Medical neuroscience

1. Temporal
associational
cortex
DOMINA PETRIC, MD

2. Temporal associational cortex
Recieves inputs from
visual and auditory cortex:
recognition of visual and
auditory stimuli.
HTTPS://WWW.COURSERA.ORG/LEARN/MEDICAL-NEUROSCIENCE: LEONARD E. WHITE, PHD,
DUKE UNIVERSITY

3. Inferior temporal lobe
Ventral object (WHAT) recognition visual pathway!
Fusiform gyrus region is associated with recognition of
human face.
Damage to visual recognition centers in the inferior
temporal lobe leads to AGNOSIAS.
PROSOPAGNOSIA is the inability to recognise human face.
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DUKE UNIVERSITY

4. Inferior
temporal
lobe
https://upload.wikimedia.org
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DUKE UNIVERSITY

5. What and
where visual
pathways
Pinterest.com
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DUKE UNIVERSITY

6. Memory function of
temporal associational
cortex
II.
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DUKE UNIVERSITY

7. Categories of human memory
Declarative
(available to
consciousness)
Daily
episodes
Words and
their
meanings
History
Nondeclarative
(not available to
consciousness)
Motor skills
Associations
Puzzle-
solving
skills
Priming
cues
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DUKE UNIVERSITY

8. Categories of human memory
Long-term
memory
(days-
years)
Working
memory
(seconds-
minutes)
Immediate
memory
(fraction of
seconds)
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DUKE UNIVERSITY
Forgetting

9. Parahippocampal gyrus
It is important for the capacity to
consolidate the moment and built long-
term memory.
Hippocampus is critical brain structure
for the acquisition of declarative
memory.
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DUKE UNIVERSITY

10. Parahippocampal
gyrus
http://upload.wikimedia.org
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DUKE UNIVERSITY

11. Hippocampus
https://inside-the-
brain.com
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DUKE UNIVERSITY

12. Medial temporal lobe memory system
PARAHIPPOCAMPAL GYRUS
HIPPOCAMPUS
The hippocampus is forming the floor and
medial wall of the lateral ventricle.
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DUKE UNIVERSITY

13. Hippocampus
Hippocampus is the simplest of all cortical structures
(archicortex).
Its function is consolidating declarative memory.
Hippocampus recieves inputs from the parahippocampal gyrus.
First to recieve inputs are neurons of DENTATE GYRUS.
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DUKE UNIVERSITY

14. Dentate gyrus
and
hippocampus
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DUKE UNIVERSITY

15. Medial temporal lobe memory system
• Parahippocampal gyral formation has extensive
interconnections with other associational cortices.
• Those interconnections are critical for the storage and the
recall of the informations.
• Lesions in the medial temporal lobe cause AMNESIA
(pathological forgetting).
• Amnesia can be anterograde or retrograde.
• If there is damage to the hippocampus, there will be
anterograde amnesia and some degree of retrograde amnesia.
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DUKE UNIVERSITY

16. Declarative and procedural memory systems
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DUKE UNIVERSITY
Short-term memory storage:
hippocampus and related structures
Short-term memory storage: unknown
sites widespread through the brain
Long term storage: Wernike´s area for
the meaning of words, temporal cortex
for the memories of objects and faces...
Long term storage: cerebellum, basal
ganglia, premotor cortex and other
sites related to motor behavior
Acquisition and storage of declarative
informations
Acquisition and storage of
nondeclarative informations

17. Alzheimer´s disease
• Neurodegenerative disorder that primarily affects the cerebral
cortex, especially the medial temporal lobe and parietal
associational cortex.
• Senile plaque is an extracellular accumulation of proteins.
• Neurofibrillary tangle is an intracellular inclusion that is
present in neurons affected with neurodegenerative disorder
(Alzheimer´s disease in particular).
• Patients with Alzheimer´s disease tend to have difficulties with
creating new memories, but they do not have a problem with
childhood memories (at least in the first stage of disease).
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DUKE UNIVERSITY

18. Temporal lobe and
language
III.
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DUKE UNIVERSITY

19. Wernicke´s and Broca´s area
• Wernicke´s area is located in the posterior one third of superior
temporal gyrus and it is a network of more widely spread
neuronal centers that are critical for recognition and
interpretation of language.
• Broca´s area is involved in production of speech and again it is
not one single area, but rather a network of more widely spread
neuronal centers that are critical for speech production.
• Broca´s area is located in the posterior one third of the inferior
frontal gyrus.
• Broca´s area is involved in vocal articulation and production of
written language.
HTTPS://WWW.COURSERA.ORG/LEARN/MEDICAL-NEUROSCIENCE: LEONARD E. WHITE, PHD,
DUKE UNIVERSITY

20. Aphasia
Broca´s aphasia
• halting speech
• tendency to repeat phrases
or words (perseveration)
• disordered syntax
• disordered grammar
• disordered structure of
individual words
• comprenhension intact
Wernike´s aphasia
• fluent speech
• little spontaneous repetition
• syntax adequate
• grammar adequate
• contrived or innapropriate
words
• comprenhension not intact
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DUKE UNIVERSITY

21. Aphasia
Wernike´s and Broca´s neural networks are interconnected
with white matter structures.
Damage of those white matter pathways would produce
combined aphasia.
Global aphasia is associated with a stroke involving the entire
middle cerebral arterty distribution (both Wernicke´s and
Broca´s neural networks).
HTTPS://WWW.COURSERA.ORG/LEARN/MEDICAL-NEUROSCIENCE: LEONARD E. WHITE, PHD,
DUKE UNIVERSITY

22. Functional language neural networks
Broca´s and Werkicke´s neural networks are lateralised to the
left hemisphere in the vast majority of people.
Functional language neural networks are localised in the left
hemisphere for all right handed people and in 80% of left
handed people.
Functional language neural networks are localised in the right
hemisphere for 20% of left handed people.
HTTPS://WWW.COURSERA.ORG/LEARN/MEDICAL-NEUROSCIENCE: LEONARD E. WHITE, PHD,
DUKE UNIVERSITY

23. Non-dominant hemisphere
There are language neural networks also in non-dominant
hemisphere, but the organisation is different.
Left planum temporale is usually bigger than the right planum
temporale.
Right Wernicke´s neural network is associated with recognition
and interpretation of emotional component of speech.
Right Broca´s neural network is important for imbuing speech
with emotion.
HTTPS://WWW.COURSERA.ORG/LEARN/MEDICAL-NEUROSCIENCE: LEONARD E. WHITE, PHD,
DUKE UNIVERSITY

24. Women vs. men
Women tend to have less
lateralisation of language
neural networks then the
men do.
HTTPS://WWW.COURSERA.ORG/LEARN/MEDICAL-NEUROSCIENCE: LEONARD E. WHITE, PHD,
DUKE UNIVERSITY

25. Literature
•https://www.coursera.org/learn/medical-
neuroscience: Leonard E. White, PhD,
Duke University
•https://upload.wikimedia.org
•Pinterest.com
•https://inside-the-brain.com
•https://qph.ec.quoracdn.net
HTTPS://WWW.COURSERA.ORG/LEARN/MEDICAL-NEUROSCIENCE: LEONARD E. WHITE, PHD,
DUKE UNIVERSITY