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Tenses saleem
The document provides a comprehensive overview of English tenses, including explanations of 12 tenses, their functions, and examples of sentence structures. It aims to simplify the learning process by presenting tenses with clear definitions and practical approaches to understanding subject, helping verbs, and objects. Additionally, it discusses how to form various types of sentences, including interrogative and negative sentences.
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Tenses saleem
- 1. TENSES Formula Based Easy andPractical Approach Muhammad Saleem Subject Specialist English, E&SED KP
- 2. 2 TENSES The current learningmethod of tenses is based on my personal experience and approach. It is a try to give new shape to the old learning materials. The notes are written and developed for the purpose to make learning of tenses easy. It is presented with the help of sentence structure. The concept of subject, helping verb, verb and object are elaborated. The learner will be able to memories and practice tense with practical approach. Further, general and basic rules are mentioned through which a learner can get guidance. The word tense comes from the Latin word, tempus, which means "time." The tense of a verb shows the time when an action or condition occurred. SENTENCE The sentence is generally defined as a word or a group of words that expresses a thorough idea by giving a statement/order, or asking a question, or exclaiming. OR Sentence is combination of dependent clause and independent clause. (Independent clause is a simple sentence) OR Sentence is made of subject and predicate. OR Sentence is constructed from Noun phrase and verb phrase. i.e. S=NP+VP STRUCTURE OF SENTENCE V+O------------Verb Object Forgive him. Call her. Try it. SV--------------Subject + Verb They go. I write. We enjoyed. SVA------------Subject + Verb + Adverb The car arrived late. Manha writes slowly. He goes to school. SVO------------Subject + Verb + Object They finished homework. Wajeeha wrote a letter. SVIODO-------Subject + Verb + Indirect Object + Direct Object
- 3. 3 Mahad gives hismother a watch. The English teacher has shown him result. He offered me a gift. SVC------------Subject + Verb + Complement They are teachers. Manha and Wajeeha are students. You are an engineer. She is a doctor. A+S+V--------Adverbial+ Subject+ Verb Tomorrow we leave. Soon I start. Nicely Wajeeha answered. Yesterday they reached. SVOC----------Subject + Verb + Object + Complement Teacher made her monitor. We named her Manha. Mahad made her sad. TWELVE TENSES NAMES Present Simple Present Continuous/Progressive Present Perfect Present Perfect Continuous/Progressive Past Simple Past Continuous/Progressive Past Perfect Past Perfect Continuous/Progressive Future Simple Future Perfect Future Continuous/Progressive Future Perfect Continuous/Progressive USES OF TENSES Past Tense–verbs indicate the event has occurred in the past. Present Tense—verbs indicate an ongoing event or an event that is currently occurring in the present. Future Tense—verbs indicate an event that is likely to occur in the future. Past Present Future
- 4. 4 Tense Function Example Presentsimple used for facts, generalizations, and truths that are not affected by the passage of time Manha writes a creative paragraph. Past simple used for events completed in the past Manha wrote a creative paragraph yesterday. Future simple used for events to be completed in the future Manha will write a creative paragraph tomorrow. Present continuous used to describe currently ongoing (usually temporary) actions Manha is writing a creative paragraph. Past continuous used to describe ongoing past events, often in relation to the occurrence of another event Manha was writing a creative paragraph. Future continuous used to describe future events that are expected to continue over a period of time Manha will be writing a creative paragraph tomorrow. Present perfect used to describe events that began in the past and are expected to continue, or to emphasize the relevance of past events to the present moment Manha has written a creative paragraph. Past perfect used to describe events that happened prior to other events in the past Manha had written a creative paragraph before a month. Future perfect used to describe events that will be completed between now and a specific point in the future Manha will have written a creative paragraph by the end of the week. Present perfect continuous used to describe events that started in the past and continue into the present or were recently completed, emphasizing their relevance to the present moment Manha has been writing a creative paragraph since last night. Past perfect continuous used to describe events that began, continued, and ended in the past, emphasizing their relevance to a past moment Manha had been writing a creative paragraph since 2002. Future perfect continuous used to describe events that will continue up until a point in the future, emphasizing their expected duration Manha will have been writing a creative paragraph for two days.
- 5. 5 ALL SUBJECTS He She It Singular noun (i.e. Mahad) I We You They Plural noun (i.e. Khizar, Mahad & Wajeeha) ALL HELPING VERBS Helping verbs are used to help the main verb and to make up the structure of a sentence. There are two types of verbs in English auxiliary and modal are used as helping verbs. 1. Auxiliary verb Auxiliary verbs are helping verbs which add meaning to the clause, to emphasis and to express tense. Helping verb and auxiliary verb are often interchangeable. The three common auxiliary verbs have multiple forms: To be: am, is, are, was, were, be, been To have: have, has, had To do: do, does, did 2. Modal Verbs Modal verbs are helping verbs which illustrate to further modify the action or meaning of the main verb. Modal verbs help to show obligation, possibility or necessity in a sentence. Modal verbs do not change form. can could may might will would shall should must ought to SUBJECT WITH HELPING VERB He She Does/is/has/did/was/had/will It Singular noun I We You Do/are/have/did/were/had/will They Plural noun “had & did” are used with all subjects. “shall” is used only with I & We. “am” is used only with I.
- 6. 6 FORMS OF VERB 1.Present Continuous/Progressive Tense 2. Present Perfect Continuous/Progressive Tense 3. Past Continuous/Progressive Tense 1st v+ing 4. Past Perfect Continuous/Progressive Tense (going, writing etc) 5. Future Continuous/Progressive Tense 6. Future Perfect Continuous/Progressive Tense 1. Present Perfect Tense 2. Past Perfect Tense 3rd form of verb (gone, written, recited etc) 3. Future Perfect Tense 1. Present Simple/Indefinite Tense 1st form of verb 2. Future Simple/Indefinite Tense (go, write, play etc) Addition of s/es with 1st form of verb in Present Indefinite tense. Words ends in ‑s, ‑sh, ‑ch, ‑x, ‑z, o, y, we add ‑es. And with other nouns, we add -s. Examples: Ending sound Addition of ‘es’ S Classes Sh Washes Ch Attaches X Mixes Z Buzzes O Goes Y Ties Addition of “s” One or more consonants Wants, eats, works Word ends with –ie Lies, ties One or more consonants + e Writes, 1. Past Simple/Indefinite Tense-----2nd form of verb (went, wrote etc) OBJECT An object is an action receiver. It is a noun, pronoun, or noun phrase on which is governed by a verb or a preposition. There are three types of object: 1. Direct Object A direct object in a sentence is directly acted upon by a subject such as, Students have done their homework. 2. Indirect Object An indirect object in a sentence is the recipient of the action performed by the subject such as, Mahad has gifted his mother a watch.
- 7. 7 3. Object ofPreposition The object of preposition is a noun or pronoun managed by a preposition such as, Manha gets in her house when Muma is sleeping. RECOGNITION OF TENSE You can recognize a tense through knowing the used helping verb. Like Present Tense-----H.V-----does, do, is, am, are, have, has Past Tense---------H.V------Did, was, were, had Future Tense------H.V------Shall, will ONE SENTENCE AND ALL TENSES Mahad goes to office. Present Simple/Indefinite Wajeeha is going to office. Present Continuous/Progressive Mahad has gone to office. Present Perfect Mahad has been going to office since 2019. Present Perfect Continuous/Progressive Mahad went to office yesterday. Past Simple/ Indefinite Mahad was going to office. Past Continuous/Progressive Mahad had gone to office. Past Perfect Mahad had been going to office for two years. Past Perfect Continuous/Progressive Mahad will go to office tomorrow. Future Simple/ Indefinite Mahad will be going to office. Future Continuous/Progressive Mahad will have gone to office. Future Perfect Mahad will have been going to office for three years. Future Perfect Continuous/Progressive FORMS OF VERBS (A-Z) Present Tense Past Tense Past Participle Present Participle Abuse Abused Abused Abusing Act Acted Acted Acting Add Added Added Adding Admire Admired Admired Admiring Advise Advised Advised Advising Allow Allowed Allowed Allowing Answer Answered Answered Answering Appear Appeared Appeared Appearing Appoint Appointed Appointed Appointing Arise Arose Arisen Arising Arrest Arrested Arrested Arresting Arrive Arrived Arrived Arriving
- 8. 8 Ask Asked AskedAsking Attack Attacked Attacked Attacking Awake Awoke Awoke Awaking Bake Baked Baked Baking Bark Barked Barked Barking Bathe Bathed Bathed Bathing Be "Was, Were" Been Being Bear Bore Born Bearing Become Became Become Becoming Beg Begged Begged Begging Begin Began Begun Beginning Behave Behaved Behaved Behaving Behold Beheld Beheld Beholding Believe Believed Believed Believing Bend Bent Bent Bending Bet Bet Bet Betting Bid Bade Bidden Bidding Bind Bound Bound Binding Bite Bit Bitten Biting Bleed Bled Bled Bleeding Bless Blessed Blessed Blessing Blow Blew Blown Blowing Boast Boasted Boasted Boasting Boil Boiled Boiled Boiling Borrow Borrowed Borrowed Borrowing Break Broke Broken Breaking Bring Brought Brought Bringing Build Built Built Building Burn Burnt Burnt Burning Burst Burst Burst Bursting Buy Bought Bought Buying Call Called Called Calling Carry Carried Carried Carrying Cast Cast Cast Casting Catch Caught Caught Catching Change Changed Changed Changing Check Checked Checked Checking Choose Chose Chosen Choosing Clap Clapped Clapped Clapping
- 9. 9 Clean Cleaned CleanedCleaning Climb Climbed Climbed Climbing Cling Clung Clung Clinging Close Closed Closed Closing Collect Collected Collected Collecting Come Came Come Coming Complain Complained Complained Complaining Consult Consulted Consulted Consulting Cook Cooked Cooked Cooking Copy Copied Copied Copying Cost Cost Cost Costing Count Counted Counted Counting Cover Covered Covered Covering Creep Crept Crept Creeping Cross Crossed Crossed Crossing Crow Crowed Crowed Crowing Cry Cried Cried Crying Cut Cut Cut Cutting Dance Danced Danced Dancing Deceive Deceived Deceived Deceiving Decide Decided Decided Deciding Decorate Decorated Decorated Decorating Defeat Defeated Defeated Defeating Desire Desired Desired Desiring Die Died Died Dying Dig Dug Dug Digging Dip Dipped Dipped Dipping Discover Discovered Discovered Discovering Divide Divided Divided Dividing Do Did Done Doing Draw Drew Drawn Drawing Dream Dreamed Dreamed Dreaming Drink Drank Drunk Drinking Drive Drove Driven Driving Dry Drowned Drowned Drowning Dye Dyed Dyed Dyeing Earn Earned Earned Earning Eat Ate Eaten Eating Employ Employed Employed Employing
- 10. 10 Enter Entered EnteredEntering Explain Explained Explained Explaining Face Faced Faced Facing Fail Failed Failed Failing Fall Fell Fallen Falling Fear Feared Feared Fearing Feed Fed Fed Feeding Feel Felt Felt Feeling Fight Fought Fought Fighting Find Found Found Finding Fine Fined Fined Fining Finish Finished Finished Finishing Flee Fled Fled Fleeing Float Floated Floated Floating Fly Flew Flown Flying Forbid Forbade Forbidden Forbidding Forget Forgot Forgotten Forgetting Freeze Froze Frozen Freezing Gather Gathered Gathered Gathering Get Got Got Getting Give Gave Given Giving Graze Grazed Grazed Grazing Grind Ground Ground Grinding Grow Grew Grown Growing Hang Hung Hung Hanging Hate Hated Hated Hating Have Had Had Having Hear Heard Heard Hearing Help Helped Helped Helping Hide Hid Hidden Hiding Hold Held Held Holding Hurt Hurt Hurt Hurting Improve Improved Improved Improving Invite Invited Invited Inviting Join Joined Joined Joining Jump Jumped Jumped Jumping Keep Kept Kept Keeping Kill Killed Killed Killing Kneel Knelt Knelt Kneeling
- 11. 11 Knit Knitted KnittedKnitting Know Knew Known Knowing Laugh Laughed Laughed Laughing Lay Laid Laid Laying Learn Learned Learned Learning Leave Left Left Leaving Lend Lent Lent Lending Let Let Let Letting Lie Lay Lain Lying Light Lighted Lit Lighting Like Liked Liked Liking Listen Listened Listened Listening Live Lived Lived Living Look Looked Looked Looking Lose Lost Lost Listening Love Loved Loved Loving Make Made Made Making Marry Married Married Marrying Mean Meant Meant Meaning Meet Met Met Meeting Melt Melted Melted Melting Mend Mended Mended Mending Mix Mixed Mixed Mixing Move Moved Moved Moving Name Named Named Naming Need Needed Needed Needing Nip Nipped Nipped Nipping Obey Obeyed Obeyed Obeying Open Opened Opened Opening Oppose Opposed Opposed Opposing Order Ordered Ordered Ordering Pay Paid Paid Paying Peep Peeped Peeped Peeping Plant Planted Planted Planting Play Played Played Playing Plough Ploughed Ploughed Ploughing Pluck Plucked Plucked Plucking Praise Praised Praised Praising Pray Prayed Prayed Praying
- 12. 12 Preach Preached PreachedPreaching Prepare Prepared Prepared Preparing Prevent Prevented Prevented Preventing Promise Promised Promised Promising Prove Proved Proved Proving Pull Pulled Pulled Pulling Punish Punished Punished Punishing Push Pushed Pushed Pushing Put Put Put Putting Quit Quit Quit Quitting Quarrel Quarreled Quarreled Quarrelling Rain Rained Rained Raining Reach Reached Reached Reaching Read Read Read Reading Refuse Refused Refused Refused Remember Remembered Remembered Remembering Repair Repaired Repaired Repairing Reply Replied Replied Replying Resign Resigned Resigned Resigning Rest Rested Rested Resting Return Returned Returned Returning Ride Rode Ridden Riding Ring Rang Rung Ringing Rise Rose Risen Rising Roar Roared Roared Roaring Save Saved Saved Saving Saw Sawed Sawed Sawing Say Said Said Saying See Saw Seen Seeing Seek Sought Sought Seeking Select Selected Selected Selecting Sell Sold Sold Selling Send Sent Sent Sending Set Set Set Setting Shake Shook Shaken Shaking Shed Shed Shed Shedding Shine Shone Shone Shining Shoot Shot Shot Shooting Shrink Shrank Shrunk Shrinking
- 13. 13 Shut Shut ShutShutting Sing Sang Sung Singing Sink Sank Sunk Sinking Sit Sat Sat Sitting Slay Slew Slain Slaying Sleep Slept Slept Sleeping Slip Slipped Slipped Slipping Speak Spoke Spoken Speaking Spend Spent Spent Spending Spit Spat Spat Spitting Spread Spread Spread Spreading Stand Stood Stood Standing Stay Stayed Stayed Staying Steal Stole Stolen Stealing Stick Stuck Stuck Sticking Stop Stopped Stopped Stopping Strike Struck Struck Striking Study Studied Studied Studying Swear Swore Sworn Swearing Sweep Swept Swept Sweeping Swim Swam Swum Swimming Swing Swung Swung Swinging Take Took Taken Taking Talk Talked Talked Talking Teach Taught Taught Teaching Tear Tore Torn Tearing Tell Told Told Telling Think Thought Thought Thinking Thrust Thrust Thrust Thrusting Tie Tied Tied Tying Touch Touched Touched Touching Trust Trusted Trusted Trusting Try Tried Tried Trying Understand Understood Understood Understanding Use Used Used Using Wait Waited Waited Waiting Walk Walked Walked Walking Wander Wandered Wandered Wandering Wash Washed Washed Washing
- 14. 14 Waste Wasted WastedWasting Watch Watched Watched Watching Wear Wore Worn Wearing Weave wove Woven Weaving Wed Wedded Wedded Wedding Weep Wept Wept Weeping Win Won Won Winning Wind Wound Wound Winding Wish Wished Wished Wishing Wonder Wondered Wondered Wondering Work Worked Worked Working Worship Worshipped Worshipped Worshipping Wound Wounded Wounded Wounding Wrap Wrapped Wrapped Wrapping Wring Wrung Wrung Wringing Write Wrote Written Writing yap yapped Yapped Yapping yawn yawned yawned Yawning yearn yearned yearned Yearning yell yelled Yelled Yelling yellow yellowed yellowed Yellowing yelp yelped Yelped Yelping yield yielded Yielded Yielding yap yapped Yapped Yapping yawn yawned yawned yawning yearn yearned yearned Yearning zero zeroed Zeroed zeroing zigzag zigzagged zigzagged zigzagging zip zipped Zipped zipping zoom zoomed zoomed zooming zero zeroed Zeroed zeroing zigzag zigzagged zigzagged zigzagging QUESTION Sentences that ask a question are called interrogative sentences. They end with a question mark (?). All interrogative sentences are not the same. There are four types of Interrogative sentences.
- 15. 15 1. YES/NO INTERROGATIVES(CLOSE ENDED) Questions that need either a yes or a no answer are called yes-no questions: Do you like green tea? (answer: yes or no) Has Wajeeha seen Islamia College? (answer: yes or no) FORMING YES/NO QUESTIONS (With an auxiliary verb) We form yes-no questions with an auxiliary verb (be, do or have) + subject + main verb or with a modal verb + subject + main verb: Structure: H.V/Modal verb +Sub+V+O Examples: Is Mahad going to office? Can you bring a glass of water? 1. WH-INTERROGATIVES (OPEN ENDED) WH-questions are questions starting with WH-words including: what, when, where, who, whom, which, whose, why and how. Question words are used to ask about specific qualities, times, places, people and so on. Structure: W/H+HV+Sub+V+O Examples: What is he writing? Where does she go? 2. TAG QUESTIONS Question tags are more common in speaking than writing. We often use question tags when we expect the listener to agree with our statement. In this case, when the statement is positive, we use a negative question tag. Manha is a doctor, isn't she? Mus’ab was happy, wasn't he? If the statement is negative, we use a positive question tag. Wajeeha isn’t a doctor, is she? Question Usages What asks about things When asks about time Where asks about places Who asks about people Whom asks about people (object of verb) Which asks about choices Whose asks about possession Why asks about reasons/ causes How asks about manner/ process
- 16. 16 3. ALTERNATIVE INTERROGATIVES. Analternative question offers the listener a choice of two or more alternatives. Would you like juice, water, or green tea? NEGATIVE SENTENCE Negative sentence is formed by adding ‘not’ after the helping/auxiliary verb. Like, is not, are not, am not, has not, have not, had not, shall not, will not, do not, does not, did not, was not, were not. And by putting ‘not’ in between like, will not be, shall not be, has not been, have not been, had not been. Examples: He is not receiving my call. They were not eating the meal. Mahad does not go to academy. Note: For suggestions and guidance, kindly communicate. Email: saleemsafi5@gmail.com *********Enjoy^^^^Thank you**********