakeholders
at all levels shaping
programmes and
placements Empowerment
Fig. Strategic approach

41. Steps to Participation
41
Manipulation
Information
Consultation
Partnership
Delegated
Power
Non Participation
Tokenism
Citizen power
Fig. Steps to participation

42. Steps to Participation contd
Manipulation
Action of managing people in a clever, skilful or
unscrupulous way to participation
Information
Informing citizens of their rights ,responsibilities and
option
Consultation
Inviting citizens options and formally consulting or
discussing
42

43. Steps to Participation contd
Partnership
Association of two or more people as partners like
joint policy boards ,planning committees and
mechanisms for resolving impasses
Delegated Power
Authorize to do people something as a
representative through negotiations between
citizens and public officials
43

44. 2.6 Participatory tools, focus group
discussions, key informants interviews
Participatory tools:
a. Participatory Rural Appraisal:
• Joint learning and decision making approach
• Includes methods to help local people to
understand through planning, monitoring and
evaluation of activities.
• So, facilitates lots of information exchange and
analysis among stakeholders.
b. Beneficiary feedback:
 Collection of views of stakeholders on currently
ongoing or completed project.
 Involves the feedback of stakeholders about the
development work to provide sustainability.
44

45. 2.6 Participatory tools contd.
c. Key Informant Interview:
• Qualitative assessment technique to gain
information from community.
• Interview is done with the key informant who has
knowledge and understanding of the prevailing
problem.
Who could be key informant ?
• People of community who has knowledge and
information about the problems concerned with
community
• Community leader, Fathers, facilities supervisor,
administrator, human resources
specialists, facilities manager, business owner.
45

46. Planning key informant interviews
• Gather and review existing data
• Determine what information is needed
• Choose key informant
• Choose type of interview
• Develop an interview tool
• Determine documentation method
• Conduct the interview
• Compile and organize the data
46

47. 2.6 Participatory tools contd.
d. Most significant change technique(MSC):
 Influential stories of people affecting the
development activity are collected
 Most significant story is selected and
subjected for discussion
 This helps to bring positive impact to the
people in community
47

48. Focus Group Discussion
• A data collection method in which certain
number of people sharing common interest is
interviewed with the help of facilitator.
• Facilitator acts as mediator and uses
interaction within group to gain information.
• A group normally consist to 6-10 people sharing
the common interest and characteristics.
48

49. Focus Group Discussion
• The moderator creates the environment where
all the participants are able to share their views,
information, perception and ideas about any
issue.
• Multiple sessions are conducted to identify the
current trends and patterns
• After this a systematic analysis is done for final
evaluation.
49

50. How to conduct a focus group?
A. Conceptualization phase
 Determining the purpose
 What information is needed? Why is it needed?
 Determining whom to study
 Developing a plan and estimating the required
resources.
 Specify procedure, time and proposed budget
 Allow others to review the plan.
50

51. How to conduct a focus group? Contd.
B. Interview Phase
• Developing the question and should be carefully
planned
• For best result around 5-6 questions should be
asked.
• Arrange question in logical sequence.
• Use open ended questions and avoid yes no
questions.
• Moderator should keep discussion flowing on
track, avoid irrelevant topics, make transitions
into another question.
51

52. How to conduct a focus group? Contd.
C. Analyzing and reporting phase
• Immediately after the session moderator and assistant
should spot check the data and information collected to
make sure it is collected properly.
• The moderator and assistant should arrive at short
summary that is mutually agreeable.
• Data can be examined and reported in three levels i.e.
raw data, descriptive statements and interpretation.
• Raw data is statements as they were said by the
respondents.
• Descriptive statements summarizes respondents
comments and provide illustrative examples.
• Interpretation is complex and presents the meaning of
data rather than simply summarizing the data
• The data analysis must be systematic and verifiable.
52

53. Advantages of focus groups
• Can obtain data from children or individual who are not
literate.
• Provides data more quickly and at low cost than if
individuals interviewed separately.
• Requires less preparation and is comparatively easy to
conduct
• Researchers can directly interact with respondents
• Very flexible: can be used with wide range of topics,
individuals and settings
• Results are easy to understand and more accessible
for decision makers to finalize the decision. 53

54. Disadvantages of focus groups
• Less control over group; less control over what
information will be produced.
• Produces relatively disorganized data and makes
analysis difficult.
• Small number of sample severely limit ability to
generalize to larger population.
• Requires carefully trained interviewer.
• Result may be based on very dominant members;
more reserved members may hesitate to talk.
54

55. 2.7 Participatory observation, structured
questionnaires
Participatory Observation
• Participant observation is one type of data
collection method typically used in qualitative
research.
• The method of evaluation in which evaluator
gains information through observation and
records from direct involvement with the
surroundings.
55

56. Participatory Observation contd.
56
Fig: Participatory and non participatory observation

57. Participatory Observation contd.
• It helps to understand the different aspects of
locality.
• It helps to develop relationships between the
components within the observation areas.
• It helps the researcher to interact with the groups
and individuals of the observation areas to know
them closely.
57

58. Participatory observation involves the observation of
followings:
1. Appearance: Clothing, age, physical
appearance, social status, religion
2. Verbal behaviour and interactions: languages,
tone of voice, how they interacts with each
others , ethnicity
3. Physical behaviour & gestures: body language
for communication, how they express their
feelings, social ranks, profession
58

59. Participatory observation involves Contd.
• Personal space: relationship between each others,
how close people are with each other
• Human traffic: movement of people at observation
site, time spent at the site, types of people(age,
gender, ethnicity) entering or leaving the
observation site.
• People who stand out: people receiving more
attention from others, their characterstics, what
makes them alike from others people, kind of help
people want from them
59

60. Strengths
• Used to observe actions across time
• More in-depth look at society and societal
phenomena.
• Supply critical information which may be
helpful for project plan, data compilation and
understandings.
• Helps to be more familiar with contexts ,
relationships and behaviours
• Observe the situation and background when
any actions occurs.
60

61. Weaknesses
• Time consuming
• Needs good memory and attentiveness of
researchers
• Researchers can lose their objectives as they
participate in groups.
• Need to focus on objective of research as it is a
subjective method
61

62. Phases of participation observation
62
Establishing
relations
Fit with the
surroundings
Data analysis
Data
recording and
observations

63. Types of participation observation
1. Non participatory
• No contact with population or group to be
studied
• Doesn't allow relationship formation
2. Passive participation
• Limited connections without making any
relationships.
3. Moderate participation
• Researchers act both as an insider as well as
an outsider
• It keeps the researcher focused on research’s
objectives.
63

64. Types of participation observation
Contd.
4. Active participation
• Active member of group accepting traditions
and norms
• In depth understandings and relationship with
the group
• Risk of losing objectives of research
5. Complete participation
• Entirely integrated with the traditions and norms
• Highest risk of losing research’s objectives.
64
Passive participation
Moderate participation
Active participation Complete participation

65. Structured Questionnaire
• Data collection on a particular issue in which
participants are presented a list of questions which
needs clear and concise answers
• Shouldn’t be subjective
• Should make people realize about the importance of
their answers and purpose of the study
• Can be used in various survey situations by changing
few questions
• Self completion questionnaire : postal , electronic
questionnaire
65

66. Structured Questionnaire Contd.
• Interview schedules : face to face, telephone
questionnaire
• Questionnaire are used for:
1. Collecting realistic information to categorize
people and other circumstances
2. Measure satisfaction of the clients with the
services
3. To observe the opinions and attitudes of group of
people
• It should not be used to investigate complex issues
and to explore latest and complicated controversial
issues
66

67. Advantages
• Touch with large number of people in low cost
• Simply connect with geographically diversified
people
• Postal questionnaires can be completed in their
suitable time
• Telephone questionnaires makes it easy for disable
people
• F2F questionnaire helps to recognize the suitable
person and gather additional information
67

68. Disadvantages
• Responses rate low(postal)
• Rejection rate high(telephone, F2F)
• No control over postal questionnaire that who
completes it.
• Postal not suitable for people with visual and
reading difficulties
• F2f and telephone questionnaire needs skilled
interviewers
• F2f questionnaire more time consuming and labour
intensive 68

69. 2.8 Resource mapping, Wealth ranking,
Poverty definition
Participatory
Tools
Mapping
tools
Diagramming
tools
Others
Discussion
and
interviews
Social mapping
Wealth ranking
Resource
mapping
69

70. General definition:
• Resource mapping identifies the
resources that can realistically be
mobilized for campaigning.
• Such resources include human
resources, financial resources,
institutional assets, material
assets, networks etc.
• Use in education(schools), project
management, business and more.
70
Resource Mapping

71. • Community Resource mapping is an approach in
which information concerning the topography,
human settlements, cultures and activities,
abundance and distribution of resources, the
access level and use of these resources, etc.
are shown at a glance.
• Conservation of biodiversity and ecosystem of
any place is of prime importance.
71
Community Resource mapping

72. • Basic result
• Resource Map is a map showing a community’s
or group’s living environment, natural resources,
social facilities and infrastructures.
72Source: weadapt.orgSource:InSTEDD.org

73. Use of Resource mapping:
• Identify new resources
• Enable to picture resources & features
• Avoid duplication of services and resources
• Cultivate new partnerships and relationships
• Identify problems, possibilities and
opportunities
• Encourage collaboration
73

74. Limitations
• Bounded by spatial limitations on social,
cultural and economic domains
• Not viable for large geographical area
• Limited by the available data and further
high-quality data may not be available or in
a format that can be mapped
• Defines issues of access in terms of
physical proximity to resources
74

75. Step 3: Taking Action
Developing an Action Plan
Achieving Consensus
Implementing the Action Plan
Sharing the Action Plan
Reflection Questions
Step 4: Maintaining, Sustaining, and Evaluating
Mapping Efforts
Evaluating Progress
Maintaining Momentum
Sustaining the Effort
Reflection Questions
Pre-
mapping
Mapping
Action
Evaluation &
maintenance
Step 1: Pre-Mapping
Establishing a Task Force to Guide the Process
Setting a Vision
Setting Goals
Communicating Continuously
Reflection Questions
Step 2: Mapping
Identifying Resources
Developing Mapping Tools and Strategies
Gathering Information
Determining the Meaning of the Information
Communicating and Using the Mapping Results
Reflection Questions
Steps for Resource mapping
75

76. Wealth Ranking
• Tool to identify levels of well-being in
the households of the community
using local criteria defined by
community members themselves
• Also known as well-being ranking
• Provides an insight into the
socioeconomic differences in a
locality
• Highly significant to prioritize
development actions which fit the need
of each specific group
76

77. Source : slideshare.net
More examples:
 Punjab, Pakistan participatory Poverty Assessment
(World Bank 2005)
The wealth ranking was done in categories of
• Very Poor
• Poor
• Better off
• Well off
based on social characteristics, assets, livelihood
strategies and policies, institutions and processes
 In Uganda
Wealth ranking was done under following categories:
• People who can manage
• People who have something
• People who earn slowly
• People who can’t manage
77

78. Results provided by wealth
ranking
• Local concept of wealth, economic and well-
being states
• Economic and well-being profile of
community
• Social stratification at community level
• Ownership and user rights
78

79. Purpose of wealth ranking
• To understand socioeconomic differences within a
community
• To categorize household or social groups into different
economic categories
• To know how people access and use resources
• To identify the likely susceptible changes within a
community brought by project interventions or climate
change
• To identify marginalized groups and inform the
development of equitable benefit distribution
mechanisms 79

80. Limitations of wealth ranking
• Gives a stationary picture with no any expression with
regards to poverty dynamics
• Narrow focus on ranking doesn’t deal with
distribution of well being within the household
• May be susceptible matter and the information may
not be completely true due to fear of people for the
data to be used against them
80

81. Produce wealth ranking
Analyze
Conclude
Steps for wealth ranking
81

82. Facilitation of wealth ranking
Mapping
method
Card
method
Percentage
distribution
method
Summary
matrix
method
Source : knowledgebank.irri.org
Use of social mapping
82

83. Social mapping
A graphic representation of the community layout
presenting information on:
• Infrastructures
• Population
• Social stratifications
• Chronic health cases
• Disability
• Malnourished children
• Family planning
• Vaccination
• Widows
• Destitute, etc
83

84. features
 Visual method providing a basis for the wealth ranking
of the community
 Depended upon the size of community and
demography it represents
84
Source:slideshare.n
et
Source:slideshar
e

85. Uses of social mapping
• To develop a comprehensive understanding of the
physical and social aspects of the community
• To collect demographic and other required
information household wise
• To provide a forum of discussion so as to unravel
the various aspects of the social life
• To serve as a guiding instrument during the process
of planning interventions
• To serve as a monitoring and evaluation tool
85

86. 86
Procedure for social mapping
Prepare a base
map
Code each
household
Focus on the
indicators
Monitor and
evaluate

87. Poverty definitions
Multidimensional including various
aspects and points of view with
regards to subjects such as:
• Material well being
• Food security
• Employment
• Physical capital
• Human capital
• Physical deprivation
• Psychological aspects
(voice, power and
independence)
• Cultural and social norms, etc
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88. 88

89. Common definitions:
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90. 90

91. Thank You!!
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