2. Learning Objectives
1. Identify the importance of participatory
planning and implementation;
2. Discuss the different concepts of
participatory planning; and
3. Apply the steps in participatory planning.
3. SOCIALPLANNING
Includes the areas of health,
education, housing and social
welfare.
It aims to improve the quality of life
and the standard of living of a
particular minority group in a
community e.g. poor, women,
children, disabled and indigenous
people.
ASSESSMENT
Means to gauge the impact of a
community project on the social
development of a community.
CONCEPTS
4. Planning
is the process of anticipating goals or targets and then preparing a
plan for reaching them.
It is a process which should be participated in by those involved in
implementation such as community stakeholders, policy-makers and
the development worker.
5. Participatory Planning
PARTICIPATORY PLANNING
is the process of laying out the course of actions needed to attain a
set of socio-economic goals.
It resolves community issues or problems by giving concerned
community members the chance to identify problems and propose
solutions.
6. Reasons for Planning
Rex Skidmore outlines the reasons for planning as follows:
1. Efficiency – this means to achieve the goals with a minimum of cost
and effect;
2. Effectiveness – this means to achieve the desired result which is to
help people in need;
3. Accountability – Planning is needed for evaluation and accountability
to the public, to families and to the clients;
4. Morale - Every staff member needs to understand exactly what to
do and how to do the job. These can be achieved
7. PRINCIPLES OF PARTICIPATORY PLANNING
1. Development should be seen more as a change from the bottom-up
than the top-down;
2. The development process should be managed naturally rather than
mechanically, i.e. unduly focused on plans, goals, objectives, targets
and schedules. It should be flexible;
3. The development process should also strengthen local organizations
and local government bureaucracies. A community program should
be chosen according to its ability to enhance local development.
8. Principles of Participatory Planning
4. The development process should be supported by local institutions
with the villages, primary cooperatives, religious and youth groups
and community-based and self-help associations playing a major
roles;
5. The development process must be based primarily on confidence-
building and learning rather than on expertise and training.
9. LEVELS OF PARTICIPATION
Typology Results
1. Passive People are told of what will happen or is taking place.
2. Information-based People answer a survey team’s questionnaire (no follow-up).
3. Consultation-based People answer a questionnaire defined or designed by “outsiders”, i.e.
non-community members.
4. Incentives-based People work for cash, food or other incentives.
5. Functional Participation Decisions by “outsiders” and interest groups are synthesized to meet
objectives.
6. Interactive Joint analyses , decisions and action plans are made, implemented and
monitored by interest groups.
7. Self-mobilization Initiatives are taken independently from official institutions.
10. Definition of Project
• Is described in the Webster’s Dictionary as a planned
undertaking.
• The initial step is to identify the specific acts that must be
taken to meet a set of objectives.
• The next is to lay down the project as reflected in the acts
to be taken.
11. ELEMENTS OF PROJECT
1. Objectives - this element describes what the project aims
to do and what the project is for;
2. Boundaries – this element specifies the scope and
limitations of the project;
3. Location - this element identifies where the project will be
implemented;
12. ELEMENTS OF PROJECT
4. Target beneficiaries – this element states who will benefit from the
implementation of the project;
5. Duration – this element determines the schedule of the project, i.e.
when the project will be implemented and when it will end;
6. Budget - this element itemized the expected expenses that the
project will incur upon its implementation;
7. Methodology – this element indicates the approach or manner by
which the project will be implemented.
14. 1. Identification – a potential project design is organized after
adequate consultations with the different stakeholders of the
community;
2. Preparation – the planner determine how and when a chosen
project will be implemented;
3. Implementation – the project is carried out by the planners and
the local community members based on an agreed-upon
timetable;
4. Evaluation - the planners and the community members determine
whether or not the project objectives have been met.
PROJECT DEVELOPMENT CYCLE
