This document outlines the objectives and content of a class on water and air pollution. The class aims to educate students on the causes and impacts of pollution, different types of air pollutants, and mitigation measures. It also covers specific topics like indoor air pollution, fecal-oral transmission of diseases, organic and inorganic water pollution, and the importance of health education. The document provides learning objectives for each section and includes various images and figures to supplement the content.
Shalaby2021 article green_synthesis of recyclable iron nanoparticlesHalaYassinElKassas
This research article describes the green synthesis of iron oxide nanoparticles (SP-IONPs) using the microalgae Spirulina platensis for removing cationic and anionic dyes from aqueous solutions. The SP-IONPs were characterized using various techniques. Batch experiments were conducted to evaluate the sorption performance of the SP-IONPs for removing crystal violet and methyl orange dyes under different parameters. The SP-IONPs showed maximum sorption capacities of 256.4 mg/g and 270.2 mg/g for crystal violet and methyl orange, respectively, fitting well with the Langmuir model. The kinetics followed pseudo-second order kinetics and thermodynamics showed the process was endothermic. The
This document provides an overview of the core module syllabus for environmental studies courses in higher education. It outlines 8 units that make up the syllabus: 1) The multidisciplinary nature of environmental studies, 2) Natural resources, 3) Ecosystems, 4) Biodiversity and conservation, 5) Environmental pollution, 6) Social issues and the environment, 7) Human population and the environment, and 8) Field work. The introduction discusses how environmental studies draws on various disciplines and aims to educate students on key environmental topics through a holistic approach.
The document discusses the hydrological cycle and hydrosphere. It provides details on the various components of Earth's hydrosphere, including oceans, ice sheets, groundwater, lakes and rivers, atmospheric moisture, and biological water. It explains that the hydrological cycle involves evaporation and transpiration of water from surfaces into the atmosphere, condensation to form precipitation, and precipitation returning water to Earth's surface. Adding water to the system through aquifer drawdown and pumping fossil water increases evaporation and cloud cover, absorbing infrared radiation and impacting the climate system.
The document discusses our environment and environmental pollution. It defines the environment as consisting of living organisms, physical surroundings like soil, atmosphere and water bodies. It then discusses ecosystems and food webs. It defines pollution as the introduction of contaminants that harm the environment. It provides details on water pollution from various sources like industrial and agricultural waste. It also lists the natural and man-made causes of air pollution like vehicle emissions, industrialization and burning of fossil fuels. Finally, it discusses depletion of the ozone layer due to CFCs and the dangers this poses by allowing more UV rays to reach the Earth's surface.
The document discusses the environment and how human activities negatively impact it through pollution and improper waste management. It defines the environment as all living and non-living things that occur naturally, and notes that everything is interconnected. Human activities like urbanization, deforestation, agriculture, mining and industrialization contribute to air, water, soil, noise and radiation pollution. Improper disposal of solid waste is also a major problem, with Kathmandu generating over 450 tons per day. The document recommends adopting the "3R principle" of reduce, reuse and recycle to better manage waste, as well as composting organic matter and raising public awareness.
This document discusses the environment and ecosystems. It explains that human activities produce biodegradable and non-biodegradable waste that pollutes the air, water, and soil. An ecosystem consists of biotic components like producers, consumers, and decomposers, as well as abiotic components like air, water, and sunlight. Energy flows through trophic levels in a food chain from plants to primary consumers to secondary consumers. However, only 10% of energy is transferred at each level, so the highest levels can accumulate chemicals that are concentrated up the food chain through biological magnification. The document concludes that human activities like CFC emissions damage the ozone layer, which protects the earth from UV radiation.
Effects of pH, Dosage, Temperature and Mixing Speed on The Efficiency of Wate...IJAEMSJORNAL
Studies were carried out to determine the effects of operating parameters such as temperature, pH, dosage and mixing speed on the efficiency of watermelon seed in removing the turbidity and colour of Atabong River, which serves the people of Eket and their environs in Akwa-Ibom State. Results obtained showed that at an ideal pH of 7.5, temperature of 25oC, dosage of 0.6g/l and mixing speed of 120rpm the water melon coagulum removed turbidity and colour of the raw river water by 87.9% and 84.3% respectively. At this optimum conditions, water melon coagulum decreased the raw water turbidity from 67.7 to 8.18 NTU and colour, 318 to 50 TCU. The findings have demonstrated the effectiveness of water melon seeds as a possible replacement for chemicals like alum and ferric salts normally used in coagulation-flocculation water treatment.
Shalaby2021 article green_synthesis of recyclable iron nanoparticlesHalaYassinElKassas
This research article describes the green synthesis of iron oxide nanoparticles (SP-IONPs) using the microalgae Spirulina platensis for removing cationic and anionic dyes from aqueous solutions. The SP-IONPs were characterized using various techniques. Batch experiments were conducted to evaluate the sorption performance of the SP-IONPs for removing crystal violet and methyl orange dyes under different parameters. The SP-IONPs showed maximum sorption capacities of 256.4 mg/g and 270.2 mg/g for crystal violet and methyl orange, respectively, fitting well with the Langmuir model. The kinetics followed pseudo-second order kinetics and thermodynamics showed the process was endothermic. The
This document provides an overview of the core module syllabus for environmental studies courses in higher education. It outlines 8 units that make up the syllabus: 1) The multidisciplinary nature of environmental studies, 2) Natural resources, 3) Ecosystems, 4) Biodiversity and conservation, 5) Environmental pollution, 6) Social issues and the environment, 7) Human population and the environment, and 8) Field work. The introduction discusses how environmental studies draws on various disciplines and aims to educate students on key environmental topics through a holistic approach.
The document discusses the hydrological cycle and hydrosphere. It provides details on the various components of Earth's hydrosphere, including oceans, ice sheets, groundwater, lakes and rivers, atmospheric moisture, and biological water. It explains that the hydrological cycle involves evaporation and transpiration of water from surfaces into the atmosphere, condensation to form precipitation, and precipitation returning water to Earth's surface. Adding water to the system through aquifer drawdown and pumping fossil water increases evaporation and cloud cover, absorbing infrared radiation and impacting the climate system.
The document discusses our environment and environmental pollution. It defines the environment as consisting of living organisms, physical surroundings like soil, atmosphere and water bodies. It then discusses ecosystems and food webs. It defines pollution as the introduction of contaminants that harm the environment. It provides details on water pollution from various sources like industrial and agricultural waste. It also lists the natural and man-made causes of air pollution like vehicle emissions, industrialization and burning of fossil fuels. Finally, it discusses depletion of the ozone layer due to CFCs and the dangers this poses by allowing more UV rays to reach the Earth's surface.
The document discusses the environment and how human activities negatively impact it through pollution and improper waste management. It defines the environment as all living and non-living things that occur naturally, and notes that everything is interconnected. Human activities like urbanization, deforestation, agriculture, mining and industrialization contribute to air, water, soil, noise and radiation pollution. Improper disposal of solid waste is also a major problem, with Kathmandu generating over 450 tons per day. The document recommends adopting the "3R principle" of reduce, reuse and recycle to better manage waste, as well as composting organic matter and raising public awareness.
This document discusses the environment and ecosystems. It explains that human activities produce biodegradable and non-biodegradable waste that pollutes the air, water, and soil. An ecosystem consists of biotic components like producers, consumers, and decomposers, as well as abiotic components like air, water, and sunlight. Energy flows through trophic levels in a food chain from plants to primary consumers to secondary consumers. However, only 10% of energy is transferred at each level, so the highest levels can accumulate chemicals that are concentrated up the food chain through biological magnification. The document concludes that human activities like CFC emissions damage the ozone layer, which protects the earth from UV radiation.
Effects of pH, Dosage, Temperature and Mixing Speed on The Efficiency of Wate...IJAEMSJORNAL
Studies were carried out to determine the effects of operating parameters such as temperature, pH, dosage and mixing speed on the efficiency of watermelon seed in removing the turbidity and colour of Atabong River, which serves the people of Eket and their environs in Akwa-Ibom State. Results obtained showed that at an ideal pH of 7.5, temperature of 25oC, dosage of 0.6g/l and mixing speed of 120rpm the water melon coagulum removed turbidity and colour of the raw river water by 87.9% and 84.3% respectively. At this optimum conditions, water melon coagulum decreased the raw water turbidity from 67.7 to 8.18 NTU and colour, 318 to 50 TCU. The findings have demonstrated the effectiveness of water melon seeds as a possible replacement for chemicals like alum and ferric salts normally used in coagulation-flocculation water treatment.
Pollution is the introduction of contaminants into the environment that cause harm or discomfort to living organisms. There are different types of pollution including air, water, and land pollution. Air pollution consists of solid particles and gases in the atmosphere from sources like vehicle emissions, factory chemicals, and pollen. Water pollution adversely affects bodies of water and makes water unsuitable for intended uses. Land pollution degrades the earth's surface through improper waste disposal, mineral exploitation, and inadequate agricultural practices.
This document discusses water innovation problems and solutions. It notes that water shortages exist around the world due to agricultural, industrial, and domestic water demands. Desalination requires a lot of energy. The document then describes how researchers have developed a new water filtration system using nanotechnology that can remove microbes like bacteria from water using silver ions. This new system costs only $2.50 per year to provide clean water to a family.
Relationship between environment and societyKaiserin Tania
This document discusses the relationship between society and the environment. It notes that sustainability depends on balancing exploitation of the environment with ethical attitudes. Technology determines our ability to exploit the environment, while ethics determines how we use technology. The document also discusses several issues impacting the environment, including climate change, water scarcity, soil degradation, and their effects on human society. Environmental sociology studies how social factors cause environmental problems and how societies address such issues. Throughout history, humans have both impacted and been impacted by the natural world.
A report on a visit to a local polluted site.Suraj Poudel
1. The author visited the Dande River in Paklihawa, Nepal which has become highly polluted due to waste dumping and a lack of sanitation practices by local residents.
2. At the site, the author observed piles of decomposing waste materials including hospital waste, plastic, food waste, and animal/human excreta dumped along the river bank.
3. This pollution is negatively impacting water quality, causing eutrophication, and reducing the river's utility for local communities and ecosystem. Remedial measures are needed such as public education, improved sanitation, and strict enforcement of pollution laws.
The document discusses various types and causes of air pollution. It notes that air pollution occurs everywhere from vehicle emissions, factories, and other sources that release smoke and debris into the atmosphere. Major cities with large populations and industries tend to have higher levels of air pollution. In Mexico specifically, air pollution is concentrated in highly populated urban areas, with Mexico City accounting for 23.6% of the country's air pollution emissions despite efforts to reduce pollution. The document suggests individual actions people can take to help reduce pollution like using less plastic, driving less, conserving energy and water.
The document discusses ecosystems and how human activities impact the environment. It describes the components of an ecosystem like producers, consumers, decomposers and abiotic factors. There is a 10% loss of energy at each trophic level, limiting the number that can exist in a food chain. Human waste and chemicals like CFCs threaten ecosystems by polluting the air, water and soil. Improper waste disposal and ozone layer depletion are significant environmental issues addressed in the text.
How human activities affect environment made by kobidmani rijalKewalMani
Human activities negatively impact the environment in several ways. Air is polluted by smoke from burning fuels, dust from construction, and vehicle exhaust. This causes respiratory diseases. Water becomes contaminated when sewage and chemicals are dumped untreated. This spreads diseases and kills aquatic life. Soil fertility decreases as garbage, waste, and excessive fertilizers are disposed of improperly. Deforestation due to logging and land clearing disrupts ecosystems, increases flooding and landslides, and disturbs rainfall patterns. Overall, human activities like these pollute the air, water, soil and lead to loss of forests and habitats if not managed sustainably.
The document defines the natural environment as all living and non-living things that occur naturally on Earth. It describes the key components of the environment as the lithosphere, hydrosphere, atmosphere, and biosphere. It then goes on to explain each of these components in more detail, including their composition and important cycles and processes within each component, such as the water, carbon, and nitrogen cycles. It emphasizes that all life depends on healthy functioning of the Earth's natural environment and its critical biogeochemical cycles.
Ecosystem change and human health: an overview of the HEAL programCIFOR-ICRAF
This document summarizes the work of the HEAL (Health and Ecosystems: Analysis of Linkages) program. It discusses how environmental change can impact human health through changes in wildlife populations, food supply, and nutrient intake. Specifically, it presents a case study on how wildlife declines in Madagascar are linked to increased malnutrition. It outlines the HEAL methodology which involves collecting dietary, health, and biological data. The results indicate strong reliance on wild foods and associations between consumption of bushmeat and improved nutrition. The document emphasizes the importance of ecosystems for nutrition and highlights mortality risks from malnutrition.
The hydrosphere refers to all water on, under, and over the surface of a planet, including water in oceans, rivers, lakes, atmosphere, and groundwater. The Earth's hydrosphere contains about 1.4 x 10^18 tonnes of water, with about 97% located in oceans. Water cycles through the hydrosphere via the hydrologic cycle. The hydrosphere supports life and is essential to the biosphere but is threatened by pollution from human activities.
The document discusses ecosystems, environmental hazards, and pollution. It defines ecosystems as communities of interacting species that exchange energy and matter. It describes ecosystem structure, including biotic and abiotic components, and functions such as productivity, decomposition, nutrient cycling, and energy flow. It also discusses different types of pollution like air, water, soil, and radiation pollution and their environmental impacts. In summary, the document provides an overview of ecosystems, hazards in the environment, and various types of pollution.
Environmental conservation refers to protecting the natural environment from harmful human impacts. It is important for human and planetary health. When the environment is polluted or degraded, it damages ecosystems and human lives through problems like increased disease, worsening climate change, and loss of biodiversity. Some ways to conserve the environment include reducing waste and pollution, choosing more sustainable transportation options, recycling, composting, consuming less meat, and engaging in community environmental projects like tree planting. Protecting the natural world benefits both people and nature long into the future.
The document discusses different components of an ecosystem and how energy flows between them. It defines biotic and abiotic components, producers, consumers, decomposers, food chains, food webs, and trophic levels. It explains how energy is transferred between trophic levels, with only 10% being transferred to the next level, resulting in decreased available energy at higher trophic levels. It also discusses how harmful chemicals can accumulate and concentrate in organisms at higher trophic levels through biological magnification. Finally, it provides an example of how human activities like CFC use can damage the ozone layer and impact the environment.
Eutrophication of aquatic ecosystems can have both temporary and more permanent negative effects. It may lead to algal blooms that reduce dissolved oxygen in the water through plant respiration and decay, potentially killing invertebrates and fish. Certain algal species can also produce toxins harmful to other organisms. Long term, eutrophication decreases biodiversity as nutrient-tolerant species outcompete others. If left unchecked, eutrophication poses serious risks to both aquatic life and humans who rely on those ecosystems.
Eutrophication is the process by which excessive nutrients like phosphorus and nitrogen enter bodies of water, promoting algal and plant growth. This can deteriorate water quality and harm ecosystems. Eutrophication can occur naturally as lakes age, but is now widely caused by human activities like agriculture, sewage discharge, and development. These excess nutrients come from point sources like wastewater pipes and non-point sources like agricultural and urban runoff. Eutrophication leads to problems like algal blooms, low water clarity, fish kills, and loss of biodiversity as ecosystems become unbalanced. Managing eutrophication requires controlling nutrient sources and runoff.
The Fresh Kills Landfill in Staten Island, New York was once the largest landfill in the world, opening in 1947 and operating for over 50 years. It closed in 2001 due to lack of environmental protections and local opposition. The landfill is now being redeveloped into a 3,000 acre park over 30 years, with landfill caps and gas collection systems to ensure safety during transformation.
here i cover eutrophication topic. we all know its a threat to environment . here i also mention the negative and positive impact of it. i didn't cover all the aspects of it. but here i give graphical representation so it is easy to understand.
This document discusses key components of the environment including biotic factors like plants and animals, abiotic factors like air, water, and soil. It explains the relationships between these components through food chains and cycles. It also covers environmental issues like pollution, climate change, and the greenhouse effect. Maintaining a balance between oxygen and carbon dioxide is important for the planet. The document emphasizes protecting the environment to ensure sustainability of life.
Pollution degrades the natural environment by introducing external substances that can affect and permanently alter human health, ecosystem quality, and aquatic and terrestrial biodiversity. Pollution occurs when ecosystems cannot eliminate introduced substances and the balance is broken. Sources include oil spills, chemical spills, and nuclear accidents, which can have terrible consequences like destroying biodiversity, increasing mortality, and damaging soil, water, and air quality. To prevent pollution, sustainable development principles must be applied by satisfying current needs without compromising the future's ability to meet their own needs. Existing pollution must be remedied while anticipating and preventing future sources to protect the environment and public health.
This document contains a student paper on the topic of environmental protection. It discusses several key points:
1) It defines the environment as everything that makes up our surroundings and affects our ability to live on Earth, including air, water, plants, and animals.
2) It notes that scientists have found that human activities like air pollution, deforestation, and acid rain are dangerous to both the Earth and ourselves.
3) It discusses the major types of environmental pollution like air, water, and land pollution and provides examples of each. Control measures are also outlined.
4) Suggestions are provided for how individuals can help save the environment through actions like conserving energy and water, recycling
This document summarizes key issues around global water policy and access to clean water. It notes that over 1 billion people worldwide lack access to safe drinking water. It discusses the impacts of the construction industry on water quality and the need for water policy measures to ensure supply, protect the environment, improve water quality, promote sustainable use and reduce pollution. The document concludes by listing efforts to raise awareness about water issues through presentations, brochures, posters, websites and videos.
This document discusses water and sanitation challenges in India. It notes that water is essential for life but is often contaminated, and many people in India lack access to safe drinking water. Inadequate sanitation is also widespread and a major cause of disease. Some solutions proposed include seeking new water sources through desalination, reducing water demand in agriculture and industry, recycling water, and improving sanitation facilities and wastewater treatment. Proper sanitation is important for public health by preventing the spread of diseases.
Pollution is the introduction of contaminants into the environment that cause harm or discomfort to living organisms. There are different types of pollution including air, water, and land pollution. Air pollution consists of solid particles and gases in the atmosphere from sources like vehicle emissions, factory chemicals, and pollen. Water pollution adversely affects bodies of water and makes water unsuitable for intended uses. Land pollution degrades the earth's surface through improper waste disposal, mineral exploitation, and inadequate agricultural practices.
This document discusses water innovation problems and solutions. It notes that water shortages exist around the world due to agricultural, industrial, and domestic water demands. Desalination requires a lot of energy. The document then describes how researchers have developed a new water filtration system using nanotechnology that can remove microbes like bacteria from water using silver ions. This new system costs only $2.50 per year to provide clean water to a family.
Relationship between environment and societyKaiserin Tania
This document discusses the relationship between society and the environment. It notes that sustainability depends on balancing exploitation of the environment with ethical attitudes. Technology determines our ability to exploit the environment, while ethics determines how we use technology. The document also discusses several issues impacting the environment, including climate change, water scarcity, soil degradation, and their effects on human society. Environmental sociology studies how social factors cause environmental problems and how societies address such issues. Throughout history, humans have both impacted and been impacted by the natural world.
A report on a visit to a local polluted site.Suraj Poudel
1. The author visited the Dande River in Paklihawa, Nepal which has become highly polluted due to waste dumping and a lack of sanitation practices by local residents.
2. At the site, the author observed piles of decomposing waste materials including hospital waste, plastic, food waste, and animal/human excreta dumped along the river bank.
3. This pollution is negatively impacting water quality, causing eutrophication, and reducing the river's utility for local communities and ecosystem. Remedial measures are needed such as public education, improved sanitation, and strict enforcement of pollution laws.
The document discusses various types and causes of air pollution. It notes that air pollution occurs everywhere from vehicle emissions, factories, and other sources that release smoke and debris into the atmosphere. Major cities with large populations and industries tend to have higher levels of air pollution. In Mexico specifically, air pollution is concentrated in highly populated urban areas, with Mexico City accounting for 23.6% of the country's air pollution emissions despite efforts to reduce pollution. The document suggests individual actions people can take to help reduce pollution like using less plastic, driving less, conserving energy and water.
The document discusses ecosystems and how human activities impact the environment. It describes the components of an ecosystem like producers, consumers, decomposers and abiotic factors. There is a 10% loss of energy at each trophic level, limiting the number that can exist in a food chain. Human waste and chemicals like CFCs threaten ecosystems by polluting the air, water and soil. Improper waste disposal and ozone layer depletion are significant environmental issues addressed in the text.
How human activities affect environment made by kobidmani rijalKewalMani
Human activities negatively impact the environment in several ways. Air is polluted by smoke from burning fuels, dust from construction, and vehicle exhaust. This causes respiratory diseases. Water becomes contaminated when sewage and chemicals are dumped untreated. This spreads diseases and kills aquatic life. Soil fertility decreases as garbage, waste, and excessive fertilizers are disposed of improperly. Deforestation due to logging and land clearing disrupts ecosystems, increases flooding and landslides, and disturbs rainfall patterns. Overall, human activities like these pollute the air, water, soil and lead to loss of forests and habitats if not managed sustainably.
The document defines the natural environment as all living and non-living things that occur naturally on Earth. It describes the key components of the environment as the lithosphere, hydrosphere, atmosphere, and biosphere. It then goes on to explain each of these components in more detail, including their composition and important cycles and processes within each component, such as the water, carbon, and nitrogen cycles. It emphasizes that all life depends on healthy functioning of the Earth's natural environment and its critical biogeochemical cycles.
Ecosystem change and human health: an overview of the HEAL programCIFOR-ICRAF
This document summarizes the work of the HEAL (Health and Ecosystems: Analysis of Linkages) program. It discusses how environmental change can impact human health through changes in wildlife populations, food supply, and nutrient intake. Specifically, it presents a case study on how wildlife declines in Madagascar are linked to increased malnutrition. It outlines the HEAL methodology which involves collecting dietary, health, and biological data. The results indicate strong reliance on wild foods and associations between consumption of bushmeat and improved nutrition. The document emphasizes the importance of ecosystems for nutrition and highlights mortality risks from malnutrition.
The hydrosphere refers to all water on, under, and over the surface of a planet, including water in oceans, rivers, lakes, atmosphere, and groundwater. The Earth's hydrosphere contains about 1.4 x 10^18 tonnes of water, with about 97% located in oceans. Water cycles through the hydrosphere via the hydrologic cycle. The hydrosphere supports life and is essential to the biosphere but is threatened by pollution from human activities.
The document discusses ecosystems, environmental hazards, and pollution. It defines ecosystems as communities of interacting species that exchange energy and matter. It describes ecosystem structure, including biotic and abiotic components, and functions such as productivity, decomposition, nutrient cycling, and energy flow. It also discusses different types of pollution like air, water, soil, and radiation pollution and their environmental impacts. In summary, the document provides an overview of ecosystems, hazards in the environment, and various types of pollution.
Environmental conservation refers to protecting the natural environment from harmful human impacts. It is important for human and planetary health. When the environment is polluted or degraded, it damages ecosystems and human lives through problems like increased disease, worsening climate change, and loss of biodiversity. Some ways to conserve the environment include reducing waste and pollution, choosing more sustainable transportation options, recycling, composting, consuming less meat, and engaging in community environmental projects like tree planting. Protecting the natural world benefits both people and nature long into the future.
The document discusses different components of an ecosystem and how energy flows between them. It defines biotic and abiotic components, producers, consumers, decomposers, food chains, food webs, and trophic levels. It explains how energy is transferred between trophic levels, with only 10% being transferred to the next level, resulting in decreased available energy at higher trophic levels. It also discusses how harmful chemicals can accumulate and concentrate in organisms at higher trophic levels through biological magnification. Finally, it provides an example of how human activities like CFC use can damage the ozone layer and impact the environment.
Eutrophication of aquatic ecosystems can have both temporary and more permanent negative effects. It may lead to algal blooms that reduce dissolved oxygen in the water through plant respiration and decay, potentially killing invertebrates and fish. Certain algal species can also produce toxins harmful to other organisms. Long term, eutrophication decreases biodiversity as nutrient-tolerant species outcompete others. If left unchecked, eutrophication poses serious risks to both aquatic life and humans who rely on those ecosystems.
Eutrophication is the process by which excessive nutrients like phosphorus and nitrogen enter bodies of water, promoting algal and plant growth. This can deteriorate water quality and harm ecosystems. Eutrophication can occur naturally as lakes age, but is now widely caused by human activities like agriculture, sewage discharge, and development. These excess nutrients come from point sources like wastewater pipes and non-point sources like agricultural and urban runoff. Eutrophication leads to problems like algal blooms, low water clarity, fish kills, and loss of biodiversity as ecosystems become unbalanced. Managing eutrophication requires controlling nutrient sources and runoff.
The Fresh Kills Landfill in Staten Island, New York was once the largest landfill in the world, opening in 1947 and operating for over 50 years. It closed in 2001 due to lack of environmental protections and local opposition. The landfill is now being redeveloped into a 3,000 acre park over 30 years, with landfill caps and gas collection systems to ensure safety during transformation.
here i cover eutrophication topic. we all know its a threat to environment . here i also mention the negative and positive impact of it. i didn't cover all the aspects of it. but here i give graphical representation so it is easy to understand.
This document discusses key components of the environment including biotic factors like plants and animals, abiotic factors like air, water, and soil. It explains the relationships between these components through food chains and cycles. It also covers environmental issues like pollution, climate change, and the greenhouse effect. Maintaining a balance between oxygen and carbon dioxide is important for the planet. The document emphasizes protecting the environment to ensure sustainability of life.
Pollution degrades the natural environment by introducing external substances that can affect and permanently alter human health, ecosystem quality, and aquatic and terrestrial biodiversity. Pollution occurs when ecosystems cannot eliminate introduced substances and the balance is broken. Sources include oil spills, chemical spills, and nuclear accidents, which can have terrible consequences like destroying biodiversity, increasing mortality, and damaging soil, water, and air quality. To prevent pollution, sustainable development principles must be applied by satisfying current needs without compromising the future's ability to meet their own needs. Existing pollution must be remedied while anticipating and preventing future sources to protect the environment and public health.
This document contains a student paper on the topic of environmental protection. It discusses several key points:
1) It defines the environment as everything that makes up our surroundings and affects our ability to live on Earth, including air, water, plants, and animals.
2) It notes that scientists have found that human activities like air pollution, deforestation, and acid rain are dangerous to both the Earth and ourselves.
3) It discusses the major types of environmental pollution like air, water, and land pollution and provides examples of each. Control measures are also outlined.
4) Suggestions are provided for how individuals can help save the environment through actions like conserving energy and water, recycling
This document summarizes key issues around global water policy and access to clean water. It notes that over 1 billion people worldwide lack access to safe drinking water. It discusses the impacts of the construction industry on water quality and the need for water policy measures to ensure supply, protect the environment, improve water quality, promote sustainable use and reduce pollution. The document concludes by listing efforts to raise awareness about water issues through presentations, brochures, posters, websites and videos.
This document discusses water and sanitation challenges in India. It notes that water is essential for life but is often contaminated, and many people in India lack access to safe drinking water. Inadequate sanitation is also widespread and a major cause of disease. Some solutions proposed include seeking new water sources through desalination, reducing water demand in agriculture and industry, recycling water, and improving sanitation facilities and wastewater treatment. Proper sanitation is important for public health by preventing the spread of diseases.
This document provides an introduction to drinking water quality, waterborne diseases, and water quality monitoring. It discusses that while access to water has improved globally, water quality remains a major public health crisis as many improved water sources remain contaminated. Contaminated water can transmit deadly diseases and around 1 billion people lack access to clean water. The document outlines factors contributing to water contamination and corrective actions needed to improve water quality monitoring and ensure access to safe drinking water for all as targeted by UN Sustainable Development Goal 6.
Introduction to Drinking Water Quality: A Layperson’s Guide to Water Quality,...lhirsh
Poor water quality is a global health crisis. Not everyone who must help remedy this monumental problem is a scientist, or policy maker, or water, sanitation and hygiene expert, or public health professional. However, everyone at every level must have some understanding of the subject and science behind it.
Our booklet provides basic information to help people make intelligent decisions about safe drinking water.
Sanitation is the hygienic means of preventing human contact with the multiple hazards associated with waste in order to promote health.
Some of the hazards include physical, microbiological, biological and chemical.
The most common hazards that pose health problems originate from human and animal faeces, solid waste, domestic wastewater, and industrial and agricultural waste.
To prevent the health threat posed by these wastes, engineering solutions such as sewerage and wastewater treatment and simple technologies like latrines, septic tanks or even hand washing with soap rank high.
This document summarizes a student's health risk assessment of using rainwater for toilet flushing. The student assessed potential health risks by employing a Quantitative Microbial Risk Assessment. The literature review found mixed results on the safety of consuming rainwater, with some studies finding rainwater safe and others finding potential pathogens. The student conducted their own designed experiment and theoretical modeling study to estimate microbial risks. Their results showed the risk of infection from inhaling Campylobacter and Salmonella after flushing a toilet supplied with rainwater was very low.
The document discusses various sources and types of water pollution. It outlines point sources which directly emit pollutants into water and non-point sources which load pollutants over large areas. Specific pollutants mentioned include pathogens, toxic chemicals, excess nutrients, sediments, thermal pollution, and petroleum. Solutions proposed to address water pollution involve reducing pollutants at their sources and improving wastewater treatment before discharge.
The document discusses environmental health and sanitation. It defines environment and discusses various physical, biological, and social environmental factors. Poor sanitation and pollution of air, water, and soil are linked to ill health. Maintaining a healthy environment requires a multi-disciplinary approach. The document focuses on water specifically, outlining different water sources, related health issues, and purification methods. It emphasizes the importance of access to safe drinking water and discusses large-scale water treatment involving storage, filtration, and chlorine disinfection.
This document discusses water, sanitation, and hygiene. It defines sanitation as the hygienic means of promoting health through preventing contact with waste hazards. Over 1 billion people lack access to safe water and over 2.6 billion lack basic sanitation. Common forms of excreta disposal without water carriage include pit latrines and defecation fields. Preventing rodents and vermin requires sanitation, sealing entry points, traps, and natural repellents to control pests without chemicals.
Unesco sustainable development goal clean water and sanitation 6Naja Fukamolo salomon
This document discusses Unesco's 6th sustainable development goal of clean water and sanitation. It provides background on the current state of clean water and sanitation globally, noting that billions lack access to clean water or sanitation facilities. The document argues that education is key to achieving universal access to clean water and sanitation. It asks several questions about how education can improve understanding and infrastructure to work towards this important global goal.
Sanitation refers to public health conditions related to clean drinking water and adequate treatment and disposal of human excreta and sewage.[1] Preventing human contact with feces is part of sanitation, as is hand washing with soap. Sanitation system aim to protect human health by providing a clean environment that will stop the transmission of disease, especially through the fecal-oral route.[2] For example, diarrhea, a main cause of malnutrition and stunted growth in children, can be reduced through sanitation.[3] There are many other diseases which are easily transmitted in communities that have low levels of sanitation, such as ascariasis (a type of intestinal worm infection or helminthiasis), cholera, hepatitis, polio, schistosomiasis, trachoma, to name just a few.
A range of sanitation technologies and approaches exists. Some examples are community-led total sanitation, container-based sanitation, ecological sanitation, emergency sanitation, environmental sanitation, onsite sanitation and sustainable sanitation. A sanitation system includes the capture, storage, transport, treatment and disposal or reuse of human excreta and wastewater.[4] Reuse activities within the sanitation system may focus on the nutrients, water, energy or organic matter contained in excreta and wastewater. This is referred to as the "sanitation value chain" or "sanitation economy
This presentation covers water and sanitation as predictors of good health and wellbeing. Poor water and sanitary conditions permits the outbreaks of epidemics as well as infectious and communicable diseases. It is an important goal in the sustainable development goals and all efforts must be made to protect our water bodies and uphold the highest standards of sanitation
Challenges of Ecological Sanitation: Experiences from Vietnam and MalawiHidenori Harada
Ecological sanitation (ecosan) faces challenges in broader implementation due to issues with excreta use and integration with agriculture. A study of ecosan cases in Vietnam and Malawi found that while ecosan toilets were generally well accepted, actual excreta use for agriculture was limited. Successful large-scale introduction in Malawi demonstrated that comprehensive integration of ecosan with agricultural activities and production, including demonstration of the benefits of excreta use, led to greater success and demand for treating and reusing human waste. Proper integration with agriculture is key to broader implementation and realization of ecosan's potential benefits for sanitation and food security.
The document discusses the large problem of access to clean drinking water and sanitation in India, noting statistics on water-borne diseases and the hundreds of millions of people without access. It then provides details on various technologies and approaches that could help address this issue, such as rainwater harvesting techniques, water filters, and monitoring water quality. A group of 5 people aims to help solve this problem through their discussion on the topic.
World Health Organization (WHO) and United Nations International Children’s Emergency Fund (UNICEF) 2017:
2.1 billion people lack safe drinking water at home
About 4.2 billion lack safe sanitation
3 in 10 (2.1 billion) lack access to safe, available water at home
6 in 10 (4.5 billion) lack safely managed sanitation
Overview for the Safe Drinking Water.pptxRashmiSanghi1
The document discusses ensuring access to safe drinking water. It notes that water is essential for life and health. The World Health Organization and UN have emphasized providing universal access to safe drinking water. Standards and guidelines for drinking water quality have been developed to assess water sources and ensure treatment and supply by authorities is effective. Regular testing of drinking water supplies is important to understand health risks and implement proper controls.
This document discusses environmental health and sanitation. It defines environmental health as a discipline of public health focused on factors like water quality, waste disposal, and disease prevention. Proper sanitation includes safe disposal of human waste, refuse, and wastewater to prevent disease transmission. The document examines various methods of excreta disposal commonly used in rural areas, including pit latrines, trench latrines, and bucket systems, outlining their applications and limitations. Overall it provides an overview of key concepts and approaches in environmental health and sanitation.
This document provides an overview of climate change, its causes, impacts, and mitigation efforts. It discusses how both natural phenomena and human activities contribute to climate change by increasing greenhouse gas emissions. Major effects of climate change include rising global temperatures, sea level rise, extreme weather events, and disruption of ecosystems. The presentation outlines international cooperation to reduce emissions through agreements like the UNFCCC, as well as domestic mitigation strategies such as shifting to renewable energy, carbon capture and storage, afforestation, and sustainable agriculture and land use practices. Overall, the document aims to educate about climate science and mitigation measures being taken globally and nationally to address anthropogenic climate change.
This document contains a presentation on the topic of environment. It discusses key concepts like ecology, ecosystems, conservation of the environment, and optimal utilization of natural resources.
The objectives of the presentation are to understand the importance of environment, the objectives of conserving it, different types of natural resources, conflicts over resources, global and local environmental issues.
The presentation covers various components of the environment like biotic and abiotic factors. It explains concepts such as ecology, ecosystems, nutrient cycles, energy flow and limiting factors. It emphasizes the importance of conservation and discusses types of conservation like energy, water, soil and plant conservation. Sustainable use of resources and reducing environmental footprint are highlighted as important ways to conserve the environment.
The document provides a brief history of early human civilization from the Stone Age to the Iron Age. It discusses the key developments during these periods, including the discovery of metals like copper and bronze and the rise of early civilizations in places like Mesopotamia, Egypt, and the Indus Valley. The document then summarizes the major cultural and technological changes that occurred during the Renaissance period in Europe from the 14th to 17th centuries, as well as the key inventions and innovations that drove the Industrial Revolution in England from the late 18th century.
The early human civilization progressed from the Stone Age to the Bronze Age to the Iron Age. Important developments included the first civilizations in Mesopotamia and Egypt, advances in technology like bronze and iron, and the rise of empires and philosophies. The Renaissance period saw a rebirth of learning from ancient Greece and Rome. The early Industrial Revolution began around 1660 and was driven by innovations in textiles, steam power, iron making, and machine tools that increased productivity and led to urbanization and population growth.
This document outlines the development approach presentation for a group project, including group members, tutor, objectives to understand different development approaches and policies in Nepal, and an outline covering topics like development approaches, community management, infrastructure policies, ethnographic and participatory approaches, and related tools and definitions.
The document discusses different development approaches and infrastructure development policies in Nepal. It describes labor-based, environment-friendly, and participatory approaches. It also discusses community management with engineers acting as facilitators. Key features of Nepal's infrastructure development policies are outlined, including interim plans, development plans, and specific policies like the Nepal Agricultural Perspective Plan. The document also describes the ethnographic approach to collecting information through participant observation and thick description of social contexts.
This document provides an outline for a presentation on technology. It begins with definitions of technology and discusses its characteristics and main categories. It then explores both the positive and negative impacts of technology on the environment, society, and employment. Some key benefits of new technological inventions are also highlighted, such as fast communication, transportation, and increased productivity. The document concludes by noting some limitations of technology and how the impacts depend on how it is used.
This document outlines the objectives and content of a presentation on technology, environment, and society. The presentation discusses how technology can help unmask social problems and how society controls technology. It examines the impact of technology on culture, traditions, and social values. A key point is that the advancement of technology is largely irreversible as new technologies build upon old ones and make reverting impossible. The presentation covers major technological revolutions like the agricultural, industrial, and information ages. It provides characteristics of an information society and discusses information as a source of power and wealth.
The document provides a brief history of human civilization from early civilizations through modern times. It discusses the Stone Age, Bronze Age, Iron Age and early civilizations. It then covers the Renaissance period in Europe which sparked growth in science, arts and philosophy. The document outlines the Industrial Revolution which began in Europe and transformed through mechanization and technology. Finally, it examines the transition to an information society and impacts of World Wars I and II on politics, economics, society and technology.
Embedded machine learning-based road conditions and driving behavior monitoringIJECEIAES
Car accident rates have increased in recent years, resulting in losses in human lives, properties, and other financial costs. An embedded machine learning-based system is developed to address this critical issue. The system can monitor road conditions, detect driving patterns, and identify aggressive driving behaviors. The system is based on neural networks trained on a comprehensive dataset of driving events, driving styles, and road conditions. The system effectively detects potential risks and helps mitigate the frequency and impact of accidents. The primary goal is to ensure the safety of drivers and vehicles. Collecting data involved gathering information on three key road events: normal street and normal drive, speed bumps, circular yellow speed bumps, and three aggressive driving actions: sudden start, sudden stop, and sudden entry. The gathered data is processed and analyzed using a machine learning system designed for limited power and memory devices. The developed system resulted in 91.9% accuracy, 93.6% precision, and 92% recall. The achieved inference time on an Arduino Nano 33 BLE Sense with a 32-bit CPU running at 64 MHz is 34 ms and requires 2.6 kB peak RAM and 139.9 kB program flash memory, making it suitable for resource-constrained embedded systems.
Electric vehicle and photovoltaic advanced roles in enhancing the financial p...IJECEIAES
Climate change's impact on the planet forced the United Nations and governments to promote green energies and electric transportation. The deployments of photovoltaic (PV) and electric vehicle (EV) systems gained stronger momentum due to their numerous advantages over fossil fuel types. The advantages go beyond sustainability to reach financial support and stability. The work in this paper introduces the hybrid system between PV and EV to support industrial and commercial plants. This paper covers the theoretical framework of the proposed hybrid system including the required equation to complete the cost analysis when PV and EV are present. In addition, the proposed design diagram which sets the priorities and requirements of the system is presented. The proposed approach allows setup to advance their power stability, especially during power outages. The presented information supports researchers and plant owners to complete the necessary analysis while promoting the deployment of clean energy. The result of a case study that represents a dairy milk farmer supports the theoretical works and highlights its advanced benefits to existing plants. The short return on investment of the proposed approach supports the paper's novelty approach for the sustainable electrical system. In addition, the proposed system allows for an isolated power setup without the need for a transmission line which enhances the safety of the electrical network
Redefining brain tumor segmentation: a cutting-edge convolutional neural netw...IJECEIAES
Medical image analysis has witnessed significant advancements with deep learning techniques. In the domain of brain tumor segmentation, the ability to
precisely delineate tumor boundaries from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
scans holds profound implications for diagnosis. This study presents an ensemble convolutional neural network (CNN) with transfer learning, integrating
the state-of-the-art Deeplabv3+ architecture with the ResNet18 backbone. The
model is rigorously trained and evaluated, exhibiting remarkable performance
metrics, including an impressive global accuracy of 99.286%, a high-class accuracy of 82.191%, a mean intersection over union (IoU) of 79.900%, a weighted
IoU of 98.620%, and a Boundary F1 (BF) score of 83.303%. Notably, a detailed comparative analysis with existing methods showcases the superiority of
our proposed model. These findings underscore the model’s competence in precise brain tumor localization, underscoring its potential to revolutionize medical
image analysis and enhance healthcare outcomes. This research paves the way
for future exploration and optimization of advanced CNN models in medical
imaging, emphasizing addressing false positives and resource efficiency.
DEEP LEARNING FOR SMART GRID INTRUSION DETECTION: A HYBRID CNN-LSTM-BASED MODELgerogepatton
As digital technology becomes more deeply embedded in power systems, protecting the communication
networks of Smart Grids (SG) has emerged as a critical concern. Distributed Network Protocol 3 (DNP3)
represents a multi-tiered application layer protocol extensively utilized in Supervisory Control and Data
Acquisition (SCADA)-based smart grids to facilitate real-time data gathering and control functionalities.
Robust Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) are necessary for early threat detection and mitigation because
of the interconnection of these networks, which makes them vulnerable to a variety of cyberattacks. To
solve this issue, this paper develops a hybrid Deep Learning (DL) model specifically designed for intrusion
detection in smart grids. The proposed approach is a combination of the Convolutional Neural Network
(CNN) and the Long-Short-Term Memory algorithms (LSTM). We employed a recent intrusion detection
dataset (DNP3), which focuses on unauthorized commands and Denial of Service (DoS) cyberattacks, to
train and test our model. The results of our experiments show that our CNN-LSTM method is much better
at finding smart grid intrusions than other deep learning algorithms used for classification. In addition,
our proposed approach improves accuracy, precision, recall, and F1 score, achieving a high detection
accuracy rate of 99.50%.
Batteries -Introduction – Types of Batteries – discharging and charging of battery - characteristics of battery –battery rating- various tests on battery- – Primary battery: silver button cell- Secondary battery :Ni-Cd battery-modern battery: lithium ion battery-maintenance of batteries-choices of batteries for electric vehicle applications.
Fuel Cells: Introduction- importance and classification of fuel cells - description, principle, components, applications of fuel cells: H2-O2 fuel cell, alkaline fuel cell, molten carbonate fuel cell and direct methanol fuel cells.
International Conference on NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning an...gerogepatton
International Conference on NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning and Applications (NLAIM 2024) offers a premier global platform for exchanging insights and findings in the theory, methodology, and applications of NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, and their applications. The conference seeks substantial contributions across all key domains of NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, and their practical applications, aiming to foster both theoretical advancements and real-world implementations. With a focus on facilitating collaboration between researchers and practitioners from academia and industry, the conference serves as a nexus for sharing the latest developments in the field.
Using recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) for pavements is crucial to achieving sustainability. Implementing RCA for new pavement can minimize carbon footprint, conserve natural resources, reduce harmful emissions, and lower life cycle costs. Compared to natural aggregate (NA), RCA pavement has fewer comprehensive studies and sustainability assessments.
KuberTENes Birthday Bash Guadalajara - K8sGPT first impressionsVictor Morales
K8sGPT is a tool that analyzes and diagnoses Kubernetes clusters. This presentation was used to share the requirements and dependencies to deploy K8sGPT in a local environment.
Literature Review Basics and Understanding Reference Management.pptxDr Ramhari Poudyal
Three-day training on academic research focuses on analytical tools at United Technical College, supported by the University Grant Commission, Nepal. 24-26 May 2024
Comparative analysis between traditional aquaponics and reconstructed aquapon...bijceesjournal
The aquaponic system of planting is a method that does not require soil usage. It is a method that only needs water, fish, lava rocks (a substitute for soil), and plants. Aquaponic systems are sustainable and environmentally friendly. Its use not only helps to plant in small spaces but also helps reduce artificial chemical use and minimizes excess water use, as aquaponics consumes 90% less water than soil-based gardening. The study applied a descriptive and experimental design to assess and compare conventional and reconstructed aquaponic methods for reproducing tomatoes. The researchers created an observation checklist to determine the significant factors of the study. The study aims to determine the significant difference between traditional aquaponics and reconstructed aquaponics systems propagating tomatoes in terms of height, weight, girth, and number of fruits. The reconstructed aquaponics system’s higher growth yield results in a much more nourished crop than the traditional aquaponics system. It is superior in its number of fruits, height, weight, and girth measurement. Moreover, the reconstructed aquaponics system is proven to eliminate all the hindrances present in the traditional aquaponics system, which are overcrowding of fish, algae growth, pest problems, contaminated water, and dead fish.
1. Water and Air Pollution
Group members:
Ravi, 132
Ravi, 133
Rhythmm, 134
Rishav, 135
Roshan, 136
Rupesh, 137
Sachet, 138
Tutor:
Asst. Prof. Shukra Raj Paudel
Department of Civil
Engineering
IOE, Tribhuvan University
2018-06-07
2. o To know different causes of air and
water pollution
o Identify the impacts of the pollution on
human health
o To understand different types of air
pollutants
o To learn about various mitigation
measures of air and water pollution
o To familiarize with indoor air pollution
and its severity Source:
www.google.com/images
2
3. 5.1) Fecal- oral infection transmission
route
5.2) Preventive measures
5.3) On site sanitation (Including eco-
sanitation)
5.4) Importance of health education
5.5) Organic pollution
5.6) Inorganic pollution
5.7) Sources, causes and impacts of
air pollution
5.8) Mitigation measures of air
pollution
5.9) Indoor air pollution
5.10) Severity of its problem in Nepal
Source:
www.google.com/images
3
4. Pollution is the process of
contamination of the environmental
components such as water, air, land,
etc. by unwanted foreign substances.
Source:
Fig: Water pollution
Fig: Air pollution
4
5. Fecal-oral
transmission means spread
of microbes (viruses,
bacteria or parasites) from
the human or animal stool to
the mouth
Fig: Transmission route
Source: www.google.com/images
5
6. o Transmission of microbes
from your own stool is
called auto-infection
o Hands: By shaking someone’s
hands contaminated by stool,
touching surfaces in public
toilets, changing
diapers, working in the garden,
dealing with cattle or pets, etc.
o Toys: Contact of children to
contaminated toys
Fig: Transmission route
Source: Wagner and Lanois,
1958
6
7. o Fomites: Various objects, including
utensils, capable of carrying microbes
o Food: Usually raw fruits or vegetables,
contaminated by stool-contaminated
hands or house flies
o Drinking water, usually from lakes,
contaminated by animal stool,
swimming pools, contaminated by
human feces, or even tap water
in certain countries with low-hygiene
habits
o Eating feces: Seen in children, or in a
mental disorder called coprophagy.
Source: www.google.com/images
Fig: Fomites
7
8. o Viruses:
o Hepatitis A and E virus
o Polio virus
o Rotavirus: Causes viral diarrhea in
children, known as stomach flu
o Parasites:
o Intestinal unicellular parasites:
Entamoeba histolytica, Giardia,
Cryptosporidium, Microsporidia
o Intestinal worms: Roundworms,
tapeworms or pinworms Source:
www.google.com/images
Fig: Virus
Fig: Parasite
8
9. o Bacteria:
o Campylobacter, Salmonella,
Shigella: Causing food
poisoning and traveler’s
diarrhea
o Clostridium difficile: Causing
antibiotic associated
diarrhea
o Salmonella typhi: Causing
typhoid fever
o Toxoplasma gondii
o Vibrio cholerae: Water
borne infection causing
cholera
Source: www.google.com/images
Fig: Bacteria
9
11. Main causes of fecal–oral disease
transmission include:
o Lack of dequate sanitation (leading
to open defecation)
Poor hygiene practices
o If soil or water bodies are
polluted with fecal material,
humans can be infected with water-
borne diseases or soil-transmitted
diseases. Source:
www.google.com/images
Fig: Open defecation and
urination
11
12. o Wash your hands after
using toilet, changing
diapers, working in garden
o Do not change diapers at
the same place where you
prepare food
o Do not drink water from
rivers, lakes and swimming
pools
o Disinfect suspicious tap
water
Source: www.google.com/images
Fig: Proper handwashing method
12
13. o Separate provision of
laying the water supply
and sewage pipes
o Advertisements and
awareness in public
especially rural areas
o Travelers are at great risk
and it is therefore
important to be cautions &
practice good hygiene
while abroad.
o Street food should be
avoided Source:
www.google.com/images
Fig: Awareness
13
15. o On-site sanitation is a scheme
where the treatment of excreta or
manure is done at same
surrounding where its is generated
o It may be disposed of on site or
removed manually for safe
disposal
o It should only be used where a
community public sanitation
system is not available or
Source: www.google.com/images
Fig: On-site portable
toilet
15
16. a) Dry system: A dry toilet operates without
flush water. Its features are:
o Requires no water to function thus
prevents underground water
pollution
o Functions as a composting toilet
o Suitable for use in urban, peri-urban
and rural area
o Weather resistant, reliable and hard
wearing
o Separates all fluids at source and
ensure dry pit conditions
o Easily constructed and minimum
maintenance required
o Pit lifespan increase to between 20-
40 years if maintained correctly
Source:
www.google.com/images
Fig: Dry system
16
18. Advantages of dry system:
o To save water – when there is either water
scarcity or when water is costly
o To prevent pollution of surface water or
groundwater – dry toilets do not mix excreta
with water and do not pollute groundwater
o To enable safe reuse of excreta, after the
collected excreta or fecal sludge has
undergone further treatment for example by
drying or composting
Source: www.google.com/images
Fig: Dry system
18
19. Challenges of dry system:
o Dry toilets do not have a water seal,
thus odors may be a problem
o Dry toilets that are connected to a pit
(such as pit latrines) tend to make it
very difficult to empty the pit in a safe
manner when they are full Source: www.google.com/images
Fig: Full pit
19
20. b) Wet system: Waste is diluted with
flush of water at point of generation.
Example: septic tank system. Its
features are:
o Require water to function
o Prevents underground water
pollution
o User friendly, accessible and
adaptable i.e. disabled, elderly,
children can use it
Source: www.google.com/images
Fig: Aqua privy
20
23. Advantages of wet system:
o Free from flies and odors
o Increase the standard of life
o Decompose solid waste
easily
o Control of spreading of
diseases
Challenges of wet system:
o Repairs to pipes
o Removing sludge from
septic tanks
o Maintaining stabilization
pond
o Wastes of water in water
scarcity place
Source: www.google.com/images
Fig: Normal sanitation
practices
23
24. o Eco-sanitation is a closed loop
sanitation process in which
human excreta is recycled, render
safe and used for agriculture
purpose.
o Its main objectives is to prevent
pollution from happening rather
than to control it after it happens
o In the minimization of the use of
non-renewable resources
Source: www.google.com/images
Fig: Normal sanitation practices
24
25. o Reduction in the transmission
of pathogens from human
excreta into human cycle
o Promotion of safe, hygienic
recovery and use of nutrients,
organics, water and energy
o Preservation of soil fertility,
improvement of agricultural
productivity and food security
o Energy reduction in fertilizer
o Improvement on health
condition of society.
o Substitution of mineral fertilizer
and minimization of water
pollution
Source: www.google.com/images
Fig: The poop loop
25
26. o Health education is any combination of
learning experiences designed to help
individuals and communities improve
their health, by increasing their
knowledge or influencing their attitudes
o Aim of health education:
o To positively influence the health
behavior of individuals and
communities
o To promote and wisely use of
available health services
o to develop sense of responsibility for
health conditions ,as individuals ,as a
member of society
o To motivate people to follow health
habits
Source: www.google.com/images
Fig: Raising awareness to
young women against
Chhaupadi pratha
26
28. o In context of Nepal status of
health education is
extremely poor. It may be
due to following reasons:
o Low literacy rate
o Poor health services and
accessibility of health
stations
o Unscientific and unhealthy
superstations
o Lack of sense of
responsibility in every
individual as a member of
society Source:
www.google.com/images
Fig: Health education in
Humla
28
33. o Health education enables a
person to remain physically fit
and in proper health.
o It enhances the health of
community
o It promotes the proper
utilization of available health
resources
o It enables people to make
more healthy choices and
uplift their quality life
Source: www.google.com/images
Fig: People incorporating healthy
choices in their lifestyle
33
34. o It enhances the ability to
avoid air, water, etc. borne
diseases
o It reduces premature deaths
o It may decrease financial
expenses that may be spent
on treatment
o It enables people to pressure
the governmental bodies to
enhance health services and
facilities
Source:
www.google.com/images
34
35. o Organic pollution is when human
activity allows organic compounds
to enter into environment which
causes harm to the ecosystem.
o They consists of protein,
carbohydrates, fats and nucleic
acid in any combination.
o These pollutants can usually be
oxidized by naturally occurring
micro-organisms.
Fig: Organic water pollution
Source:
www.google.com/images
35
36. o Domestic sewage (Raw or
treated)
o Industrial effluents
o Urban run-off
o Farm wastes
o Organic chemicals
o Food processing waste
o Lubricants (motor oil, Mobil)
o Burning fossil fuels(coal, oil
and gas)
Fig: Source of organic pollutants
Source:
www.google.com/images
36
37. o Concentration of Dissolved
oxygen in water is reduced
during decomposition
o Suspended solids near the
surface of water blocks
sunlight for plants
o Life of aquatic animals and
plants is hampered
o Production of new disease
Source: www.google.com/images
Fig: Effects of organic pollution on
aquatic life
37
38. o The contamination of environment
caused by inorganic pollutant
o A pollutant of mineral origin and not
of basically carbon structure
o The concentration of these pollutant
are increasing over the years
o Some of the inorganic pollutants are
nitrate, fluoride, iron, manganese,
arsenic, heavy metals etc. Source: www.google.com/images
Fig: Inorganic pollutant
released from a industry
38
39. o Found In the manufacture of dyes
and explosives.
o Found in the medicine used for
treating intestinal disorders i.e.
bismuth sub nitrate(BiONO3.H2O)
o Found in Amatol which is a powerful
explosive (TNT)
o When mixed with phosphates causes
eutrophication which leads to
substantial increase in aquatic plants Source:
www.google.com/images
Fig: Eutrophication
39
40. o Used to purify water but excessive
fluoride can cause bone fracture in
adults
o Coal is the source as it is seen
extensively on countries with coal
burning plants such as China
o They are also responsible for
damaging the crops.
o Improper disposal of fluoridated
waste may result in leaching. Source: www.google.com/images
Fig: Leachate in landfill site
40
41. o Corrosion of water supply iron
pipes results to rusty color and
metallic taste of water
o Even though iron is an essential
material, excessive intake of iron
has been linked to diseases like
Alzheimer's, arteriosclerosis,
diabetes etc.
o Iron toxicity in water results to
death of fish
o Can cause algae blooms, which
creates biological oxygen demand
Fig: Corrosion in pipe
Source: www.google.com/images
41
42. o Has a tendency to accumulate in
some organism and plants which
could lead to harmful exposures
further up the food chain.
o Causes adverse health effects like
hallucinations, changes in behavior,
weakness, speech problems,
headaches, tremors, bronchitis,
balance problem and permanent
disease like impotence.
o Causes discoloration and turbidity in
water.
Fig: Difference in clean and
dirty water
Source: www.google.com/images
42
43. o A semi metallic element
o Extremely poisonous
o A high profile problem due to the
use of deep tube well for water
supply in Ganges delta
o A 2007 study showed that over
13.7 crore people in more than 70
countries are affected by arsenic
poisoning of drinking water
o Can cause diseases like lung
cancer, skin cancer, birth defects
and reproductive problems
Fig: Hand pump in a village
unused because of arsenic
Source: www.google.com/images
43
44. o Metals like copper, cadmium, lead,
mercury and selenium falls under
this category
o They get mixed in water from
sources like industries, automobile
exhaust, mines and even natural
soils
o Cadmium found in fertilizer if
consumed by human can cause
diarrhea and overtime, liver and
kidney damage
o Lead found in lead water pipes if
consumed by children can cause
mental retardation
Fig: Source of heavy metals
Source: www.google.com/images
44
45. Insecticide is the chemical agent
which is used to kill the insects in the
field. The organophosphate
insecticides include malathion,
parathion and dimethoate.
Types of insecticides
o Broad spectrum
o Narrow spectrum
o Pheromones
o Miticides
Fig: Spraying of insecticides
Source: www.google.com/images
45
46. Pesticide is the chemicals used
eliminate or control a verity of
agricultural pest that can damage crops
and livestock and reduce the farm
productivity. Examples of pesticides are:
o chlorinated hydrocarbon DDT
o chlordane and toxaphene
Fig: Spraying of insecticides
46
Source: www.google.com/images
47. 47
Type Of Pesticides:
o Insecticides: Kill insects by blocking reproduction, clogging
airways or disrupting nervous system
o Herbicides: Kill weeds by disrupting metabolism and growth
o Fungicides: Fungus killers
o Rodenticides: Rat and mice killers
48. o Cellular and DNA damage
o Cancers, tumors and lesions on fish and animals.
o Death of organism.
o Disruption of endocrine system.
o Reproductive inhibition or failure.
o Suppression of immune system.
o Teratogenic effect (physical deformities such as hooked beaks
on birds)
o Poor fish health marked by low red to white blood cell ratio,
excessive slime on fish scales and gills etc.
o Intergenerational effects (effects are not apparent until
subsequent generation of organism).
o Physical effects such as egg shell thinning.
48
50. 1. Burning fossil fuels: In
industries natural gas, coal and
oil are burned to power the
industrial mechanisms, which
release carbon dioxide, carbon
monoxide, nitrogen oxides, sulfur
dioxide etc. to atmosphere
Fig: Coal burning oven
Source: www.google.com/images
50
51. 2. Motor vehicle use: Use of
vehicles is increasing rapidly (in
Between 1900 and 1970) day to
day, and emissions of nitrogen
oxides, some of the most
damaging pollutants in vehicle
exhaust increased by 690%
Fig: Pollution caused by motor vehicles
Source: www.google.com/images
51
52. 3. Incompletely burned fuel:
Incomplete burning of fuel release
Volatile Organic Chemicals (VOC).
4. Garbage: The garbage in landfills
and solid waste disposal sites emit
methane gas and many household
products give off VOCs.
5. Natural sources: Forest fires emit
particulates and VOCs into the
atmosphere.
6. Ultra fine dust particles: Ultra fine
dust particles are dislodged by soil
erosion when water and weather
loosen layers of soil, increase air
borne particulate levels. Source: www.google.com/images
Fig: Ultra fine dust particles size
comparison
52
53. 7. Radioactive fallout:
Radioactive sources yield high
amounts of energy, as well as
harmful quantities of sulfur
dioxide and several heavy
metals into the air.
In highly-industrialized cities, air
pollution from radioactive fallout
have been proven to create
numerous environmental
concerns, such as defoliation,
deformation and undergrowth
damage in trees, to name a few.
Source: www.google.com/images
Fig: Radioactive fallout
53
54. 8. Volcanoes: They spew out sulfur
dioxide and large amounts of
pulverized lava rock known as volcanic
ash. A big volcanic eruption can
darken the sky over a wide region and
affect the earths entire atmosphere.
9. Smog: It is intense local pollution
usually trapped by a thermal inversion.
Most of the smog is a result of smoke
from automobiles or coal.
Fig: An active volcano
Source:
www.google.com/images
Fig: Smog in
Kathmandu valley
54
55. 10.Powerlines: The high voltage
lines, especially those located near
polluted cities, attract air that
contains harmful particulates. The
electricity running through the lines
results in the charging or the
ionization of the air. When inhaled
by humans, ionized air significantly
increases the level free radicals in
the body. These free radicals in the
body bring about tissue damage,
aging, even the development of
certain cancer.
Source: www.google.com/images
Fig: Powerlines
55
56. Impacts of air pollution:
o Acid Rain: Oxides of nitrogen and sulfur dioxide in presence
of atmospheric moisture turn into droplets of pure acid floating
on smog. These airborne acids are bad for the lungs and
attack anything made of limestone, marble ,metal. It can burn
the leaves of plants and make lakes too acidic for aquatic life.
o Effect on Human health:
o Smog spoils views and makes outdoor activity unpleasant.
o Asthma or heart patients may get headaches or dizziness
and can cause breathing difficulties.
o Smog can lead to mass illness and death, mainly from
carbon monoxide poisoning
56
57. Impacts of air pollution:
o Effect on ozone layer: The smog contains ozone and the
ozone in lower atmosphere damages vegetation, kills trees,
irritates lung tissues and attacks rubber. Environmental
officials measure ozone to determine the severity of pollution
.When the ozone level is high, other pollutants, including
carbon monoxide are usually present at high level as well.
o Depletion of ozone layer: Chemical pollutants like
Chlorofluorocarbons(CFCS), nitrous oxide from fertilizers and
the pesticides methyl bromide etc. attack ozone layer. The
ultraviolet radiation breaks the CFC molecules apart, releasing
the chlorine atom they contain. The chlorine atom begin
reacting with ozone, breaking it down into ordinary oxygen
molecules. A single chlorine atom can destroy up to
1,00,000 ozone molecules in the stratosphere.
57
58. Impacts of air pollution:
o Global Warming: Experts expect a global rise in average
temperature of 1.4 to 5.8 ˚C in the next century. The 1990s
were the warmest decade on record and 2005 was the
warmest year on record.
o Temperature and rainfall are expected to increase in
Western United States, while dramatic decreases in rainfall
may lead to severe drought and plunging agriculture yields
in parts of Africa.
o The warmer temperature is expected to partially melt the
polar ice caps resulting in the rise of sea level.
58
59. o Pollution can be controlled with the help of end-of-the-pipe
devices (catalytic converters, filters, etc.) that capture
pollutants already created and by limiting the quantity of
pollutants produced in the first place.
o Gasoline ha been reformulated numerous times to achieve
cleaner burning.
o Research on vehicles running on cleaner energy.
o Naturally heating and cooling mechanisms are being
incorporated in the architecture of the buildings to replace the
fossil fuels used for artificial heating.
o People can choose to use public transport rather than take
their own ride, in order to minimize the emissions.
o Banning smoking in public spaces.
59
60. Fig: End of pipe approach
Source:www.google.com/images
Fig: Smoking zone to
minimize public smoking
Fig: Clean energy use in
home and automobiles
60
61. o It is the pollution in the air of
indoor spaces like home,
offices, buildings, etc.
o People spend almost 90% of
their time at home or offices
o Negligence is the major issue,
when it comes to indoor air
pollution
Source: Rhythmm Bhattarai
61
62. o Since most of the daily activities can be
performed from the comfort of our homes,
the indoor air pollution becomes an even
greater threat
o Absence of natural air currents to disperse
the pollutants results in accumulation at
higher concentrations than they do outside
o Indoor air levels of many pollutants may
be 2-5 times, and occasionally even
more than 100 times the outdoor levels
Source: www.google.com/images
62
63. Source: Malla, M. B. (2013).Indoor air pollution monitoring and stove
efficiency test- Experience of plan action Nepal. Practical Action Nepal Office
63
67. a) Source control: This strategy
involves replacing the sources of
indoor pollutants
o Replacement of the wood
burning stoves by gas or oil-
fired furnaces
o Modification in the design of
the gas and kerosene stoves
o Proper operation and
maintenance of the burners Source:
www.google.com/images
Fig: Gas fired
Furnace
67
68. b) Increased ventilation:
o Local and mechanical ventilation
increase the rate of air exchange,
thus decreasing the concentrations
of the pollutants. Modification in the
design of the gas and kerosene
stoves
o Installation of hood over the
cooking place
o Ductless cooking ranges with
improved carbon filter
Source:
www.google.com/images
Fig: Carbon
filter
68
69. c) Air cleaning:
Adsorbents are used to
remove moisture from air.
Commonly used adsorbents
are:
o Silica gel
o Activated alumina
o Activated carbon
o Manganese oxides
Source:
Fig: Silica gel
Fig:
Manganese
oxides
Fig: Activated
alumina
Fig: Activated
Carbon
69
70. o For such a small country, Nepal is
contributing its fair share of pollution to
the world
o Unplanned urbanization has caused
the solid waste management, sewage
systems, etc. problems
o Uncoordinated development works
without the thought of sustainability
o Old and poorly maintained vehicles
o Lack of awareness regarding
hazardous effects of air pollution
Source:www.google.com/images
Fig: Unplanned
urbanization
Fig: Air Pollution in
Kathmandu valley
70
71. Source: Report on AQM action plan 2017
The limiting values
according to the WHO
guidelines:
• TSP: 120mg/m3
71
72. Source: Report on AQM action plan 2017
The limiting values
according to the WHO
guidelines:
• PM10: 70mg/m3
72
74. o According to the Environment Pollution Index 2014 published by
the Yale University- Nepal ranked second from last after
Bangladesh in terms of air quality and its effect to the human
health
o The bowl-shaped topography of the Kathmandu valley has cause
sever restrictions to the movement of the air pollutants in the
atmosphere
o There are above 100 brick kilns in the Kathmandu valley alone
according to the “All Brick Kiln Association”. They operate during
the dry season and release high concentration of pollutants
74
75. o In 2005 “Ministry of population and environment” estimated that
ambient air pollution was responsible for 1600 premature deaths
in the Kathmandu valley.
o Whereas, a NRHC/WHO study based on the Environmental
Burden Disease (EBD) approach, estimated 1926 cases of
premature death per year (NHRC/WHO, 2009).
o World Bank estimate that Nepal’s annual health cost attributed to
urban air pollution was USD 21 million in 2007, equivalent to
0.29% of the GDP.
o Another study estimated that reduction of the current air condition
to the national ambient air quality standard would save
Kathmandu and Lalitpur NRs 315 million annually (Adhikari, 2012)
75
76. o Bhatta, J.; Kafle, K. (2014). Tecnology, Environment and Society.
Makalu Publication House. Kathmandu.
o Karki, K.B.; Dhakal, P. et al. (2015). Situation Analysis of Ambient
Air Pollution and Respiratory Health Effects in Kathmandu Valley.
Nepal Health Research Council.
o Gautam, C. et al. (2017). Air Quality Management Action Plan for
Kathmandu Valley. Quest Forum Pvt. Ltd. Kathmandu, Nepal.
o Tilley, E.; Ulrich, L.; Lüthi, C.; Reymond, Ph.; Zurbrügg, C.
Compendium of Sanitation Systems and Technologies - (2nd
Revised Edition). Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and
Technology (Eawag), Duebendorf, Switzerland.
o Shaw, R. (2014). A Collection of Contemporary Toilet Designs.
EOOS and WEDC, Loughborough University, UK.
o Malla, M. B. (2013).Indoor air pollution monitoring and stove
efficiency test- Experience of plan action Nepal. Practical Action
Nepal Office
76