An important short preview for anatomical understanding of cerebellum
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This is the second lecture on the brainstem discussing the external features, levels of section and internal structures of both the pons and midbrain. Also discusses the important clinical syndromes affecting pons and midbrain.
This is the second lecture on the brainstem discussing the external features, levels of section and internal structures of both the pons and midbrain. Also discusses the important clinical syndromes affecting pons and midbrain.
Anatomy of Cerebellum professor dr saeed abuel makareem _ Relevant Connection...ssuser6e679b
Prof. Ahmed Fathalla Ibrahim
Professor of Anatomy
College of Medicine
King Saud University
E-mail: ahmedfathala@gmail.com
At the end of the lecture, students should:
❑Describe the external features of the cerebellum
(lobes, fissures).
❑Describe briefly the internal structure of the
cerebellum.
❑List the name of cerebellar nuclei.
❑Relate the anatomical to the functional
subdivisions of the cerebellum.
❑Describe the important connections of each
subdivision.
❑Describe briefly the main effects in case of lesion
of the cerebellum
Blood supply of cerebellum
Nerve supply of cerebellum
How to understand anatomy of the brain
Most important information about brain anatomy brain cortex and lobes and gyrus
Visual region in the brain
white fibers of the cerebrum, commissural fibers, association fibers and radiation fibers, examples of each types of cerebral fibers, corpus callosum, fornix, habenular commisure, anterior commissure, posterior commissure, superior longitudinal fasciculus, inferior longitudinal fasciculus, occipital fasciculus, uncinate fasciculus, projection fibers, corona radiata, optic radiation
gross Anatomy of Mid Brain.location an relation of midbrain. external an internal features of mid brain. cross section at the level of superior and inferior colliculus. Anterior and posterior view of midbrain.
clinical correlation of midbrain.
Describe the histological structure of cerebellum
List afferent and efferent nerve fibres of cerebellar peduncle
Describe the physiological function of each cerebellum division
Discuss lesion of cerebellum according to the anatomical division
Discuss the effects of ethanol on central nervous system
Discuss pharmacological effect, side effects and drug
interaction of tetrahydrocannibinol
1.Anatomy of the Medulla
2. Introduction to Brainstem Anatomy of the brainstem includes ( midbrain-pons-medulla ) is very complicated !! •It connects spinal cord to the cerebrum. • The mid brain pons, and medulla are connected to cerebellum posteriorly. •1 - ascending an descending tracts that connect brain to spinal cord. •2 - cranial nerves nuclei and their connections •3 - Reticular formation •4 - others e.g (olivarynucleus in MO tapizusbody in pons and red nucleus in MB )
3. Medulla oblongata •The medulla oblongata is the part of the brainstem between the pons and spinal cord •It extends through the foramen magnum to the level of the atlas. •Medulla is vital for our function, without medulla we die. •Above the foramen magnum it is embraced dorsally by the cerebellar hemispheres. 1.The lower end which contains the upward continuation of the central canal of the spinal cord is the ‘closed part of the medulla’, 2.The upper end, where the canal comes to the surface as the lower part of the floor of the fourth ventricle, is the ‘open part’.
4. Medulla contd….. MO is lowest 3 cm of the brainstem •it extend from the ponto- medullary junction until plane below foramina magnum for about 0.5 cm. •Medulla spinalis have a central canal which prolonged into its lower half to open in the fourth ventricle at its upper half. •CSF is encircle the MO from outside ( subarachnoid space ) and inside ( central canal ). •MO is between the two lobes of cerebellum ( anterior cerebellar notch )
5. EXTERNAL FEATURES AND RELATIONS • 3Cm long. • Located at the caudal portion of brainstem • Upper limit is cerebello-pontine angle • Transverse plane that above C1 (suboccipital) intersects upper border of atlas dorsally and centre of dens ventrally marks lower limit
6. VENTRAL SURFACE • Ventral median fissure extends from foramen coecum to caudal end of pyramid decussation • Lateral to median fissure is pyramid • Lat to pyramid is the ventrolateral sulcus (VLS) • Hypoglossal nerve rootlets emerge from VLS • Lat to VLS is olive which contains inf olivary nucleus • Inferior cerebellar peduncle connects medulla with cerebellum and forms side wall of caudal half of fourth ventricle
7. Ventral Surface Pyramid: Swelling on each side of anterior median fissure. • Composed of bundles of nerve fibers, (corticospinal fibers) originate from the precentral gyrus of the cerebral cortex. • The pyramids taper inferiorly and majority of the descending fibers decussate to the opposite side. Olive: • Olives are the anterolateral oval elevations produced by the underlying inferior olivary nuclei. • From the groove between the pyramid and the olive, the rootlets of the hypoglossal nerve emerge
8. LATERAL ASPECT • Roots of glossopharyngeal , vagus and cranial division of accessory nerves are attached to the medulla dorsal to olive.
9. Dorsal surface At dorsal surface of closed part of medulla, gracile and cuneate fasciculi continue from the spinal
The cerebellum which stands for “little brain”, is a structure of the central nervous system.
It has an important role in motor control.
In particular, it is active in the coordination, precision and timing of movements, as well as in motor learning.
The surface of the cerebellum is marked by a series of small infoldings called folia. It consists of two hemispheres separated by a vermis.
A dural in folding called the tentorium cerebelli separates the superior surface of the cerebellum from the inferior surface of the occipital lobe. Three peduncles connect the cerebellum to other neural structures.
Anatomical Location:
The cerebellum is located at the back of the brain,
immediately inferior to the occipital and temporal lobes.
It is separated from the cerebral lobes by the tentorium cerebelli, a tough layer of dura mater.
It lies at the same level and posterior to the pons, from which it is separated by the fourth ventricle.
The cerebellum consists of grey matter and white matter.Grey matter – located on the
surface of the cerebellum. It is tightly folded, forming the cerebellar cortex.
White matter – located underneath the cerebellar cortex.
parts of Cerebellum :
There are three parts
Anatomical lobes,
zones and
functional divisions
There are three anatomical lobes;
the anterior lobe, the posterior lobe and the flocculonodular lobe.
These lobes are divided by two fissures – the primary fissure and posterolateral fissure.There are two cerebellar zones.
In the midline of the cerebellum is the vermis.
Either side of the vermis is the intermediate zone.
Lateral to the intermediate zone are the lateral hemispheres/lateral zone.The cerebellum has 3 parts:
Archicerebellum (vestibulocerebellum): It includes the flocculonodular lobe, which is located in the medial zone. The archicerebellum helps maintain equilibrium and coordinate eye, head, and neck movements; it is closely interconnected with the vestibular nuclei.
Midline vermis (paleocerebellum)/spinocerebellum: It helps coordinate trunk and leg movements. Vermis lesions result in abnormalities of stance and gait. It is involved in regulating body movements by allowing for error correction. It also receives proprioceptive information.
Lateral hemispheres (neocerebellum)/cerebrocerebellum: They control quick and finely coordinated limb movements, predominantly of the arms and hands.
THE CEREBELLUM IS INVOLVED IN THE FOLLOWING FUNCTIONS:
Maintenance of balance and posture. postural adjustments in order to maintain balance
Coordination of voluntary movements. Most movements are composed of a number of different muscle groups acting together in a temporally coordinated fashion.
Motor learning. The cerebellum is important for motor learning. The cerebellum plays a major role in adapting and fine-tuning motor programs to make accurate movements through a trial-and-error process (e.g., learning to hit a baseball).
Cognitive functions. involved in certain cognitive function
Anatomy of Cerebellum professor dr saeed abuel makareem _ Relevant Connection...ssuser6e679b
Prof. Ahmed Fathalla Ibrahim
Professor of Anatomy
College of Medicine
King Saud University
E-mail: ahmedfathala@gmail.com
At the end of the lecture, students should:
❑Describe the external features of the cerebellum
(lobes, fissures).
❑Describe briefly the internal structure of the
cerebellum.
❑List the name of cerebellar nuclei.
❑Relate the anatomical to the functional
subdivisions of the cerebellum.
❑Describe the important connections of each
subdivision.
❑Describe briefly the main effects in case of lesion
of the cerebellum
Blood supply of cerebellum
Nerve supply of cerebellum
How to understand anatomy of the brain
Most important information about brain anatomy brain cortex and lobes and gyrus
Visual region in the brain
white fibers of the cerebrum, commissural fibers, association fibers and radiation fibers, examples of each types of cerebral fibers, corpus callosum, fornix, habenular commisure, anterior commissure, posterior commissure, superior longitudinal fasciculus, inferior longitudinal fasciculus, occipital fasciculus, uncinate fasciculus, projection fibers, corona radiata, optic radiation
gross Anatomy of Mid Brain.location an relation of midbrain. external an internal features of mid brain. cross section at the level of superior and inferior colliculus. Anterior and posterior view of midbrain.
clinical correlation of midbrain.
Describe the histological structure of cerebellum
List afferent and efferent nerve fibres of cerebellar peduncle
Describe the physiological function of each cerebellum division
Discuss lesion of cerebellum according to the anatomical division
Discuss the effects of ethanol on central nervous system
Discuss pharmacological effect, side effects and drug
interaction of tetrahydrocannibinol
1.Anatomy of the Medulla
2. Introduction to Brainstem Anatomy of the brainstem includes ( midbrain-pons-medulla ) is very complicated !! •It connects spinal cord to the cerebrum. • The mid brain pons, and medulla are connected to cerebellum posteriorly. •1 - ascending an descending tracts that connect brain to spinal cord. •2 - cranial nerves nuclei and their connections •3 - Reticular formation •4 - others e.g (olivarynucleus in MO tapizusbody in pons and red nucleus in MB )
3. Medulla oblongata •The medulla oblongata is the part of the brainstem between the pons and spinal cord •It extends through the foramen magnum to the level of the atlas. •Medulla is vital for our function, without medulla we die. •Above the foramen magnum it is embraced dorsally by the cerebellar hemispheres. 1.The lower end which contains the upward continuation of the central canal of the spinal cord is the ‘closed part of the medulla’, 2.The upper end, where the canal comes to the surface as the lower part of the floor of the fourth ventricle, is the ‘open part’.
4. Medulla contd….. MO is lowest 3 cm of the brainstem •it extend from the ponto- medullary junction until plane below foramina magnum for about 0.5 cm. •Medulla spinalis have a central canal which prolonged into its lower half to open in the fourth ventricle at its upper half. •CSF is encircle the MO from outside ( subarachnoid space ) and inside ( central canal ). •MO is between the two lobes of cerebellum ( anterior cerebellar notch )
5. EXTERNAL FEATURES AND RELATIONS • 3Cm long. • Located at the caudal portion of brainstem • Upper limit is cerebello-pontine angle • Transverse plane that above C1 (suboccipital) intersects upper border of atlas dorsally and centre of dens ventrally marks lower limit
6. VENTRAL SURFACE • Ventral median fissure extends from foramen coecum to caudal end of pyramid decussation • Lateral to median fissure is pyramid • Lat to pyramid is the ventrolateral sulcus (VLS) • Hypoglossal nerve rootlets emerge from VLS • Lat to VLS is olive which contains inf olivary nucleus • Inferior cerebellar peduncle connects medulla with cerebellum and forms side wall of caudal half of fourth ventricle
7. Ventral Surface Pyramid: Swelling on each side of anterior median fissure. • Composed of bundles of nerve fibers, (corticospinal fibers) originate from the precentral gyrus of the cerebral cortex. • The pyramids taper inferiorly and majority of the descending fibers decussate to the opposite side. Olive: • Olives are the anterolateral oval elevations produced by the underlying inferior olivary nuclei. • From the groove between the pyramid and the olive, the rootlets of the hypoglossal nerve emerge
8. LATERAL ASPECT • Roots of glossopharyngeal , vagus and cranial division of accessory nerves are attached to the medulla dorsal to olive.
9. Dorsal surface At dorsal surface of closed part of medulla, gracile and cuneate fasciculi continue from the spinal
The cerebellum which stands for “little brain”, is a structure of the central nervous system.
It has an important role in motor control.
In particular, it is active in the coordination, precision and timing of movements, as well as in motor learning.
The surface of the cerebellum is marked by a series of small infoldings called folia. It consists of two hemispheres separated by a vermis.
A dural in folding called the tentorium cerebelli separates the superior surface of the cerebellum from the inferior surface of the occipital lobe. Three peduncles connect the cerebellum to other neural structures.
Anatomical Location:
The cerebellum is located at the back of the brain,
immediately inferior to the occipital and temporal lobes.
It is separated from the cerebral lobes by the tentorium cerebelli, a tough layer of dura mater.
It lies at the same level and posterior to the pons, from which it is separated by the fourth ventricle.
The cerebellum consists of grey matter and white matter.Grey matter – located on the
surface of the cerebellum. It is tightly folded, forming the cerebellar cortex.
White matter – located underneath the cerebellar cortex.
parts of Cerebellum :
There are three parts
Anatomical lobes,
zones and
functional divisions
There are three anatomical lobes;
the anterior lobe, the posterior lobe and the flocculonodular lobe.
These lobes are divided by two fissures – the primary fissure and posterolateral fissure.There are two cerebellar zones.
In the midline of the cerebellum is the vermis.
Either side of the vermis is the intermediate zone.
Lateral to the intermediate zone are the lateral hemispheres/lateral zone.The cerebellum has 3 parts:
Archicerebellum (vestibulocerebellum): It includes the flocculonodular lobe, which is located in the medial zone. The archicerebellum helps maintain equilibrium and coordinate eye, head, and neck movements; it is closely interconnected with the vestibular nuclei.
Midline vermis (paleocerebellum)/spinocerebellum: It helps coordinate trunk and leg movements. Vermis lesions result in abnormalities of stance and gait. It is involved in regulating body movements by allowing for error correction. It also receives proprioceptive information.
Lateral hemispheres (neocerebellum)/cerebrocerebellum: They control quick and finely coordinated limb movements, predominantly of the arms and hands.
THE CEREBELLUM IS INVOLVED IN THE FOLLOWING FUNCTIONS:
Maintenance of balance and posture. postural adjustments in order to maintain balance
Coordination of voluntary movements. Most movements are composed of a number of different muscle groups acting together in a temporally coordinated fashion.
Motor learning. The cerebellum is important for motor learning. The cerebellum plays a major role in adapting and fine-tuning motor programs to make accurate movements through a trial-and-error process (e.g., learning to hit a baseball).
Cognitive functions. involved in certain cognitive function
HUMAN BRAIN
Brain is a organ of soft nervous tissue contained in the skull of vertebrates, functioning as the coordinating centre of the body.
PARTS OF BRAIN
Human brain is divided into three major parts on the basis of their functions and placement :-
1. Fore Brain
2. Mid Brain
3. Hind Brain
Introduction to nervous system, Divisions of Nervous System, Nervous System P...Shaista Jabeen
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Introduction to nervous system, Divisions of Nervous System, Nervous System Physiology
Introduction to nervous system
Divisions of Nervous System
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DIVISIONS OF NERVOUS SYSTEM
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PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
Short Notes
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2. CEREBELLUM
The cerebellum, which stands for “little brain”, is
a structure of the central nervous system.
It is important in:
Motor control
Coordination
Precision
Timing of movements
Motor leaning
3. ANATOMICAL LOCATION
It is located at the back of brain, inferior to Occipital
and Temporal lobes.
It lines at the same level of and posterior to Pons.
4. ANATOMICAL STRUCTURE
The cerebellum consists of two hemispheres which are
connected by the vermis, a narrow midline area.
Cerebellum consist of Grey Matter and White Matter.
Grey Matter:
located on the surface of the cerebellum. It is
tightly folded, forming the cerebellar cortex.
White Matter:
located underneath the cerebellar cortex.
Embedded in the white matter are the four cerebellar nuclei .
5. Anatomical Lobes
There are three anatomical lobes
Anterior lobe
Posterior lobe
Flocculonodular lobe
These lobes are divided by Primary fissure and
postereolateral lobe.