The document discusses solar photovoltaic (PV) module recycling. It notes that while some regulations exist, there is currently little actual recycling of PV modules being done. Reasons given include the small volumes of waste generated and the long lifetime of modules. Some research on recycling methods is mentioned, including separating and recovering materials from thin film cadmium telluride modules. Maintaining thin film PV technologies like cadmium telluride is discussed as important for achieving high efficiencies and low costs despite concerns about the materials used.

1. TeknologiSel Surya SatwikoSidopekso Sesion #07-08 JurusanFisika FakultasMatematikadanIlmuPengetahuanAlam

2. Outline 06/01/2011 © 2010 Universitas Negeri Jakarta | www.unj.ac.id | 2 Application P-V Modul: Solar Home System Solar for rural application

3. Application P - V Modul © 2010 Universitas Negeri Jakarta | www.unj.ac.id | 3 06/01/2011

5. North Carolina and perhaps CA have recycling programs for items with cathode ray tubeGenerally, few PV companies have any policies, with a notable exception (First Solar) and some awareness of Pb-solder issues by traditional Si companies 06/01/2011 4 © 2010 Universitas Negeri Jakarta | www.unj.ac.id |

6. Reasons Small volume of product Even smaller volume of waste (given long outdoor life of modules, which postpones disposal) Tiny amounts of problematic materials (lead solder, and some specialty elements in newer, barely commercial technologies like selenium, cadmium) 06/01/2011 5 © 2010 Universitas Negeri Jakarta | www.unj.ac.id |

7. Compare to Energy Industry PV offsets other sources of energy that themselves cause pollution – implied credit? PV is not a classic ‘throw away’ consumer item PV does not consume electricity, it produces it Shouldn’t PV products be compared to energy industry products (not consumer items)? 06/01/2011 6 © 2010 Universitas Negeri Jakarta | www.unj.ac.id |

9. How sure are we that we have the proper balance of good/bad in our valuations – e.g., does CdTe get a credit for sequestering waste Cd from zinc mining? How about improved energy-payback for thin films?

10. At worst, innovative PV module technologies can increase competition, lowering costPlenty of time (30 years) to make the right decision before waste stream becomes large, due to long outdoor life of modules 06/01/2011 7 © 2010 Universitas Negeri Jakarta | www.unj.ac.id |

12. ‘Take back’ plan for old/end-of-life modules

13. Recycling of separated materials

15. Extensive work on recycling methods and collection procedures

16. “Cadmium Issues in PV” website (http://www.nrel.gov/cdte/)

17. Encourage companies to proactively resolve issues06/01/2011 8 © 2010 Universitas Negeri Jakarta | www.unj.ac.id |

18. BNL Research on Recycling VasilisFthenakisBrookhaven National Laboratory Collection Infrastructure Technical Feasibility 06/01/2011 9 © 2010 Universitas Negeri Jakarta | www.unj.ac.id |

19. Recycling in Other Industries 06/01/2011 10 © 2010 Universitas Negeri Jakarta | www.unj.ac.id |

20. Collection Infrastructure Paradigms 06/01/2011 11 © 2010 Universitas Negeri Jakarta | www.unj.ac.id |

21. PV Module Collection & Transportation Costs ($1998 preliminary estimates) 06/01/2011 12 © 2010 Universitas Negeri Jakarta | www.unj.ac.id |

22. Total PV Recycling Cost 06/01/2011 13 © 2010 Universitas Negeri Jakarta | www.unj.ac.id |

23. Leaching of Cd from CdTe PV Modules 06/01/2011 14 © 2010 Universitas Negeri Jakarta | www.unj.ac.id |

24. Leaching of Te from CdTe PV Modules 06/01/2011 15 © 2010 Universitas Negeri Jakarta | www.unj.ac.id |

25. Preliminary Results & Ongoing Research________________________________________________________ Cd and Te can be effectively leached from fragments of PV modules with a dilute solution of H2SO4 and H2O2; this can be re-used with a small amount of H2O2 make-up Using a dilute solution has cost-, safety and waste-management advantages over currently used solutions Preliminary results of separating Cd from Te in solution show a 99.86 to 99.99% separation 06/01/2011 16 © 2010 Universitas Negeri Jakarta | www.unj.ac.id |

26. Uniqueness of CdTe and CuInSe2 Despite presence of Cd and Se, crucial PV thin film options Demonstrated highest efficiencies for thin films (11% and 13% at module levels, 16.5% and 19% at cells levels, respectively) Best potential for ambitious combination of high module efficiency and very low module costs – combining for dollar/W module potential of under 50 ¢/W, as fully developed and manufactured in volume These are unique technologies that cannot be replaced by those without Cd or Se (which is in the absorber, the key element of each technology) 06/01/2011 17 © 2010 Universitas Negeri Jakarta | www.unj.ac.id |

27. 20 NREL CuInSe2 CdTe Amorphous silicon (stabilized) NREL NREL 16 Univ. of So. Florida BP Solar EuroCIS Boeing Boeing Univ. of So. FL ARCO 12 Kodak Photon Energy Efficiency (%) AMETEK Boeing United Solar Monosolar Boeing Kodak 8 Matsushita Boeing ECD Univ. of Maine The Best One-of-a-Kind LaboratoryCell Efficiencies for Thin Films(Standard Conditions) 4 RCA 0 2005 1975 2000 1995 1990 1985 1980 02658722 06/01/2011 18 © 2010 Universitas Negeri Jakarta | www.unj.ac.id |

28. 06/01/2011 19 © 2010 Universitas Negeri Jakarta | www.unj.ac.id |

29. First Solar Advanced Thin-Film PV Modules at the Tucson Electric Power Array in Arizona. 06/01/2011 20 © 2010 Universitas Negeri Jakarta | www.unj.ac.id |

30. Shell Solar CIS Salzburg and Camarillo 06/01/2011 21 © 2010 Universitas Negeri Jakarta | www.unj.ac.id |

33. 06/01/2011 © 2010 Universitas Negeri Jakarta | www.unj.ac.id | 23

34. 06/01/2011 © 2010 Universitas Negeri Jakarta | www.unj.ac.id | 24 TerimaKasih