The current learning method of tenses is based on my personal experience and approach. It is a try to give new shape to the old learning materials. The notes are written and developed for the purpose to make learning of tenses easy

1. TENSES
Formula Based
Easy and Practical Approach
Muhammad Saleem
Subject Specialist English, E&SED KP

2. 2
TENSES
The current learning method of tenses is based on my personal experience and approach. It is a
try to give new shape to the old learning materials. The notes are written and developed for the
purpose to make learning of tenses easy. It is presented with the help of sentence structure. The
concept of subject, helping verb, verb and object are elaborated. The learner will be able to
memories and practice tense with practical approach. Further, general and basic rules are
mentioned through which a learner can get guidance.
The word tense comes from the Latin word, tempus, which means "time." The tense of a verb
shows the time when an action or condition occurred.
SENTENCE
The sentence is generally defined as a word or a group of words that expresses a thorough idea
by giving a statement/order, or asking a question, or exclaiming.
OR
Sentence is combination of dependent clause and independent clause. (Independent clause is a
simple sentence)
OR
Sentence is made of subject and predicate.
OR
Sentence is constructed from Noun phrase and verb phrase. i.e. S=NP+VP
STRUCTURE OF SENTENCE
V+O------------Verb Object
Forgive him.
Call her.
Try it.
SV--------------Subject + Verb
They go.
I write.
We enjoyed.
SVA------------Subject + Verb + Adverb
The car arrived late.
Manha writes slowly.
He goes to school.
SVO------------Subject + Verb + Object
They finished homework.
Wajeeha wrote a letter.
SVIODO-------Subject + Verb + Indirect Object + Direct Object

3. 3
Mahad gives his mother a watch.
The English teacher has shown him result.
He offered me a gift.
SVC------------Subject + Verb + Complement
They are teachers.
Manha and Wajeeha are students.
You are an engineer.
She is a doctor.
A+S+V--------Adverbial+ Subject+ Verb
Tomorrow we leave.
Soon I start.
Nicely Wajeeha answered.
Yesterday they reached.
SVOC----------Subject + Verb + Object + Complement
Teacher made her monitor.
We named her Manha.
Mahad made her sad.
TWELVE TENSES NAMES
 Present Simple
 Present Continuous/Progressive
 Present Perfect
 Present Perfect Continuous/Progressive
 Past Simple
 Past Continuous/Progressive
 Past Perfect
 Past Perfect Continuous/Progressive
 Future Simple
 Future Perfect
 Future Continuous/Progressive
 Future Perfect Continuous/Progressive
USES OF TENSES
Past Tense–verbs indicate the event has occurred in the past.
Present Tense—verbs indicate an ongoing event or an event that is currently occurring in
the present.
Future Tense—verbs indicate an event that is likely to occur in the future.
Past Present Future

4. 4
Tense Function Example
Present simple used for facts, generalizations, and
truths that are not affected by the
passage of time
Manha writes a creative
paragraph.
Past simple used for events completed in the past Manha wrote a creative
paragraph yesterday.
Future simple used for events to be completed in the
future
Manha will write a
creative paragraph
tomorrow.
Present
continuous
used to describe currently ongoing
(usually temporary) actions
Manha is writing a
creative paragraph.
Past continuous used to describe ongoing past events,
often in relation to the occurrence of
another event
Manha was writing a
creative paragraph.
Future continuous used to describe future events that are
expected to continue over a period of
time
Manha will be writing a
creative paragraph
tomorrow.
Present perfect used to describe events that began in the
past and are expected to continue, or to
emphasize the relevance of past events
to the present moment
Manha has written a
creative paragraph.
Past perfect used to describe events that happened
prior to other events in the past
Manha had written a
creative paragraph before a
month.
Future perfect used to describe events that will be
completed between now and a specific
point in the future
Manha will have written a
creative paragraph by the
end of the week.
Present perfect
continuous
used to describe events that started in
the past and continue into the present or
were recently completed, emphasizing
their relevance to the present moment
Manha has been writing a
creative paragraph since
last night.
Past perfect
continuous
used to describe events that began,
continued, and ended in the past,
emphasizing their relevance to a past
moment
Manha had been writing a
creative paragraph since
2002.
Future perfect
continuous
used to describe events that will
continue up until a point in the future,
emphasizing their expected duration
Manha will have
been writing a creative
paragraph for two days.

5. 5
ALL SUBJECTS
 He
 She
 It
 Singular noun (i.e. Mahad)
 I
 We
 You
 They
 Plural noun (i.e. Khizar,
Mahad & Wajeeha)
ALL HELPING VERBS
Helping verbs are used to help the main verb and to make up the structure of a sentence. There
are two types of verbs in English auxiliary and modal are used as helping verbs.
1. Auxiliary verb
Auxiliary verbs are helping verbs which add meaning to the clause, to emphasis and to express
tense. Helping verb and auxiliary verb are often interchangeable. The three common auxiliary
verbs have multiple forms:
 To be: am, is, are, was, were, be, been
 To have: have, has, had
 To do: do, does, did
2. Modal Verbs
Modal verbs are helping verbs which illustrate to further modify the action or meaning of the
main verb. Modal verbs help to show obligation, possibility or necessity in a sentence. Modal
verbs do not change form.
 can
 could
 may
 might
 will
 would
 shall
 should
 must
 ought to
SUBJECT WITH HELPING VERB
 He
 She Does/is/has/did/was/had/will
 It
 Singular noun
 I
 We
 You Do/are/have/did/were/had/will
 They
 Plural noun
 “had & did” are used with all subjects.
 “shall” is used only with I & We.
 “am” is used only with I.

6. 6
FORMS OF VERB
1. Present Continuous/Progressive Tense
2. Present Perfect Continuous/Progressive Tense
3. Past Continuous/Progressive Tense 1st
v+ing
4. Past Perfect Continuous/Progressive Tense (going, writing etc)
5. Future Continuous/Progressive Tense
6. Future Perfect Continuous/Progressive Tense
1. Present Perfect Tense
2. Past Perfect Tense 3rd
form of verb (gone, written, recited etc)
3. Future Perfect Tense
1. Present Simple/Indefinite Tense 1st
form of verb
2. Future Simple/Indefinite Tense (go, write, play etc)
 Addition of s/es with 1st
form of verb in Present Indefinite tense.
 Words ends in ‑s, ‑sh, ‑ch, ‑x, ‑z, o, y, we add ‑es. And with other nouns, we
add -s. Examples:
Ending sound Addition of ‘es’
S Classes
Sh Washes
Ch Attaches
X Mixes
Z Buzzes
O Goes
Y Ties
Addition of “s”
One or more consonants Wants, eats, works
Word ends with –ie Lies, ties
One or more consonants + e Writes,
1. Past Simple/Indefinite Tense-----2nd
form of verb (went, wrote etc)
OBJECT
An object is an action receiver. It is a noun, pronoun, or noun phrase on which is governed by a
verb or a preposition.
There are three types of object:
1. Direct Object
A direct object in a sentence is directly acted upon by a subject such as,
Students have done their homework.
2. Indirect Object
An indirect object in a sentence is the recipient of the action performed by the subject such as,
Mahad has gifted his mother a watch.

7. 7
3. Object of Preposition
The object of preposition is a noun or pronoun managed by a preposition such as,
Manha gets in her house when Muma is sleeping.
RECOGNITION OF TENSE
You can recognize a tense through knowing the used helping verb. Like
Present Tense-----H.V-----does, do, is, am, are, have, has
Past Tense---------H.V------Did, was, were, had
Future Tense------H.V------Shall, will
ONE SENTENCE AND ALL TENSES
Mahad goes to office. Present Simple/Indefinite
Wajeeha is going to office. Present Continuous/Progressive
Mahad has gone to office. Present Perfect
Mahad has been going to office since 2019. Present Perfect Continuous/Progressive
Mahad went to office yesterday. Past Simple/ Indefinite
Mahad was going to office. Past Continuous/Progressive
Mahad had gone to office. Past Perfect
Mahad had been going to office for two years. Past Perfect Continuous/Progressive
Mahad will go to office tomorrow. Future Simple/ Indefinite
Mahad will be going to office. Future Continuous/Progressive
Mahad will have gone to office. Future Perfect
Mahad will have been going to office for three years. Future Perfect Continuous/Progressive
FORMS OF VERBS (A-Z)
Present Tense Past Tense Past Participle Present Participle
Abuse Abused Abused Abusing
Act Acted Acted Acting
Add Added Added Adding
Admire Admired Admired Admiring
Advise Advised Advised Advising
Allow Allowed Allowed Allowing
Answer Answered Answered Answering
Appear Appeared Appeared Appearing
Appoint Appointed Appointed Appointing
Arise Arose Arisen Arising
Arrest Arrested Arrested Arresting
Arrive Arrived Arrived Arriving

8. 8
Ask Asked Asked Asking
Attack Attacked Attacked Attacking
Awake Awoke Awoke Awaking
Bake Baked Baked Baking
Bark Barked Barked Barking
Bathe Bathed Bathed Bathing
Be "Was, Were" Been Being
Bear Bore Born Bearing
Become Became Become Becoming
Beg Begged Begged Begging
Begin Began Begun Beginning
Behave Behaved Behaved Behaving
Behold Beheld Beheld Beholding
Believe Believed Believed Believing
Bend Bent Bent Bending
Bet Bet Bet Betting
Bid Bade Bidden Bidding
Bind Bound Bound Binding
Bite Bit Bitten Biting
Bleed Bled Bled Bleeding
Bless Blessed Blessed Blessing
Blow Blew Blown Blowing
Boast Boasted Boasted Boasting
Boil Boiled Boiled Boiling
Borrow Borrowed Borrowed Borrowing
Break Broke Broken Breaking
Bring Brought Brought Bringing
Build Built Built Building
Burn Burnt Burnt Burning
Burst Burst Burst Bursting
Buy Bought Bought Buying
Call Called Called Calling
Carry Carried Carried Carrying
Cast Cast Cast Casting
Catch Caught Caught Catching
Change Changed Changed Changing
Check Checked Checked Checking
Choose Chose Chosen Choosing
Clap Clapped Clapped Clapping

9. 9
Clean Cleaned Cleaned Cleaning
Climb Climbed Climbed Climbing
Cling Clung Clung Clinging
Close Closed Closed Closing
Collect Collected Collected Collecting
Come Came Come Coming
Complain Complained Complained Complaining
Consult Consulted Consulted Consulting
Cook Cooked Cooked Cooking
Copy Copied Copied Copying
Cost Cost Cost Costing
Count Counted Counted Counting
Cover Covered Covered Covering
Creep Crept Crept Creeping
Cross Crossed Crossed Crossing
Crow Crowed Crowed Crowing
Cry Cried Cried Crying
Cut Cut Cut Cutting
Dance Danced Danced Dancing
Deceive Deceived Deceived Deceiving
Decide Decided Decided Deciding
Decorate Decorated Decorated Decorating
Defeat Defeated Defeated Defeating
Desire Desired Desired Desiring
Die Died Died Dying
Dig Dug Dug Digging
Dip Dipped Dipped Dipping
Discover Discovered Discovered Discovering
Divide Divided Divided Dividing
Do Did Done Doing
Draw Drew Drawn Drawing
Dream Dreamed Dreamed Dreaming
Drink Drank Drunk Drinking
Drive Drove Driven Driving
Dry Drowned Drowned Drowning
Dye Dyed Dyed Dyeing
Earn Earned Earned Earning
Eat Ate Eaten Eating
Employ Employed Employed Employing

10. 10
Enter Entered Entered Entering
Explain Explained Explained Explaining
Face Faced Faced Facing
Fail Failed Failed Failing
Fall Fell Fallen Falling
Fear Feared Feared Fearing
Feed Fed Fed Feeding
Feel Felt Felt Feeling
Fight Fought Fought Fighting
Find Found Found Finding
Fine Fined Fined Fining
Finish Finished Finished Finishing
Flee Fled Fled Fleeing
Float Floated Floated Floating
Fly Flew Flown Flying
Forbid Forbade Forbidden Forbidding
Forget Forgot Forgotten Forgetting
Freeze Froze Frozen Freezing
Gather Gathered Gathered Gathering
Get Got Got Getting
Give Gave Given Giving
Graze Grazed Grazed Grazing
Grind Ground Ground Grinding
Grow Grew Grown Growing
Hang Hung Hung Hanging
Hate Hated Hated Hating
Have Had Had Having
Hear Heard Heard Hearing
Help Helped Helped Helping
Hide Hid Hidden Hiding
Hold Held Held Holding
Hurt Hurt Hurt Hurting
Improve Improved Improved Improving
Invite Invited Invited Inviting
Join Joined Joined Joining
Jump Jumped Jumped Jumping
Keep Kept Kept Keeping
Kill Killed Killed Killing
Kneel Knelt Knelt Kneeling

11. 11
Knit Knitted Knitted Knitting
Know Knew Known Knowing
Laugh Laughed Laughed Laughing
Lay Laid Laid Laying
Learn Learned Learned Learning
Leave Left Left Leaving
Lend Lent Lent Lending
Let Let Let Letting
Lie Lay Lain Lying
Light Lighted Lit Lighting
Like Liked Liked Liking
Listen Listened Listened Listening
Live Lived Lived Living
Look Looked Looked Looking
Lose Lost Lost Listening
Love Loved Loved Loving
Make Made Made Making
Marry Married Married Marrying
Mean Meant Meant Meaning
Meet Met Met Meeting
Melt Melted Melted Melting
Mend Mended Mended Mending
Mix Mixed Mixed Mixing
Move Moved Moved Moving
Name Named Named Naming
Need Needed Needed Needing
Nip Nipped Nipped Nipping
Obey Obeyed Obeyed Obeying
Open Opened Opened Opening
Oppose Opposed Opposed Opposing
Order Ordered Ordered Ordering
Pay Paid Paid Paying
Peep Peeped Peeped Peeping
Plant Planted Planted Planting
Play Played Played Playing
Plough Ploughed Ploughed Ploughing
Pluck Plucked Plucked Plucking
Praise Praised Praised Praising
Pray Prayed Prayed Praying

12. 12
Preach Preached Preached Preaching
Prepare Prepared Prepared Preparing
Prevent Prevented Prevented Preventing
Promise Promised Promised Promising
Prove Proved Proved Proving
Pull Pulled Pulled Pulling
Punish Punished Punished Punishing
Push Pushed Pushed Pushing
Put Put Put Putting
Quit Quit Quit Quitting
Quarrel Quarreled Quarreled Quarrelling
Rain Rained Rained Raining
Reach Reached Reached Reaching
Read Read Read Reading
Refuse Refused Refused Refused
Remember Remembered Remembered Remembering
Repair Repaired Repaired Repairing
Reply Replied Replied Replying
Resign Resigned Resigned Resigning
Rest Rested Rested Resting
Return Returned Returned Returning
Ride Rode Ridden Riding
Ring Rang Rung Ringing
Rise Rose Risen Rising
Roar Roared Roared Roaring
Save Saved Saved Saving
Saw Sawed Sawed Sawing
Say Said Said Saying
See Saw Seen Seeing
Seek Sought Sought Seeking
Select Selected Selected Selecting
Sell Sold Sold Selling
Send Sent Sent Sending
Set Set Set Setting
Shake Shook Shaken Shaking
Shed Shed Shed Shedding
Shine Shone Shone Shining
Shoot Shot Shot Shooting
Shrink Shrank Shrunk Shrinking

13. 13
Shut Shut Shut Shutting
Sing Sang Sung Singing
Sink Sank Sunk Sinking
Sit Sat Sat Sitting
Slay Slew Slain Slaying
Sleep Slept Slept Sleeping
Slip Slipped Slipped Slipping
Speak Spoke Spoken Speaking
Spend Spent Spent Spending
Spit Spat Spat Spitting
Spread Spread Spread Spreading
Stand Stood Stood Standing
Stay Stayed Stayed Staying
Steal Stole Stolen Stealing
Stick Stuck Stuck Sticking
Stop Stopped Stopped Stopping
Strike Struck Struck Striking
Study Studied Studied Studying
Swear Swore Sworn Swearing
Sweep Swept Swept Sweeping
Swim Swam Swum Swimming
Swing Swung Swung Swinging
Take Took Taken Taking
Talk Talked Talked Talking
Teach Taught Taught Teaching
Tear Tore Torn Tearing
Tell Told Told Telling
Think Thought Thought Thinking
Thrust Thrust Thrust Thrusting
Tie Tied Tied Tying
Touch Touched Touched Touching
Trust Trusted Trusted Trusting
Try Tried Tried Trying
Understand Understood Understood Understanding
Use Used Used Using
Wait Waited Waited Waiting
Walk Walked Walked Walking
Wander Wandered Wandered Wandering
Wash Washed Washed Washing

14. 14
Waste Wasted Wasted Wasting
Watch Watched Watched Watching
Wear Wore Worn Wearing
Weave wove Woven Weaving
Wed Wedded Wedded Wedding
Weep Wept Wept Weeping
Win Won Won Winning
Wind Wound Wound Winding
Wish Wished Wished Wishing
Wonder Wondered Wondered Wondering
Work Worked Worked Working
Worship Worshipped Worshipped Worshipping
Wound Wounded Wounded Wounding
Wrap Wrapped Wrapped Wrapping
Wring Wrung Wrung Wringing
Write Wrote Written Writing
yap yapped Yapped Yapping
yawn yawned yawned Yawning
yearn yearned yearned Yearning
yell yelled Yelled Yelling
yellow yellowed yellowed Yellowing
yelp yelped Yelped Yelping
yield yielded Yielded Yielding
yap yapped Yapped Yapping
yawn yawned yawned yawning
yearn yearned yearned Yearning
zero zeroed Zeroed zeroing
zigzag zigzagged zigzagged zigzagging
zip zipped Zipped zipping
zoom zoomed zoomed zooming
zero zeroed Zeroed zeroing
zigzag zigzagged zigzagged zigzagging
QUESTION
Sentences that ask a question are called interrogative sentences. They end with a question mark
(?). All interrogative sentences are not the same. There are four types of Interrogative sentences.

15. 15
1. YES/NO INTERROGATIVES (CLOSE ENDED)
Questions that need either a yes or a no answer are called yes-no questions:
Do you like green tea? (answer: yes or no)
Has Wajeeha seen Islamia College? (answer: yes or no)
FORMING YES/NO QUESTIONS (With an auxiliary verb)
We form yes-no questions with an auxiliary verb (be, do or have) + subject + main verb or with a
modal verb + subject + main verb:
Structure: H.V/Modal verb +Sub+V+O
Examples: Is Mahad going to office?
Can you bring a glass of water?
1. WH-INTERROGATIVES (OPEN ENDED)
WH-questions are questions starting with WH-words including: what, when, where, who, whom,
which, whose, why and how. Question words are used to ask about specific qualities, times,
places, people and so on.
Structure: W/H+HV+Sub+V+O
Examples: What is he writing?
Where does she go?
2. TAG QUESTIONS
Question tags are more common in speaking than writing. We often use question tags when we
expect the listener to agree with our statement. In this case, when the statement is positive, we
use a negative question tag.
Manha is a doctor, isn't she?
Mus’ab was happy, wasn't he?
If the statement is negative, we use a positive question tag.
Wajeeha isn’t a doctor, is she?
Question Usages
What asks about things
When asks about time
Where asks about places
Who asks about people
Whom asks about people (object of verb)
Which asks about choices
Whose asks about possession
Why asks about reasons/ causes
How asks about manner/ process

16. 16
3. ALTERNATIVE INTERROGATIVES.
An alternative question offers the listener a choice of two or more alternatives.
Would you like juice, water, or green tea?
NEGATIVE SENTENCE
Negative sentence is formed by adding ‘not’ after the helping/auxiliary verb. Like, is not, are not,
am not, has not, have not, had not, shall not, will not, do not, does not, did not, was not, were not.
And by putting ‘not’ in between like, will not be, shall not be, has not been, have not been, had
not been.
Examples: He is not receiving my call.
They were not eating the meal.
Mahad does not go to academy.
Note: For suggestions and guidance, kindly communicate.
Email: saleemsafi5@gmail.com
*********Enjoy^^^^Thank you**********