This document discusses challenges in manufacturing and disposing of solar PV panels. It notes that while solar energy is seen as a green solution, the disposal of panels after 20-30 years poses problems as panels contain toxic materials that are difficult to recover. The manufacturing process for solar cells uses hazardous chemicals that can harm workers and the environment if not properly controlled. When panels reach end of life, toxic materials like lead and rare earth elements must be handled carefully to avoid pollution. The document examines impacts on land, water, air and ecology from large solar farms and calls for more research on long term effects of panels on wildlife.
SgurrEnergy India offers 360° technical advisory and engineering services during the entire lifecycle of any utility scale solar PV projects worldwide.
Floating Solar Panels A New Step towards Sustainabilityijtsrd
In recent years, associate increasing variety of states have shown interest in constructing floating solar energy plants as they seek for a renewable supply of energy. India is one amongst them. Endowed daylight all year round, India is a perfect location to construct a solar power plant. However, the recent climate conjointly causes country to lose great deal of valuable water resources from reservoirs thanks to high evaporation rates. As floating solar array systems are engineered over water bodies rather than land, they are proposed to have the extra advantage of reducing evaporation rates. thus, the utilization of floating solar systems is extremely relevant to India’s context and price exploring. Energy demand during this era has accumulated that led India to travel for renewable energy sources solar power with this respect will fulfill the energy demand. This paper focuses on an overview of solar floating panels which can be a good solution to India as the land acquisition for solar farms is limited. The paper also aims at the solar floating panels design model of Kerala which is a new start to the India’s renewable energy in water. Ar. Amber Shukla | Ms. Taruna Shukla | Ar. Shreya Rajkumar Acharya "Floating Solar Panels - A New Step towards Sustainability" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-2 , February 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd38346.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/architecture-and-planning/38346/floating-solar-panels--a-new-step-towards-sustainability/ar-amber-shukla
Singapore Solar Energy Profile: Singapore Advances towards Solar, Clean Energ...Solar Magazine
Singapore continues to advance towards achieving its renewable energy and climate change goals, installing rooftop solar photovoltaic (PV) systems on public housing, and more recently with the launch of floating solar energy R&D initiatives and project development. The country could be doing more, faster, according to some, more specifically when it comes to policy-making and adoption of solar energy in the commercial and industrial (C&I) sector, however.
Solar power generation capacity in Singapore is likely to exceed 350 megawatts-peak (MWp) by 2020, a national goal...
Read the full solar profile at: https://solarmagazine.com/solar-profiles/singapore/
DESIGN AND FABRICATION OF FLOATING SOLAR POWER PLANTvivatechijri
The constant depletion of the fossil fuels and high energy demand focuses us to renewable energy
sources which are not only the future unlimited sources of energy it is also eco-friendly and sustainable for the
environment. even though solar power generation , the major problem isthe requirement of land which isscarcely
available in the world and its cost . A new era in solar power I.e. ,floating solar power plant will solved this issue.
This floating solar plant can be installed in any water bodies which will not only decrease the cost of the land but
also will raise the amount of generation with the cooling of water.
The hight energy demand and the constant consumption of the fossil fuels lead us to shift our focus to
renewable energy sources which are not only the future unlimited source of energy, it is also eco-friendly and
viable for the environment . hydro and wind though are renewable sources but area specific. solar energy on the
other hand can be installed in any place. The major issue with the solar energy is the requirement of land which
is scarcely available in the world and even costly to get .but floating solar plant can be installed in any water
bodies which will not only reduce the cost of the land but will increase the amount of generation with the cooling
effect of water .
Sustainability of the Installed Battery-less PV Panel Systems at Two Governme...IJAEMSJORNAL
This document summarizes a study that assessed the sustainability of battery-less photovoltaic (PV) panel systems installed at two government institutions in Pampanga, Philippines. The study found that the PV systems decreased the energy costs of both institutions compared to before installation. Specifically, Institution A saw an average 0.72% decrease in energy usage and 0.43% decrease in costs, while Institution B saw higher decreases of 12.88% and 13.59% respectively. The study also determined that the PV panels at Institution A had an efficiency of 27.98% while those at Institution B had 52.47% efficiency. A manual was created based on the study to provide guidance on operating and maintaining the PV systems.
This slide will help you to enables yours interest in Green and clean energy. As in india we have target to achive 175GW from this green and clean energy. So i introduce the concept of Solar Canal and Floating solar technology.
This document discusses solar energy and photovoltaic systems. It begins by providing context on Italy's increased focus on solar energy after the 1973 energy crisis. It then discusses global warming and incentives for renewable energy in Europe. The document provides details on solar energy resources, technologies like solar thermal and photovoltaic panels, and examples of large solar installations. It also discusses strategies to make solar energy more affordable and sustainable, like improving recycling of panels. In conclusion, it notes that the town of San Vendemiano has installed solar panels on local schools to produce clean energy.
This document discusses different types of solar power plants and greenhouse farming. It describes three main types of solar power plants: photovoltaic, solar thermal, and concentrated solar power plants. It provides details on where these types of solar power plants are commonly used geographically. The document also discusses greenhouse structure, types of greenhouse farming including small scale organic and large commercial operations, and examples of greenhouse farming in Spain and the Netherlands. It notes trends in organic farming and addressing myths about organic versus conventional agriculture.
SgurrEnergy India offers 360° technical advisory and engineering services during the entire lifecycle of any utility scale solar PV projects worldwide.
Floating Solar Panels A New Step towards Sustainabilityijtsrd
In recent years, associate increasing variety of states have shown interest in constructing floating solar energy plants as they seek for a renewable supply of energy. India is one amongst them. Endowed daylight all year round, India is a perfect location to construct a solar power plant. However, the recent climate conjointly causes country to lose great deal of valuable water resources from reservoirs thanks to high evaporation rates. As floating solar array systems are engineered over water bodies rather than land, they are proposed to have the extra advantage of reducing evaporation rates. thus, the utilization of floating solar systems is extremely relevant to India’s context and price exploring. Energy demand during this era has accumulated that led India to travel for renewable energy sources solar power with this respect will fulfill the energy demand. This paper focuses on an overview of solar floating panels which can be a good solution to India as the land acquisition for solar farms is limited. The paper also aims at the solar floating panels design model of Kerala which is a new start to the India’s renewable energy in water. Ar. Amber Shukla | Ms. Taruna Shukla | Ar. Shreya Rajkumar Acharya "Floating Solar Panels - A New Step towards Sustainability" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-2 , February 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd38346.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/architecture-and-planning/38346/floating-solar-panels--a-new-step-towards-sustainability/ar-amber-shukla
Singapore Solar Energy Profile: Singapore Advances towards Solar, Clean Energ...Solar Magazine
Singapore continues to advance towards achieving its renewable energy and climate change goals, installing rooftop solar photovoltaic (PV) systems on public housing, and more recently with the launch of floating solar energy R&D initiatives and project development. The country could be doing more, faster, according to some, more specifically when it comes to policy-making and adoption of solar energy in the commercial and industrial (C&I) sector, however.
Solar power generation capacity in Singapore is likely to exceed 350 megawatts-peak (MWp) by 2020, a national goal...
Read the full solar profile at: https://solarmagazine.com/solar-profiles/singapore/
DESIGN AND FABRICATION OF FLOATING SOLAR POWER PLANTvivatechijri
The constant depletion of the fossil fuels and high energy demand focuses us to renewable energy
sources which are not only the future unlimited sources of energy it is also eco-friendly and sustainable for the
environment. even though solar power generation , the major problem isthe requirement of land which isscarcely
available in the world and its cost . A new era in solar power I.e. ,floating solar power plant will solved this issue.
This floating solar plant can be installed in any water bodies which will not only decrease the cost of the land but
also will raise the amount of generation with the cooling of water.
The hight energy demand and the constant consumption of the fossil fuels lead us to shift our focus to
renewable energy sources which are not only the future unlimited source of energy, it is also eco-friendly and
viable for the environment . hydro and wind though are renewable sources but area specific. solar energy on the
other hand can be installed in any place. The major issue with the solar energy is the requirement of land which
is scarcely available in the world and even costly to get .but floating solar plant can be installed in any water
bodies which will not only reduce the cost of the land but will increase the amount of generation with the cooling
effect of water .
Sustainability of the Installed Battery-less PV Panel Systems at Two Governme...IJAEMSJORNAL
This document summarizes a study that assessed the sustainability of battery-less photovoltaic (PV) panel systems installed at two government institutions in Pampanga, Philippines. The study found that the PV systems decreased the energy costs of both institutions compared to before installation. Specifically, Institution A saw an average 0.72% decrease in energy usage and 0.43% decrease in costs, while Institution B saw higher decreases of 12.88% and 13.59% respectively. The study also determined that the PV panels at Institution A had an efficiency of 27.98% while those at Institution B had 52.47% efficiency. A manual was created based on the study to provide guidance on operating and maintaining the PV systems.
This slide will help you to enables yours interest in Green and clean energy. As in india we have target to achive 175GW from this green and clean energy. So i introduce the concept of Solar Canal and Floating solar technology.
This document discusses solar energy and photovoltaic systems. It begins by providing context on Italy's increased focus on solar energy after the 1973 energy crisis. It then discusses global warming and incentives for renewable energy in Europe. The document provides details on solar energy resources, technologies like solar thermal and photovoltaic panels, and examples of large solar installations. It also discusses strategies to make solar energy more affordable and sustainable, like improving recycling of panels. In conclusion, it notes that the town of San Vendemiano has installed solar panels on local schools to produce clean energy.
This document discusses different types of solar power plants and greenhouse farming. It describes three main types of solar power plants: photovoltaic, solar thermal, and concentrated solar power plants. It provides details on where these types of solar power plants are commonly used geographically. The document also discusses greenhouse structure, types of greenhouse farming including small scale organic and large commercial operations, and examples of greenhouse farming in Spain and the Netherlands. It notes trends in organic farming and addressing myths about organic versus conventional agriculture.
Solar Water Purification Project For Mechanical Engineeringyash saradva
This document describes the design and principles of operation of a solar still for purifying water. It discusses various types of solar stills including pit, box, concentrating collector, multiple tray, tilted wick, and their components and functioning. It explains that solar stills use the sun's energy to evaporate dirty water through a process of heating, evaporation, condensation and collection of purified water. They are useful for providing clean drinking water in remote areas without access to treated water supplies. The document outlines the scope of the project to study the efficiency of a solar still and analyze converting a solar cooker design to a solar still.
Comparison of Solar Energy System with Conventional Power System : A Case Stu...IRJET Journal
The document compares the solar energy system at Giani Zail Singh Campus College of Engineering and Technology (GZSCCET) in Bathinda, India to the conventional power system. It finds that adopting solar power for the campus would make it a leader in clean energy development in India. The study surveys all campus buildings such as hostels, cafeterias, workshops and labs to determine monthly electricity consumption. It then sizes solar photovoltaic installations on available rooftops to meet 100% of the campus' electricity needs, thereby eliminating pollution from conventional sources. Key factors like solar intensity, panel placement and shadowing are considered to identify suitable rooftop sites.
Investigation of the Effect of Cover Thickness on the Yield of a Single Basin...inventionjournals
1. The study investigated the effect of glass cover thickness on the yield of five single basin solar stills with different glass cover configurations under Makurdi climate.
2. Still 1, with a 4mm thick single glass pane, produced the highest mean daily water output of 306 cm3 and had the largest average temperature difference of 4.2°C between the water and inner glass surface.
3. Increasing the glass cover thickness decreased the temperature difference across the cover and lowered the daily still output. Still 5, with the thickest triple pane glass cover, had a negative temperature difference and nearly zero daily output.
Building integration-of-solar-energy (Building Services I)Sow Wei Henn
This document summarizes the installation process and management of solar energy systems for buildings. It discusses:
1) An engineering site visit to assess the building and plan the solar panel installation.
2) Installing the inverter, solar panels, batteries, and connecting the system to the grid for energy distribution.
3) Using an intelligent energy distribution system to manage the solar energy output.
Solar energy and Solar cell system|studies of Solar energy and solar cell|Sol...LalitGoyal27
The document discusses solar energy and solar cell technology in India. It provides an overview of India's growing solar capacity and targets. It then discusses various types of solar cells from first to fourth generation technologies, including the materials and efficiencies of different photovoltaic technologies. The key parameters for solar cells are also explained. Applications of solar energy for heating, cooling, power generation and more are outlined.
Solar still,A water Purifying Technique Project ReportEr. Aman Agrawal
This document provides an overview of a project report on a solar still. It introduces solar distillation as a process for purifying water using solar energy. Solar distillation involves evaporating water using heat from the sun, then condensing the vapor to collect purified distilled water. The document discusses the need for water purification, options for purification including distillation and filtration, and outlines the objectives, considerations and design of a solar still to efficiently produce potable water using a renewable energy source.
The document describes a proposed "solar tree" design that uses nanowire solar cells arranged like leaves on a tree to efficiently convert sunlight into electricity. The design is intended to mimic how trees expose their leaves to maximize sunlight absorption for photosynthesis. Nanowire solar cells could concentrate sunlight up to 15 times and significantly increase solar cell efficiency compared to traditional designs. The document outlines the components and operation of the proposed solar tree, including long stems supporting solar panel "branches," LED lights, batteries, and other parts. Its goal is to provide a more efficient urban lighting solution through a nature-inspired design.
IRJET- High Efficiency Solar Monitoring SystemIRJET Journal
This document describes a high efficiency solar monitoring system that uses a single-axis sun tracking system and cleaning mechanism to increase the output of solar panels. The system uses light dependent resistors to detect sunlight and an Arduino microcontroller to control a servomotor that positions the solar panel to face the sun. It also uses a DC gear motor and submersible water pump to spread water on the panel and clean it. The tracking and cleaning system aims to maximize the amount of sunlight collected by the panels and increase efficiency by minimizing heat and dust accumulation. The system design and components are low-cost ways to improve solar panel performance without requiring additional space.
Eip 1 report format-2019 for research project (1)YADAV VIKAS
This document is a project report submitted by four students at Indrashil University on a "Solar panel cleaning system". It includes a title page, certificate signed by their guide and department head certifying the work, acknowledgements thanking those who helped, and an abstract summarizing the project. The project intends to increase the efficiency of solar panels by removing dust particles through development of a fully automated permanent cleaning system that can be retrofitted directly onto solar panel arrays. It aims to provide a uniform clean without risks to worker health from manual cleaning currently used.
Solar fabrics are a cheaper, lighter, and more flexible alternative to traditional silicon solar panels. They are made of fabric embedded with photovoltaic cells that generate electricity when exposed to light. While they capture less energy than solar panels, they are more stable in changing temperatures and can be installed on surfaces. Solar roadways are a concept where the surface of roads would be made to generate electricity through solar panels. They would consist of an upper glass layer for vehicles, a middle electronic layer of solar cells and controls, and a lower base plate layer to transmit power.
PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF A SOLAR STILL COUPLED TO AN EVACUATED TUBE COLLECTO...IAEME Publication
Solar distillation is a promising method for the supply of freshwater to rural communities. Worldwide passive solar still is used for solar distillation plants due to its simplicity in construction and operation, low cost and however the yield is low. Various active methods have been developed to overcome this issue. These developments create additional costs for the system. The main objective of this project is to effectively utilize the solar water heater for solar still productivity enhancement, which works as a hybrid system.
IRJET- Design of Solar Rooftop Plant for JSSATENIRJET Journal
This document discusses the design of a proposed solar rooftop plant for JSS Academy of Technical Education Noida in India. It begins with an introduction to solar energy and its benefits over fossil fuels. It then reviews previous studies on large solar installations at educational institutions. The methodology section outlines the materials that would be used, including crystalline solar cells and photovoltaic modules. The design would calculate the roof area available, expected power generation, costs, payback period, and contribution to the school's energy needs and sustainability goals.
An Experimental Study on a New Design of Double Slope Solar Still with Extern...IOSR Journals
The world demand for potable water is increasing steadily with growing population. Desalination using solar energy is suitable for potable water production from brackish and seawater. In this paper, we presents design, fabrication and testing of double slope solar still with external flatted and internal parabolic reflectors and also optimization of external flat reflector tilt angle for Egyptian climatic conditions. The external flat reflector tilted at (30°, 45°, 60° and 75°) on the horizontal plane. The depth of water inside basin still is 1cm. Experimental results were compared with conventional double slope solar still. Optimum tilt angle is found to be 60° with a maximum daily productivity of 9.89 lit/m2.
The document discusses solar energy as a renewable energy source and its potential in Malaysia. It begins by defining solar energy and the technologies involved, including photovoltaics and solar thermal. Statistics show that Germany is the world leader in solar energy usage. The document then examines solar energy potential in Malaysia, noting the country's high solar radiation levels. However, solar currently provides less than 1% of Malaysia's electricity due to issues like cost and lack of public awareness. The government has introduced initiatives like Feed-in-Tariff to promote solar, but more can be done to improve adoption. Widespread solar use could benefit Malaysia through economic growth, job creation, and reduced emissions.
CFD Analysis of Single Basin Double Slope Solar Stilljournal ijrtem
Abstract : This paper deals with thethermal and CFD analysis of single basin double slope solar still. The modeling of still is done in solid works software and CFD analysis in ANSYS. CFD analysis for different months of solar irradiance was carried out. Maximum production rate and temperature distribution in the still was analyzed. Keywords: Double slope solar still, CFD analysis, solar irradiance, desalination system.
Halim Hani - HHFSD001-The Floating Solar DomeHalim Hani
The document describes a new floating solar dome technique for generating both solar energy and fresh water. The system would involve large glass dome structures floating at sea or on land, containing solar panels and lenses. During the day, the solar panels would generate electricity while the lenses use heat from the sun to boil and desalinate seawater into fresh water below. This technique could provide a sustainable way to continuously produce both energy and fresh water at low cost.
Experimental investigation of a double slope solar still with a latent heatiaemedu
This document summarizes an experimental investigation of a double slope solar still with a latent heat storage medium. Key findings include:
1) Adding zinc nitrate hexahydrate, a phase change material, to the still's basin increased total daily distillate output by 33.5% compared to the still without PCM.
2) The glass covers of the still with PCM maintained higher temperatures than without PCM, especially in the afternoon, due to the thermal inertia of the PCM tubes.
3) Hourly output measurements found 34.7% higher daytime production and 31.7% higher nocturnal production with the PCM, demonstrating its ability to continue providing thermal energy after sunset
A solar cell converts sunlight into electricity via the photovoltaic effect. It is a semiconductor device that functions similar to a battery, creating a voltage and current to power electrical loads. Solar cells are assembled into modules that represent the fundamental power conversion unit of a photovoltaic system. They have various applications including powering satellites, remote equipment where electrical grids are unavailable, and both small and large grid-connected systems. Solar power has advantages over fossil fuels in being renewable, non-polluting, requiring little maintenance and providing free fuel from the sun.
Floating Solar is a 10 GW opportunity in India & the ppt is an introduction to Floating Solar with the following content:
a) Floating Solar Market Outlook
b) Benefits of Floating Solar
c) Working Methodology & Design of Floating Solar
d) Case Studies
Organic Photovoltaic Solar Cell Technology StrategyJimmy Pan
Technology strategy report focused on organic photovoltaic (OPV) technology, which is the third generation of solar cell technology, being developed by Solarmer Energy, Inc. Contains analysis of topics including macroeconomic environment, competitive environment, product strategy, project valuation and financing, and implementation plan.
This document describes the design and development of a cost-effective automatic cutoff photovoltaic (PV) charge controller with indicators. The controller uses a buck converter topology with a DC-DC converter circuit to charge batteries from a PV panel in a way that prevents overcharging and optimizes the battery recharging cycle. It was implemented using inexpensive hardware components and tested with different PV cell and battery voltage levels. The proposed system provides regulated voltage and current output suitable for automatic on/off switching. It aims to increase battery lifetime by reducing the number of recharging cycles through optimized charging.
This document summarizes an experimental study that investigated heat transfer enhancement in rectangular fin arrays with circular perforations. The researchers measured heat transfer and other parameters for solid and perforated fins under varying flow conditions. For the perforated fins, they found enhancement in heat transfer compared to solid fins. Specifically, they tested parallel and cross fins made of aluminum with dimensions of 100mm by 60mm by 5mm thickness. Testing was done with air flow velocities from 3000-6000 Reynolds number. Results showed the heat transfer coefficient was higher for cross fins (242.58 W/m2-K) than parallel fins (233.30 W/m2-K), indicating roughness created by the cross-cut pattern improved heat transfer over the single
Solar Water Purification Project For Mechanical Engineeringyash saradva
This document describes the design and principles of operation of a solar still for purifying water. It discusses various types of solar stills including pit, box, concentrating collector, multiple tray, tilted wick, and their components and functioning. It explains that solar stills use the sun's energy to evaporate dirty water through a process of heating, evaporation, condensation and collection of purified water. They are useful for providing clean drinking water in remote areas without access to treated water supplies. The document outlines the scope of the project to study the efficiency of a solar still and analyze converting a solar cooker design to a solar still.
Comparison of Solar Energy System with Conventional Power System : A Case Stu...IRJET Journal
The document compares the solar energy system at Giani Zail Singh Campus College of Engineering and Technology (GZSCCET) in Bathinda, India to the conventional power system. It finds that adopting solar power for the campus would make it a leader in clean energy development in India. The study surveys all campus buildings such as hostels, cafeterias, workshops and labs to determine monthly electricity consumption. It then sizes solar photovoltaic installations on available rooftops to meet 100% of the campus' electricity needs, thereby eliminating pollution from conventional sources. Key factors like solar intensity, panel placement and shadowing are considered to identify suitable rooftop sites.
Investigation of the Effect of Cover Thickness on the Yield of a Single Basin...inventionjournals
1. The study investigated the effect of glass cover thickness on the yield of five single basin solar stills with different glass cover configurations under Makurdi climate.
2. Still 1, with a 4mm thick single glass pane, produced the highest mean daily water output of 306 cm3 and had the largest average temperature difference of 4.2°C between the water and inner glass surface.
3. Increasing the glass cover thickness decreased the temperature difference across the cover and lowered the daily still output. Still 5, with the thickest triple pane glass cover, had a negative temperature difference and nearly zero daily output.
Building integration-of-solar-energy (Building Services I)Sow Wei Henn
This document summarizes the installation process and management of solar energy systems for buildings. It discusses:
1) An engineering site visit to assess the building and plan the solar panel installation.
2) Installing the inverter, solar panels, batteries, and connecting the system to the grid for energy distribution.
3) Using an intelligent energy distribution system to manage the solar energy output.
Solar energy and Solar cell system|studies of Solar energy and solar cell|Sol...LalitGoyal27
The document discusses solar energy and solar cell technology in India. It provides an overview of India's growing solar capacity and targets. It then discusses various types of solar cells from first to fourth generation technologies, including the materials and efficiencies of different photovoltaic technologies. The key parameters for solar cells are also explained. Applications of solar energy for heating, cooling, power generation and more are outlined.
Solar still,A water Purifying Technique Project ReportEr. Aman Agrawal
This document provides an overview of a project report on a solar still. It introduces solar distillation as a process for purifying water using solar energy. Solar distillation involves evaporating water using heat from the sun, then condensing the vapor to collect purified distilled water. The document discusses the need for water purification, options for purification including distillation and filtration, and outlines the objectives, considerations and design of a solar still to efficiently produce potable water using a renewable energy source.
The document describes a proposed "solar tree" design that uses nanowire solar cells arranged like leaves on a tree to efficiently convert sunlight into electricity. The design is intended to mimic how trees expose their leaves to maximize sunlight absorption for photosynthesis. Nanowire solar cells could concentrate sunlight up to 15 times and significantly increase solar cell efficiency compared to traditional designs. The document outlines the components and operation of the proposed solar tree, including long stems supporting solar panel "branches," LED lights, batteries, and other parts. Its goal is to provide a more efficient urban lighting solution through a nature-inspired design.
IRJET- High Efficiency Solar Monitoring SystemIRJET Journal
This document describes a high efficiency solar monitoring system that uses a single-axis sun tracking system and cleaning mechanism to increase the output of solar panels. The system uses light dependent resistors to detect sunlight and an Arduino microcontroller to control a servomotor that positions the solar panel to face the sun. It also uses a DC gear motor and submersible water pump to spread water on the panel and clean it. The tracking and cleaning system aims to maximize the amount of sunlight collected by the panels and increase efficiency by minimizing heat and dust accumulation. The system design and components are low-cost ways to improve solar panel performance without requiring additional space.
Eip 1 report format-2019 for research project (1)YADAV VIKAS
This document is a project report submitted by four students at Indrashil University on a "Solar panel cleaning system". It includes a title page, certificate signed by their guide and department head certifying the work, acknowledgements thanking those who helped, and an abstract summarizing the project. The project intends to increase the efficiency of solar panels by removing dust particles through development of a fully automated permanent cleaning system that can be retrofitted directly onto solar panel arrays. It aims to provide a uniform clean without risks to worker health from manual cleaning currently used.
Solar fabrics are a cheaper, lighter, and more flexible alternative to traditional silicon solar panels. They are made of fabric embedded with photovoltaic cells that generate electricity when exposed to light. While they capture less energy than solar panels, they are more stable in changing temperatures and can be installed on surfaces. Solar roadways are a concept where the surface of roads would be made to generate electricity through solar panels. They would consist of an upper glass layer for vehicles, a middle electronic layer of solar cells and controls, and a lower base plate layer to transmit power.
PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF A SOLAR STILL COUPLED TO AN EVACUATED TUBE COLLECTO...IAEME Publication
Solar distillation is a promising method for the supply of freshwater to rural communities. Worldwide passive solar still is used for solar distillation plants due to its simplicity in construction and operation, low cost and however the yield is low. Various active methods have been developed to overcome this issue. These developments create additional costs for the system. The main objective of this project is to effectively utilize the solar water heater for solar still productivity enhancement, which works as a hybrid system.
IRJET- Design of Solar Rooftop Plant for JSSATENIRJET Journal
This document discusses the design of a proposed solar rooftop plant for JSS Academy of Technical Education Noida in India. It begins with an introduction to solar energy and its benefits over fossil fuels. It then reviews previous studies on large solar installations at educational institutions. The methodology section outlines the materials that would be used, including crystalline solar cells and photovoltaic modules. The design would calculate the roof area available, expected power generation, costs, payback period, and contribution to the school's energy needs and sustainability goals.
An Experimental Study on a New Design of Double Slope Solar Still with Extern...IOSR Journals
The world demand for potable water is increasing steadily with growing population. Desalination using solar energy is suitable for potable water production from brackish and seawater. In this paper, we presents design, fabrication and testing of double slope solar still with external flatted and internal parabolic reflectors and also optimization of external flat reflector tilt angle for Egyptian climatic conditions. The external flat reflector tilted at (30°, 45°, 60° and 75°) on the horizontal plane. The depth of water inside basin still is 1cm. Experimental results were compared with conventional double slope solar still. Optimum tilt angle is found to be 60° with a maximum daily productivity of 9.89 lit/m2.
The document discusses solar energy as a renewable energy source and its potential in Malaysia. It begins by defining solar energy and the technologies involved, including photovoltaics and solar thermal. Statistics show that Germany is the world leader in solar energy usage. The document then examines solar energy potential in Malaysia, noting the country's high solar radiation levels. However, solar currently provides less than 1% of Malaysia's electricity due to issues like cost and lack of public awareness. The government has introduced initiatives like Feed-in-Tariff to promote solar, but more can be done to improve adoption. Widespread solar use could benefit Malaysia through economic growth, job creation, and reduced emissions.
CFD Analysis of Single Basin Double Slope Solar Stilljournal ijrtem
Abstract : This paper deals with thethermal and CFD analysis of single basin double slope solar still. The modeling of still is done in solid works software and CFD analysis in ANSYS. CFD analysis for different months of solar irradiance was carried out. Maximum production rate and temperature distribution in the still was analyzed. Keywords: Double slope solar still, CFD analysis, solar irradiance, desalination system.
Halim Hani - HHFSD001-The Floating Solar DomeHalim Hani
The document describes a new floating solar dome technique for generating both solar energy and fresh water. The system would involve large glass dome structures floating at sea or on land, containing solar panels and lenses. During the day, the solar panels would generate electricity while the lenses use heat from the sun to boil and desalinate seawater into fresh water below. This technique could provide a sustainable way to continuously produce both energy and fresh water at low cost.
Experimental investigation of a double slope solar still with a latent heatiaemedu
This document summarizes an experimental investigation of a double slope solar still with a latent heat storage medium. Key findings include:
1) Adding zinc nitrate hexahydrate, a phase change material, to the still's basin increased total daily distillate output by 33.5% compared to the still without PCM.
2) The glass covers of the still with PCM maintained higher temperatures than without PCM, especially in the afternoon, due to the thermal inertia of the PCM tubes.
3) Hourly output measurements found 34.7% higher daytime production and 31.7% higher nocturnal production with the PCM, demonstrating its ability to continue providing thermal energy after sunset
A solar cell converts sunlight into electricity via the photovoltaic effect. It is a semiconductor device that functions similar to a battery, creating a voltage and current to power electrical loads. Solar cells are assembled into modules that represent the fundamental power conversion unit of a photovoltaic system. They have various applications including powering satellites, remote equipment where electrical grids are unavailable, and both small and large grid-connected systems. Solar power has advantages over fossil fuels in being renewable, non-polluting, requiring little maintenance and providing free fuel from the sun.
Floating Solar is a 10 GW opportunity in India & the ppt is an introduction to Floating Solar with the following content:
a) Floating Solar Market Outlook
b) Benefits of Floating Solar
c) Working Methodology & Design of Floating Solar
d) Case Studies
Organic Photovoltaic Solar Cell Technology StrategyJimmy Pan
Technology strategy report focused on organic photovoltaic (OPV) technology, which is the third generation of solar cell technology, being developed by Solarmer Energy, Inc. Contains analysis of topics including macroeconomic environment, competitive environment, product strategy, project valuation and financing, and implementation plan.
This document describes the design and development of a cost-effective automatic cutoff photovoltaic (PV) charge controller with indicators. The controller uses a buck converter topology with a DC-DC converter circuit to charge batteries from a PV panel in a way that prevents overcharging and optimizes the battery recharging cycle. It was implemented using inexpensive hardware components and tested with different PV cell and battery voltage levels. The proposed system provides regulated voltage and current output suitable for automatic on/off switching. It aims to increase battery lifetime by reducing the number of recharging cycles through optimized charging.
This document summarizes an experimental study that investigated heat transfer enhancement in rectangular fin arrays with circular perforations. The researchers measured heat transfer and other parameters for solid and perforated fins under varying flow conditions. For the perforated fins, they found enhancement in heat transfer compared to solid fins. Specifically, they tested parallel and cross fins made of aluminum with dimensions of 100mm by 60mm by 5mm thickness. Testing was done with air flow velocities from 3000-6000 Reynolds number. Results showed the heat transfer coefficient was higher for cross fins (242.58 W/m2-K) than parallel fins (233.30 W/m2-K), indicating roughness created by the cross-cut pattern improved heat transfer over the single
This document proposes a cryptographic key generation technique for 2D graphics images using RGB pixel shuffling and transposition. The technique extracts RGB pixel values from an input image, shuffles them to generate a cipher image, and can decrypt the image back to its original form. It aims to increase image security during transmission by manipulating pixel values rather than expanding pixel data. The algorithm is implemented in Java. Experimental results show the technique can encrypt and decrypt images while maintaining the original size and shape. Advantages include effectively increasing security against attacks and easily reconstructing image features from RGB values.
This document proposes a Two Phase Multi Party Secured Multiplication (2PMSM) protocol for performing secure multiplication of privately held data distributed across multiple parties. The protocol runs in two phases where parties generate random numbers to encrypt partial products, with the product revealed only to the initiator. This allows secure computation of functions like multiplication in both horizontally and vertically partitioned distributed databases while preserving privacy.
The document summarizes a study that used screening curves to identify potential renewable energy candidate plants for green-based generation expansion planning in Kenya. The screening curves analyzed the total annual generation costs of various options based on their capital costs, fixed operating costs, variable fuel costs, capacity factors, and other technical parameters. The study found the most suitable base load candidate plants were 140MW geothermal, 140MW low grand falls hydro, 300MW wind, 1000MW imports, 60MW Mutonga hydro and 1000MW nuclear plants. Suitable peaking plants included 180MW gas turbine using natural gas, 100MW solar PV, and imports. These plants provide a mix of renewable generation options for Kenya's generation expansion planning to lower costs and reduce
This document discusses a real-time moving object detection algorithm using Speeded Up Robust Features (SURF). The algorithm first uses SURF to extract features from video frames and stitch them together to create a single background image. It then takes the difference between each video frame and the background image to detect moving objects. Experimental results show it can effectively detect moving objects in videos from both stable and moving cameras, outperforming traditional background subtraction techniques. The algorithm solves issues with modeling changing backgrounds in real-time by creating a static background image using frame registration with SURF.
This document discusses effective modular order preserving encryption on cloud using multivariate hypergeometric distribution (MHGD). It begins with an abstract that describes how order preserving encryption allows efficient range queries on encrypted data. It then provides background on cloud computing security concerns and discusses existing approaches to searchable encryption, including probabilistic encryption, deterministic encryption, homomorphic encryption, and order preserving encryption. The key proposed approach is to improve the security of existing modular order preserving encryption approaches by utilizing MHGD.
This document summarizes a research study on the cultural factors that affect communication during the requirements engineering process in software development projects. The study used surveys and interviews of software professionals to investigate how factors like attitudes, language, roles, social organization, and time influence communication. The results showed that attitudes and language have the most significant impact on communication, while time, roles, and social organization have less influence. Miscommunication due to cultural differences can increase rework and delays. Understanding which cultural factors most affect communication can help minimize conflicts, reduce errors and rework, and ultimately decrease delays in the software development life cycle.
1) The study tested the effect of adding zinc-dialkyl-dithiophosphate (ZDDP) additive to pongamia oil on viscosity and density.
2) Testing found that adding 2 wt% ZDDP resulted in the lowest kinematic viscosity of 36.9 cSt and decreasing trend in both viscosity and density.
3) Both viscosity and density increased with ZDDP amounts over 2 wt% due to excess ZDDP adversely affecting boundary film formation.
1. The document discusses a proposed technique called Fuzzy Based Improved Mutual Friend Crawling (Fmfc) for crawling online social networks. It aims to reduce bias introduced by the time taken for crawling the whole network.
2. The technique crawls all users within the same community first before moving to the next community, allowing researchers to selectively obtain users belonging to the same community. This is compared to existing mutual friend crawling.
3. The paper also provides a literature review of existing crawling techniques and studies of complex network properties relevant to community detection in networks. Future work in overlapping communities and performance evaluation on very large networks is discussed.
1) The document evaluates the performance of a locally developed paddle wheel aerator on catfish effluent quality in Lagos, Nigeria.
2) Two basins containing diluted catfish effluent were used - one with a paddle wheel aerator and one without (the control).
3) Water quality parameters like suspended solids, nitrogen, phosphorus, ammonia, nitrite and biochemical oxygen demand were measured over time in both basins.
4) The results showed that the paddle wheel aerator significantly reduced levels of all water quality parameters measured compared to the control basin without aeration.
The document discusses the utilization of foundry waste sand in the preparation of concrete. It presents the results of experiments conducted to study the compressive strength, split tensile strength, and flexural strength of M20 and M25 grade concrete containing 0%, 10%, and 100% replacement of foundry waste sand in place of fine aggregate. The tests were conducted at curing periods of 7, 28, and 56 days. The results showed that 100% replacement of foundry waste sand can be used for M20 and M25 grade concrete based on the compressive strengths achieved at different curing periods being comparable to control mixes. Flexural and split tensile strengths were also found to be comparable between control mixes and those with foundry
This document discusses improving the performance of a microstrip antenna using a fractal electronic band gap (EBG) structure and vias. A fractal EBG unit cell design is presented using a square shape with nested smaller squares. Microstrip antennas were designed with and without this EBG structure, and with and without vias connecting the EBG patches to the ground plane. Measurements showed the bandwidth and S11 were improved, back radiation was reduced, and directivity was increased for the antenna with both the EBG structure and vias compared to designs without them. Specifically, bandwidth increased by 1.125% and S11 decreased by 4.188dB with the EBG structure and vias.
This document provides a survey of the Internet of Things (IoT). It defines IoT from different perspectives such as things, internet, and semantics. Key enabling technologies for IoT include RFID, sensor networks, and intelligence in smart objects. Potential applications discussed are supply chain management, transportation, healthcare, and disaster alerting/recovery. Major open issues remaining are the need for further standardization and addressing security/privacy concerns as IoT becomes more pervasive.
This document proposes a key-aggregate encryption scheme called Input Cumulative Cryptosystem for secure and scalable data sharing in cloud computing. The scheme allows a data owner to generate a constant-size aggregate decryption key that can decrypt multiple ciphertexts. The key has the combined decryption power of all individual secret keys. An intrusion detection system also monitors communication between hosts to only allow data sharing between trusted hosts, improving security. The proposed system aims to address issues with existing approaches that require distributing multiple decryption keys or have fixed hierarchies for access control. It allows flexible delegation of decryption rights for dynamic sets of ciphertexts in cloud storage.
This document proposes a universal algorithm for stage switching in hypercube interconnection networks used in multi-core systems. It analyzes a 4-stage 16x16 hypercube network and derives a switching algorithm where the selection bit sequence changes at each stage in a predefined manner. This algorithm is then generalized for an n-stage hypercube network to establish relationships between the selection bit patterns at different stages. The proposed universal algorithm could be used for linear switching in hypercube networks of any size to efficiently design higher order interconnection blocks for multi-core systems.
Synthesis Characterization And Antimicrobial Activity Of 6- Oxido-1- ((5 -5- ...IOSR Journals
This document describes the synthesis and characterization of several novel carbamate derivatives and their evaluation for antimicrobial activity. Specifically, it details the multi-step synthesis of cyclopropyl/cyclohexyl/terahydro-2H-pyran-4-yl/tetrahydro-2H-thiopyran-4-yl/perfluorophenyl (6-oxido-1-((5-(5-(pyridin-3-yl)-1H-tetrazol-1-yl)-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)methyl)-4,8-dihydro-1H-[1,3,2]dioxaphosphepino
The document summarizes a study on the effect of imbalance on the performance of an unpaced five-station production line. The study considers a situation where five operation times with exponentially distributed times are assigned to five stations. This results in 60 different assignments. The effect of assignment ordering on production rate is studied by calculating the percent improvement possible from the best ordering over the worst. At moderate imbalance degrees, the effect is found to be highly significant. A mathematical model of the production line is developed using exponential distribution assumptions and steady-state probabilities to analyze different system states and calculate production rates for different orderings.
This document discusses a study examining how beliefs held by caregivers influence help-seeking behavior in the treatment of mental illness in Nakuru municipality, Kenya. The study found that most caregivers believed traditional healers did not understand the causes of mental illness or have good counseling skills. They also believed traditional healers were not humane, did not have time for patients, and were too expensive. However, some caregivers still sought traditional treatment. The study recommends public education programs to provide knowledge on mental illness and demystify related beliefs. It also suggests replicating the study in other parts of Nakuru County and other Kenyan counties.
The document proposes a privacy-preserving reputation system for location-based queries. It aims to allow users to query a database of location data (points of interest) while protecting their location information and preventing unauthorized access. The system uses an adaptive oblivious transfer protocol for secure data transmission between the user and location server. It also establishes a secure communication mechanism using encryption and decryption during the data retrieval process. Additionally, the system incorporates a privacy-preserving reputation technique using authorization rules and data integrity checks to control misleading data and ensure data accuracy. The experimental results show that the proposed system using elliptic curve cryptography encryption has lower overhead and delay than existing systems using RSA encryption for private information retrieval.
IRJET- Floating Solar Power Plants: A ReviewIRJET Journal
This document provides a review of floating solar power plants. It begins with an introduction to the increasing global energy demand and need for renewable energy sources like solar. Floating solar power plants are described as solar photovoltaic panels mounted on floating structures anchored on bodies of water. This allows the use of water surfaces for solar energy generation and avoids issues with land availability and acquisition. The document then reviews the typical components of floating solar power plants including floating structures, mooring systems, solar modules, and cabling. It analyzes the merits like higher efficiency due to water cooling and reduced land usage. In conclusion, floating solar power plants provide an innovative way to generate solar power using available water resources.
This document provides an overview of the solar cell and module manufacturing process. It begins with an introduction to solar energy and discusses the need to transition to renewable sources due to issues with fossil fuels like pollution, climate change, and volatile prices. It then describes the basic processes involved in manufacturing solar cells, including etching, texturization, diffusion, plasma etching, PECVD coating, screen printing, and testing. Key steps in module production like assembly, lamination, and testing are also outlined. The document discusses the raw materials used, a brief history of photovoltaics, and concludes by noting the advantages, opportunities and challenges of solar energy.
Lifecycle Assessment of Solar PV Systems: From Manufacturing to RecyclingChristo Ananth
Christo Ananth, Rajini K R Karduri, "Lifecycle Assessment of Solar PV Systems: From
Manufacturing to Recycling", International Journal of Advanced Research in Basic Engineering Sciences and Technology (IJARBEST), Volume 6,Issue 2,February 2020,pp:51-60
Case Study of Solar Power Plant Generation And Their Factors AffectingIRJET Journal
This document discusses factors affecting the performance of solar power plants. It begins by introducing solar energy as a renewable and sustainable energy source. It then discusses how environmental conditions like dust can impact the performance of photovoltaic systems, reducing power output. Various dust removal and panel coating techniques are examined from previous studies. Implementation costs for a 1MW ground-mounted solar plant are estimated to be around INR 4-5 crores. Expected power generation from such a plant in Tamil Nadu is around 4.5kW per kW of panels installed. The return on investment for a 1MW plant is estimated to be around 8.5 years. Proper site selection is also highlighted as an important factor influencing generation and material performance.
An overview of Floating Solar Plants in Water bodiesvivatechijri
Energy demand in this era has increased which led us to go for renewable energy sources; Solar
energy with this respect can fulfill the energy demand. This paper aims at review of the existing floating solar
plants worldwide with respect to their capacity. Floating solar plants can save the area for generation. Limitations
to such power plant are land availability, land development & land acquisition, substation capacities, evacuation
also timely clearances for the project on land and évacuation. These are hurdles for completion of the project.
Most of the locations projected by the government considering solar radiation data in the country are hot and dry
regions. Though at these locations the radiation appeared to be higher, the energy yield of these points is less due
to heating of the solar panels and higher temperature of the surface of solar cells. To overcome these problems
an innovative idea has come in front for installation of solar power plants on the water that is canal tops, water
bodies, lakes, dam backwater and reservoirs, which generally belongs to the government. This paper reveals
review regarding the floating solar PV power plants installed in the world
IRJET- A Review on Liquid Solar Array SystemIRJET Journal
This document provides a review of liquid solar array systems. It discusses how liquid solar arrays can be installed on water bodies to generate solar power and avoid issues with land acquisition. The document outlines several benefits of liquid solar arrays such as higher efficiency due to water cooling of panels, reduced evaporation from water bodies, and less algae growth. It then reviews the components, types, and various projects using liquid solar array systems around the world from the early 2000s to present day. Major projects discussed include some of the earliest in Italy, France, the US, and Asia as well as recent large-scale projects in India.
2015-Environmental Impacts of Solar PowerFrank Scotti
The document summarizes the potential environmental impacts of solar power, including land use, water use, and hazardous materials. Larger utility-scale solar facilities can require significant land but siting options can minimize impacts. Photovoltaic cells do not use water for power generation but manufacturing does, while concentrating solar thermal plants use water for cooling. Solar panel manufacturing involves some hazardous chemicals but manufacturers must follow regulations to protect workers and properly dispose of waste. Overall life-cycle emissions of solar power are far lower than natural gas or coal.
The document examines the average monthly electricity consumption in the DCPE building area. It analyzes electricity bill records from 2018 for the larger "workshop region" that includes DCPE. This region has a total area of 19,254.99 sqm while the DCPE area is 4,698.26 sqm. To estimate DCPE's monthly consumption, the document calculates the ratio of the two areas and applies it to the workshop region's average monthly consumption of 84,931 kWh. This approach allows estimating DCPE's electricity usage based on its portion of the overall workshop area.
Optimization of PV Cell through MPPT AlgorithmIRJET Journal
The document discusses optimization of photovoltaic (PV) cells through maximum power point tracking (MPPT) algorithms. It describes several common MPPT algorithms including perturbation and observation (P&O), incremental conductance (IC), constant voltage, and temperature methods. The P&O method works by periodically changing the voltage or current and tracking changes in power to adjust the operating point. The IC method improves on P&O by using incremental conductance to more precisely track the maximum power point, especially under changing conditions. Other methods like constant voltage and temperature tracking use fixed reference points but can be less accurate than adaptive techniques.
THE CHALLENGE FOR THE 21. CENTURY Day by day we hear more disturbing news about the “Climate Change” that is happening all over the world. More and more people are getting seriously impacted by increasingly strong and more frequent hurricanes. We hear about unprecedented droughts in one area while there is severe flooding in another. People are forced to leave entire regions due to desertification of the land.
Description of a photovoltaic effect and solar panelsDoug
The document provides an introduction to photovoltaic effects and solar panels. It describes how solar panels and solar cells work by using a combination of materials to cause a chemical reaction when exposed to sunlight that separates protons into electrons and neutrons, generating direct current power. It discusses the history of solar cells and improvements over time that have increased efficiency. The document also outlines different types of solar panels including multi-junction, thin-film, and crystalline silicon panels as well as manufacturers and factors that influence the price of solar panels.
The document discusses the advantages and disadvantages of both solar energy and nuclear energy as power sources. Solar energy is a renewable resource that does not produce pollution but has variability issues and high upfront costs. Nuclear energy produces no greenhouse gases but has challenges with waste disposal and potential safety issues from plant failures. Overall, the document provides an overview of the key factors to consider when determining whether solar power or nuclear power is a better option.
This document discusses renewable and non-renewable energy sources, focusing on solar energy. It defines renewable energy as coming from naturally replenished resources like sunlight, wind, and tides. Solar energy harnesses radiant light and heat from the sun using technologies like solar heating and photovoltaics. While solar energy is sustainable and has environmental benefits by not producing pollution, manufacturing solar panels requires energy and produces waste, and solar technology is currently inefficient and expensive compared to fossil fuels. The document also discusses the economic, social, and potential impacts of solar energy.
Hydro Photovoltaic Technology- A new approachRupal Jain
A brief description about hydro photovoltaic technology- PV panels on water bodies to improve their efficiency and to reduce water evaporation losses. A government scheme on this technology in Khandwa district MP state
Solar Power Sustainability - Professional Development Course for EngineersMarianneSalama
This professional development course on the sustainability of photovoltaic solar power examines its energy payback time, emissions, land usage and recycling potential.
Take the full course at www.ipolytek.com
Cindy is considering starting a business installing solar panels and is seeking advice. Solar panel installation could be a profitable business opportunity as consumers are increasingly concerned about the environment and want to reduce energy costs. However, there are also risks involved that Cindy needs to consider carefully. Studies show solar power will likely supply a larger portion of electricity demand in the future as costs decrease further. Government incentives can also impact the financial analysis of installing solar panels.
Solar technology offers great potential in terms of supplying the world’s energy needs. However, its current contribution to the world is still limited. The main factor is related to high initial cost of building the system. This paper will provide an up-to-date review of solar concentrators and their benefits to make solar technology affordable. It will also analyse on some of the existing solar concentrators used in the solar technology for the past four decades. The design and performance of each concentrator will be explained and compared.
Solar cells, or photovoltaic cells, convert sunlight directly into electricity through the photovoltaic effect using semiconductors. They are made of materials like silicon that produce electricity when exposed to sunlight. While solar cell technology uses expensive materials and has practical efficiency between 10-25%, it is being increasingly used as renewable energy and research aims to reduce costs and increase efficiency. However, energy production from solar cells also requires large storage systems to provide electricity when the sun is not shining.
Solar cells, or photovoltaic cells, convert sunlight directly into electricity through the photovoltaic effect using semiconductors. They are made of materials like silicon that produce electricity when exposed to sunlight. While solar cell technology uses expensive materials and has practical efficiency between 10-25%, it is being increasingly used as renewable energy and research aims to reduce costs and increase efficiency. However, energy production from solar cells also requires large storage systems to provide electricity when the sun is not shining.
This document provides a technical review of secure banking using RSA and AES encryption methodologies. It discusses how RSA and AES are commonly used encryption standards for secure data transmission between ATMs and bank servers. The document first provides background on ATM security measures and risks of attacks. It then reviews related work analyzing encryption techniques. The document proposes using a one-time password in addition to a PIN for ATM authentication. It concludes that implementing encryption standards like RSA and AES can make transactions more secure and build trust in online banking.
This document analyzes the performance of various modulation schemes for achieving energy efficient communication over fading channels in wireless sensor networks. It finds that for long transmission distances, low-order modulations like BPSK are optimal due to their lower SNR requirements. However, as transmission distance decreases, higher-order modulations like 16-QAM and 64-QAM become more optimal since they can transmit more bits per symbol, outweighing their higher SNR needs. Simulations show lifetime extensions up to 550% are possible in short-range networks by using higher-order modulations instead of just BPSK. The optimal modulation depends on transmission distance and balancing the energy used by electronic components versus power amplifiers.
This document provides a review of mobility management techniques in vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs). It discusses three modes of communication in VANETs: vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I), vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V), and hybrid vehicle (HV) communication. For each communication mode, different mobility management schemes are required due to their unique characteristics. The document also discusses mobility management challenges in VANETs and outlines some open research issues in improving mobility management for seamless communication in these dynamic networks.
This document provides a review of different techniques for segmenting brain MRI images to detect tumors. It compares the K-means and Fuzzy C-means clustering algorithms. K-means is an exclusive clustering algorithm that groups data points into distinct clusters, while Fuzzy C-means is an overlapping clustering algorithm that allows data points to belong to multiple clusters. The document finds that Fuzzy C-means requires more time for brain tumor detection compared to other methods like hierarchical clustering or K-means. It also reviews related work applying these clustering algorithms to segment brain MRI images.
1) The document simulates and compares the performance of AODV and DSDV routing protocols in a mobile ad hoc network under three conditions: when users are fixed, when users move towards the base station, and when users move away from the base station.
2) The results show that both protocols have higher packet delivery and lower packet loss when users are either fixed or moving towards the base station, since signal strength is better in those scenarios. Performance degrades when users move away from the base station due to weaker signals.
3) AODV generally has better performance than DSDV, with higher throughput and packet delivery rates observed across the different user mobility conditions.
This document describes the design and implementation of 4-bit QPSK and 256-bit QAM modulation techniques using MATLAB. It compares the two techniques based on SNR, BER, and efficiency. The key steps of implementing each technique in MATLAB are outlined, including generating random bits, modulation, adding noise, and measuring BER. Simulation results show scatter plots and eye diagrams of the modulated signals. A table compares the results, showing that 256-bit QAM provides better performance than 4-bit QPSK. The document concludes that QAM modulation is more effective for digital transmission systems.
The document proposes a hybrid technique using Anisotropic Scale Invariant Feature Transform (A-SIFT) and Robust Ensemble Support Vector Machine (RESVM) to accurately identify faces in images. A-SIFT improves upon traditional SIFT by applying anisotropic scaling to extract richer directional keypoints. Keypoints are processed with RESVM and hypothesis testing to increase accuracy above 95% by repeatedly reprocessing images until the threshold is met. The technique was tested on similar and different facial images and achieved better results than SIFT in retrieval time and reduced keypoints.
This document studies the effects of dielectric superstrate thickness on microstrip patch antenna parameters. Three types of probes-fed patch antennas (rectangular, circular, and square) were designed to operate at 2.4 GHz using Arlondiclad 880 substrate. The antennas were tested with and without an Arlondiclad 880 superstrate of varying thicknesses. It was found that adding a superstrate slightly degraded performance by lowering the resonant frequency and increasing return loss and VSWR, while decreasing bandwidth and gain. Specifically, increasing the superstrate thickness or dielectric constant resulted in greater changes to the antenna parameters.
This document describes a wireless environment monitoring system that utilizes soil energy as a sustainable power source for wireless sensors. The system uses a microbial fuel cell to generate electricity from the microbial activity in soil. Two microbial fuel cells were created using different soil types and various additives to produce different current and voltage outputs. An electronic circuit was designed on a printed circuit board with components like a microcontroller and ZigBee transceiver. Sensors for temperature and humidity were connected to the circuit to monitor the environment wirelessly. The system provides a low-cost way to power remote sensors without needing battery replacement and avoids the high costs of wiring a power source.
1) The document proposes a model for a frequency tunable inverted-F antenna that uses ferrite material.
2) The resonant frequency of the antenna can be significantly shifted from 2.41GHz to 3.15GHz, a 31% shift, by increasing the static magnetic field placed on the ferrite material.
3) Altering the permeability of the ferrite allows tuning of the antenna's resonant frequency without changing the physical dimensions, providing flexibility to operate over a wide frequency range.
This document summarizes a research paper that presents a speech enhancement method using stationary wavelet transform. The method first classifies speech into voiced, unvoiced, and silence regions based on short-time energy. It then applies different thresholding techniques to the wavelet coefficients of each region - modified hard thresholding for voiced speech, semi-soft thresholding for unvoiced speech, and setting coefficients to zero for silence. Experimental results using speech from the TIMIT database corrupted with white Gaussian noise at various SNR levels show improved performance over other popular denoising methods.
This document reviews the design of an energy-optimized wireless sensor node that encrypts data for transmission. It discusses how sensing schemes that group nodes into clusters and transmit aggregated data can reduce energy consumption compared to individual node transmissions. The proposed node design calculates the minimum transmission power needed based on received signal strength and uses a periodic sleep/wake cycle to optimize energy when not sensing or transmitting. It aims to encrypt data at both the node and network level to further optimize energy usage for wireless communication.
This document discusses group consumption modes. It analyzes factors that impact group consumption, including external environmental factors like technological developments enabling new forms of online and offline interactions, as well as internal motivational factors at both the group and individual level. The document then proposes that group consumption modes can be divided into four types based on two dimensions: vertical (group relationship intensity) and horizontal (consumption action period). These four types are instrument-oriented, information-oriented, enjoyment-oriented, and relationship-oriented consumption modes. Finally, the document notes that consumption modes are dynamic and can evolve over time.
The document summarizes a study of different microstrip patch antenna configurations with slotted ground planes. Three antenna designs were proposed and their performance evaluated through simulation: a conventional square patch, an elliptical patch, and a star-shaped patch. All antennas were mounted on an FR4 substrate. The effects of adding different slot patterns to the ground plane on resonance frequency, bandwidth, gain and efficiency were analyzed parametrically. Key findings were that reshaping the patch and adding slots increased bandwidth and shifted resonance frequency. The elliptical and star patches in particular performed better than the conventional design. Three antenna configurations were selected for fabrication and measurement based on the simulations: a conventional patch with a slot under the patch, an elliptical patch with slots
1) The document describes a study conducted to improve call drop rates in a GSM network through RF optimization.
2) Drive testing was performed before and after optimization using TEMS software to record network parameters like RxLevel, RxQuality, and events.
3) Analysis found call drops were occurring due to issues like handover failures between sectors, interference from adjacent channels, and overshooting due to antenna tilt.
4) Corrective actions taken included defining neighbors between sectors, adjusting frequencies to reduce interference, and lowering the mechanical tilt of an antenna.
5) Post-optimization drive testing showed improvements in RxLevel, RxQuality, and a reduction in dropped calls.
This document describes the design of an intelligent autonomous wheeled robot that uses RF transmission for communication. The robot has two modes - automatic mode where it can make its own decisions, and user control mode where a user can control it remotely. It is designed using a microcontroller and can perform tasks like object recognition using computer vision and color detection in MATLAB, as well as wall painting using pneumatic systems. The robot's movement is controlled by DC motors and it uses sensors like ultrasonic sensors and gas sensors to navigate autonomously. RF transmission allows communication between the robot and a remote control unit. The overall aim is to develop a low-cost robotic system for industrial applications like material handling.
This document reviews cryptography techniques to secure the Ad-hoc On-Demand Distance Vector (AODV) routing protocol in mobile ad-hoc networks. It discusses various types of attacks on AODV like impersonation, denial of service, eavesdropping, black hole attacks, wormhole attacks, and Sybil attacks. It then proposes using the RC6 cryptography algorithm to secure AODV by encrypting data packets and detecting and removing malicious nodes launching black hole attacks. Simulation results show that after applying RC6, the packet delivery ratio and throughput of AODV increase while delay decreases, improving the security and performance of the network under attack.
The document describes a proposed modification to the conventional Booth multiplier that aims to increase its speed by applying concepts from Vedic mathematics. Specifically, it utilizes the Urdhva Tiryakbhyam formula to generate all partial products concurrently rather than sequentially. The proposed 8x8 bit multiplier was coded in VHDL, simulated, and found to have a path delay 44.35% lower than a conventional Booth multiplier, demonstrating its potential for higher speed.
This document discusses image deblurring techniques. It begins by introducing image restoration and focusing on image deblurring. It then discusses challenges with image deblurring being an ill-posed problem. It reviews existing approaches to screen image deconvolution including estimating point spread functions and iteratively estimating blur kernels and sharp images. The document also discusses handling spatially variant blur and summarizes the relationship between the proposed method and previous work for different blur types. It proposes using color filters in the aperture to exploit parallax cues for segmentation and blur estimation. Finally, it proposes moving the image sensor circularly during exposure to prevent high frequency attenuation from motion blur.
This document describes modeling an adaptive controller for an aircraft roll control system using PID, fuzzy-PID, and genetic algorithm. It begins by introducing the aircraft roll control system and motivation for developing an adaptive controller to minimize errors from noisy analog sensor signals. It then provides the mathematical model of aircraft roll dynamics and describes modeling the real-time flight control system in MATLAB/Simulink. The document evaluates PID, fuzzy-PID, and PID-GA (genetic algorithm) controllers for aircraft roll control and finds that the PID-GA controller delivers the best performance.
Unlock the Future of Search with MongoDB Atlas_ Vector Search Unleashed.pdfMalak Abu Hammad
Discover how MongoDB Atlas and vector search technology can revolutionize your application's search capabilities. This comprehensive presentation covers:
* What is Vector Search?
* Importance and benefits of vector search
* Practical use cases across various industries
* Step-by-step implementation guide
* Live demos with code snippets
* Enhancing LLM capabilities with vector search
* Best practices and optimization strategies
Perfect for developers, AI enthusiasts, and tech leaders. Learn how to leverage MongoDB Atlas to deliver highly relevant, context-aware search results, transforming your data retrieval process. Stay ahead in tech innovation and maximize the potential of your applications.
#MongoDB #VectorSearch #AI #SemanticSearch #TechInnovation #DataScience #LLM #MachineLearning #SearchTechnology
GraphRAG for Life Science to increase LLM accuracyTomaz Bratanic
GraphRAG for life science domain, where you retriever information from biomedical knowledge graphs using LLMs to increase the accuracy and performance of generated answers
TrustArc Webinar - 2024 Global Privacy SurveyTrustArc
How does your privacy program stack up against your peers? What challenges are privacy teams tackling and prioritizing in 2024?
In the fifth annual Global Privacy Benchmarks Survey, we asked over 1,800 global privacy professionals and business executives to share their perspectives on the current state of privacy inside and outside of their organizations. This year’s report focused on emerging areas of importance for privacy and compliance professionals, including considerations and implications of Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies, building brand trust, and different approaches for achieving higher privacy competence scores.
See how organizational priorities and strategic approaches to data security and privacy are evolving around the globe.
This webinar will review:
- The top 10 privacy insights from the fifth annual Global Privacy Benchmarks Survey
- The top challenges for privacy leaders, practitioners, and organizations in 2024
- Key themes to consider in developing and maintaining your privacy program
OpenID AuthZEN Interop Read Out - AuthorizationDavid Brossard
During Identiverse 2024 and EIC 2024, members of the OpenID AuthZEN WG got together and demoed their authorization endpoints conforming to the AuthZEN API
Driving Business Innovation: Latest Generative AI Advancements & Success StorySafe Software
Are you ready to revolutionize how you handle data? Join us for a webinar where we’ll bring you up to speed with the latest advancements in Generative AI technology and discover how leveraging FME with tools from giants like Google Gemini, Amazon, and Microsoft OpenAI can supercharge your workflow efficiency.
During the hour, we’ll take you through:
Guest Speaker Segment with Hannah Barrington: Dive into the world of dynamic real estate marketing with Hannah, the Marketing Manager at Workspace Group. Hear firsthand how their team generates engaging descriptions for thousands of office units by integrating diverse data sources—from PDF floorplans to web pages—using FME transformers, like OpenAIVisionConnector and AnthropicVisionConnector. This use case will show you how GenAI can streamline content creation for marketing across the board.
Ollama Use Case: Learn how Scenario Specialist Dmitri Bagh has utilized Ollama within FME to input data, create custom models, and enhance security protocols. This segment will include demos to illustrate the full capabilities of FME in AI-driven processes.
Custom AI Models: Discover how to leverage FME to build personalized AI models using your data. Whether it’s populating a model with local data for added security or integrating public AI tools, find out how FME facilitates a versatile and secure approach to AI.
We’ll wrap up with a live Q&A session where you can engage with our experts on your specific use cases, and learn more about optimizing your data workflows with AI.
This webinar is ideal for professionals seeking to harness the power of AI within their data management systems while ensuring high levels of customization and security. Whether you're a novice or an expert, gain actionable insights and strategies to elevate your data processes. Join us to see how FME and AI can revolutionize how you work with data!
Essentials of Automations: The Art of Triggers and Actions in FMESafe Software
In this second installment of our Essentials of Automations webinar series, we’ll explore the landscape of triggers and actions, guiding you through the nuances of authoring and adapting workspaces for seamless automations. Gain an understanding of the full spectrum of triggers and actions available in FME, empowering you to enhance your workspaces for efficient automation.
We’ll kick things off by showcasing the most commonly used event-based triggers, introducing you to various automation workflows like manual triggers, schedules, directory watchers, and more. Plus, see how these elements play out in real scenarios.
Whether you’re tweaking your current setup or building from the ground up, this session will arm you with the tools and insights needed to transform your FME usage into a powerhouse of productivity. Join us to discover effective strategies that simplify complex processes, enhancing your productivity and transforming your data management practices with FME. Let’s turn complexity into clarity and make your workspaces work wonders!
Best 20 SEO Techniques To Improve Website Visibility In SERPPixlogix Infotech
Boost your website's visibility with proven SEO techniques! Our latest blog dives into essential strategies to enhance your online presence, increase traffic, and rank higher on search engines. From keyword optimization to quality content creation, learn how to make your site stand out in the crowded digital landscape. Discover actionable tips and expert insights to elevate your SEO game.
AI-Powered Food Delivery Transforming App Development in Saudi Arabia.pdfTechgropse Pvt.Ltd.
In this blog post, we'll delve into the intersection of AI and app development in Saudi Arabia, focusing on the food delivery sector. We'll explore how AI is revolutionizing the way Saudi consumers order food, how restaurants manage their operations, and how delivery partners navigate the bustling streets of cities like Riyadh, Jeddah, and Dammam. Through real-world case studies, we'll showcase how leading Saudi food delivery apps are leveraging AI to redefine convenience, personalization, and efficiency.
Let's Integrate MuleSoft RPA, COMPOSER, APM with AWS IDP along with Slackshyamraj55
Discover the seamless integration of RPA (Robotic Process Automation), COMPOSER, and APM with AWS IDP enhanced with Slack notifications. Explore how these technologies converge to streamline workflows, optimize performance, and ensure secure access, all while leveraging the power of AWS IDP and real-time communication via Slack notifications.
HCL Notes and Domino License Cost Reduction in the World of DLAUpanagenda
Webinar Recording: https://www.panagenda.com/webinars/hcl-notes-and-domino-license-cost-reduction-in-the-world-of-dlau/
The introduction of DLAU and the CCB & CCX licensing model caused quite a stir in the HCL community. As a Notes and Domino customer, you may have faced challenges with unexpected user counts and license costs. You probably have questions on how this new licensing approach works and how to benefit from it. Most importantly, you likely have budget constraints and want to save money where possible. Don’t worry, we can help with all of this!
We’ll show you how to fix common misconfigurations that cause higher-than-expected user counts, and how to identify accounts which you can deactivate to save money. There are also frequent patterns that can cause unnecessary cost, like using a person document instead of a mail-in for shared mailboxes. We’ll provide examples and solutions for those as well. And naturally we’ll explain the new licensing model.
Join HCL Ambassador Marc Thomas in this webinar with a special guest appearance from Franz Walder. It will give you the tools and know-how to stay on top of what is going on with Domino licensing. You will be able lower your cost through an optimized configuration and keep it low going forward.
These topics will be covered
- Reducing license cost by finding and fixing misconfigurations and superfluous accounts
- How do CCB and CCX licenses really work?
- Understanding the DLAU tool and how to best utilize it
- Tips for common problem areas, like team mailboxes, functional/test users, etc
- Practical examples and best practices to implement right away
For the full video of this presentation, please visit: https://www.edge-ai-vision.com/2024/06/building-and-scaling-ai-applications-with-the-nx-ai-manager-a-presentation-from-network-optix/
Robin van Emden, Senior Director of Data Science at Network Optix, presents the “Building and Scaling AI Applications with the Nx AI Manager,” tutorial at the May 2024 Embedded Vision Summit.
In this presentation, van Emden covers the basics of scaling edge AI solutions using the Nx tool kit. He emphasizes the process of developing AI models and deploying them globally. He also showcases the conversion of AI models and the creation of effective edge AI pipelines, with a focus on pre-processing, model conversion, selecting the appropriate inference engine for the target hardware and post-processing.
van Emden shows how Nx can simplify the developer’s life and facilitate a rapid transition from concept to production-ready applications.He provides valuable insights into developing scalable and efficient edge AI solutions, with a strong focus on practical implementation.
Taking AI to the Next Level in Manufacturing.pdfssuserfac0301
Read Taking AI to the Next Level in Manufacturing to gain insights on AI adoption in the manufacturing industry, such as:
1. How quickly AI is being implemented in manufacturing.
2. Which barriers stand in the way of AI adoption.
3. How data quality and governance form the backbone of AI.
4. Organizational processes and structures that may inhibit effective AI adoption.
6. Ideas and approaches to help build your organization's AI strategy.
Climate Impact of Software Testing at Nordic Testing DaysKari Kakkonen
My slides at Nordic Testing Days 6.6.2024
Climate impact / sustainability of software testing discussed on the talk. ICT and testing must carry their part of global responsibility to help with the climat warming. We can minimize the carbon footprint but we can also have a carbon handprint, a positive impact on the climate. Quality characteristics can be added with sustainability, and then measured continuously. Test environments can be used less, and in smaller scale and on demand. Test techniques can be used in optimizing or minimizing number of tests. Test automation can be used to speed up testing.
Building Production Ready Search Pipelines with Spark and MilvusZilliz
Spark is the widely used ETL tool for processing, indexing and ingesting data to serving stack for search. Milvus is the production-ready open-source vector database. In this talk we will show how to use Spark to process unstructured data to extract vector representations, and push the vectors to Milvus vector database for search serving.
AI 101: An Introduction to the Basics and Impact of Artificial IntelligenceIndexBug
Imagine a world where machines not only perform tasks but also learn, adapt, and make decisions. This is the promise of Artificial Intelligence (AI), a technology that's not just enhancing our lives but revolutionizing entire industries.
Ivanti’s Patch Tuesday breakdown goes beyond patching your applications and brings you the intelligence and guidance needed to prioritize where to focus your attention first. Catch early analysis on our Ivanti blog, then join industry expert Chris Goettl for the Patch Tuesday Webinar Event. There we’ll do a deep dive into each of the bulletins and give guidance on the risks associated with the newly-identified vulnerabilities.
1. IOSR Journal of Electrical and Electronics Engineering (IOSR-JEEE)
e-ISSN: 2278-1676,p-ISSN: 2320-3331, Volume 10, Issue 4 Ver. III (July – Aug. 2015), PP 81-87
www.iosrjournals.org
DOI: 10.9790/1676-10438187 www.iosrjournals.org 81 | Page
Challenges in manufacturing and end-of-life recycling or disposal
of solar PV panels
1
Anupama Prakash, 2
Uma Rao. K, 3
SoumyaSaxena,
4
SushmitaT.Rayabagi
Abstract: This paper deals with challenges faced in manufacturing and disposal of the solar panels. We see the
solar energy as the green solution for the increased demand in energy, but at the same time we have to consider
the problems that will occur after 20-30 years when solar panels will have to be disposed of. We cannot use
these panels in bulk and make it to produce energy equivalent produced by thermal power plant till we have the
skill to handle the waste produced by during the disposal of the panels. Some of the materials used in the solar
panels are rare in nature and we cannot recover them later although they are used in small amount in the
panels. Many of the compounds do not have the proper solution for its disposal so they are incinerated or
landfilled which is very harmful for the environment. This paper contains the approximation of the waste
produced by the solar panels if they produce one kW.
Keywords: electronic waste, environment, solar Panel, disposal.
I. Introduction
With increase in today’s energy demand, people are looking forward to solar energy as their future
source of power. One of the best ways of harnessing solar power is to use solar panels. Initially the use of solar
PV cells was confined to power bulbs and street lights. With reduction in cost and escalating energy costs, we
now find extensive use of solar panels in large scale and small scale applications. Small scale uses include solar
power pumps for circulating water, solar cooker, solar calculator, battery charger etc. Large scale includes
setting up of solar farms to serve as micro grids or be integrated with main power grid.
Silicon-based solar PV production involves many materials similar to those used in microelectronics
industry. These PV panels have a lifetime of around 20-25 years. Solar panels can be used efficiently for 20-30
years. Since the technology is new, majority of solar panels are less than 10 years old in India. So the knowledge
of disposal of solar panels and the possible harmful effects caused by them to environment is not an issue of
concern right now. The disposal of electronic waste is already a big issue as they are disposed inlandfills or
incinerators and this can adversely affect the environment and living beings. The extensive use of solar panels
like setting up a solar farm will definitely add to the electronic waste.The solar PV industry must address these
issues immediately, or risk repeating the mistakes made by the microelectronics industry. Arsenic, cadmium
telluride, hexa-fluoro-ethane, lead, and polyvinyl fluoride are just some of the chemicals used to manufacture
various types of solar cells [1]. None of this poses much, if any; threat during a solar panel’s working life. The
problem, as the Silicon Valley Toxics Coalition pointed out in a 2009 report, comes at the beginning and end of
a panel’s life. Toxins potentially can be released during the manufacturing process, putting workers at risk, and
when panels finally hit the scrap heap decades later. The main areas of potential concern are:
The energy required to produce them.
The procedure to dispose them at the end of their lifetime.
Toxic and other potentially harmful materials used or produced during the manufacturing of PV panels/cells
In this paper we have highlighted the different components of solar power generation strategies, the
possibility of recycling some of them and the harmful effects that may be caused by their disposal. Detailed
analysis is made to calculate the amount of waste produced by a solar panel producing 1kW. The calculations
include the PV cells, associated controls, batteries, power electronics and the materials used in each of them. The
effects on environment and human health are discussed in detail.
II. Impacts of solar panels on environment
Potential adverse impacts to various resources associated with the construction, operation, and
decommissioning of solar power plants are briefly outlined below.
2. Challenges in manufacturing and end-of-life recycling or disposal of solar PV panels
DOI: 10.9790/1676-10438187 www.iosrjournals.org 82 | Page
Land Disturbance/Land Use Impacts
Utility-scale solar energy facilities require relatively large areas for solar radiation collection when used
to generate electricity at utility-scale, i.e. of a capacity 20 MW and above. Since large area of land is occupied,
this may displace some of the traditional uses of the land. A proper economic and social impact analysis has to
be conducted before the installation of the solar farms, to quantize the effect. [4]
Impacts to Soil, Water, and Air Resources
The process of preparation of the land for construction of solar facilities requires clearing and
preparation of the soil, probable alteration of drainage channels, which could lead to increased runoff and
erosion.
Parabolic trough and central tower systems typically use conventional steam plants to generate
electricity, which commonly consume water for cooling. This can be a drain on the local water resources and
possible diversion of water towards this end, at the expense of water for conventional use, such as agriculture.
Commonly used dust suppressants, dielectric fluids, herbicides, and other chemicals could result in
contamination of surface or groundwater, making it unfit for consumption over a period of time.
Ecological Impacts
The clearing and use of large areas of land for solar power facilities can lead to loss of habitat of local
wildlife. Further, particulate matter generated by solar facilities can cause significant pollution to nearby national
parks and wilderness areas. Hence, these solar farms need clearance from the authorized local environment
control boards, and cannot be randomly set up at any place, to preserve the local flora and fauna. Research on the
actual impact of solar panels on animal behavior over a long period of exposure to the panels, in close proximity,
is still not reported. Especially species like birds,reptiles, worms etc. which can come in direct contact with the
panels, may be affected adversely. Solar PV cells are associated with electric and magnetic fields like any other
power generation process. These fields can have more impact in this case, as the possibility of proximity to them
is greater, since the panels are located in open space. Operation of solar facilities, and especially concentrating
solar power facilities, involves high temperatures that may pose an environmental or safety risk.[4]
Other Impacts
The large solar facilities with numerous highly geometric and sometimes highly reflective surfaces,can
have visual impacts and could possibly create the same visual impact as a mirage. Concentrating Solar Power
(CSP) systems could potentially cause interference with aircraft operations if reflected light beams become
misdirected into aircraft pathways.Aesthetic impacts are also present, though they are subjective and not
necessarily a factor to be considered while setting up a solar farm. Cultural and paleontological artifacts and
cultural landscapes may be disturbed by solar facilities.
Photovoltaic panels may contain hazardous materials, and although they are sealed under normal
operating conditions, there is the potential for environmental contamination if they were damaged or improperly
disposed upon decommissioning. Concentrating solar power systems may employ materials such as oils or
molten salts, hydraulic fluids, coolants, and lubricants that may be hazardous and present spill risks. Proper
planning and good maintenance practices can be used to minimize impacts from hazardous materials.
III. Construction Of Solar Panel
The basic building block of a photovoltaic solar system is the solar cell. Solar cells are solid
state,semiconductor devices that convert sunlight into electricity. Typically a number of individual cells
areconnected together to form modules, or solar panels. A PV cell contains thecomponents as shown in the Fig.1.
The major components are listed below:
1. The front cover is made of either glass or polymer film. It provides protection to the complete structure from
the external elements.[5]
2. In order to provide electrical insulation and protect against environmental corrosion, the solar cells are
encased in a transparent material referred to as an encapsulant.Encapsulate is made up of either Ethylene
Vinyl-Acetate (EVA) or Poly Vinyl Butyral (PVB).
3. Solar cells are either Silicon mono-crystalline or poly-crystalline.[1]
4. To provide structural integrity the solar cells are mounted on top of a rigid flat surface called
substratewhichis made from polyvinyl fluoride.
3. Challenges in manufacturing and end-of-life recycling or disposal of solar PV panels
DOI: 10.9790/1676-10438187 www.iosrjournals.org 83 | Page
Fig.1. Components of solar panel
The composition of various materials used in Solar panels is tabulated in Table 1.
Table 1. Composition of solar panels
1. Glass 65%
2. Aluminium 20%
3. EVA (ethylene vinyl acetate) or PVB (polyvinyl butryl) 7.5%
4. Solar cells: Silicon of monocrystalline or polycrystalline.They are made up ofCdSe, Cds, CuO,
FeS2, Mg2Si, SnS, ZnSe, CuInSe2 , CuS , MnS , Lead, Brominated flame retardant ,Crystalline silicone, Copper
indium selenide and copper indium gallium selenide thin film PV, CaGs
4%
5. TedlarFilm or substrate 2.5%
6. junction box 1.0%
The solar panels are classified into two main categories as shown in fig.2.
Monocrystalline solar panels are made from a large crystal of silicon. They are the most efficient and
most expensive panels.
Poly-crystalline solar panels are made from multiple silicon crystals. They are less efficient and also
less expensive than monocrystalline panels.
Thin Film solar panels are thin and flexible. They are cheaper and are not affected by shading. The
drawbacks are low efficiency, loss of wattage per sq. ft. installed and heat retention.They can be manufactured
using silicon, copper indium gallium selenide (CIGS) or cadmium telluride (CdTe)
Fig. 2 classification of solar panels
Bulk type or Wafer-
based (crystalline)
Mono-crystalline Si
Poly –crystalline Si
Thin-film type
Amorphous Si
CIGS
Polymer organic
CdTe
4. Challenges in manufacturing and end-of-life recycling or disposal of solar PV panels
DOI: 10.9790/1676-10438187 www.iosrjournals.org 84 | Page
IV. Environmental issues during manufacturing of PV cells
The most common material used is crystalline silicon which is obtained from quartz or sand.It isn't
intrinsically harmful, but parts of the manufacturing process do involve toxic chemicals and these need to be
carefully controlled and regulated to prevent environmental damage.The quartz is extracted from mines. A
potentially harmful by-product associated with the mining and processing of quartz is crystalline silica dust. The
initial refining turns quartz into metallurgical-grade silicon, a substance used mostly to harden steel and other
metals. The metallurgical-grade silicon is then converted into a purer form called polysilicon. The refinement
process involves combining hydrochloric acid with metallurgical-grade silicon to turn it into tri-chloro-silanes.
The tri-chloro-silanes then react with added hydrogen, producing polysilicon along with liquid silicon
tetrachloride. Silicon tetrachloride is highly toxic in nature.
Solar-cell manufacturers purify chunks of polysilicon to form bricklike ingots and then slice the ingots
into wafers. The wafer is then subjected to high temperatures in the presence of phosphorous oxy-chloride in
order to create the physical properties required to produce electricity.
An anti-reflective coating of silicon nitride is applied to the top surface of the cell to minimize reflection and
increase efficiency of light absorption.
Finally, metallic electrical conductors are screen printed onto the surface wafer to facilitate the transport
of electricity away from the cell. Individual solar cells are typically soldered together with copper wire coated
with tin. Some solar panel manufacturers utilize solders that contain lead and other metals that if released into
the environment can pose environmental and human health risks.
Issues:
Silica dust has been associated with silicosis, a lung disease where scar tissue forms in the lungs and
reduces the ability to breath. Other health problems associated with regular, high exposure include chronic
obstructive pulmonary disease, rheumatoid arthritis, scleroderma, Sjogern’s syndrome, lupus, and renal disease.
Silicon tetrachloride which is produced along with polysilicon transforms into acids and poisonous hydrogen
chloride gas, when exposed to humid air. This can make people dizzy and can also make their chests contract.
Silicon tetrachloride can cause skin burns and is also an eye and respiratory irritant Kerf dust, a byproduct of
sawing the silicon ingots into wafers can be harmful if inhaled by living beings.Exposure to solvents, such as
nitric acid, sodium hydroxide and hydrofluoric acid, used in wafer etching and reactor cleaning can be matter of
great concern as they pose a risk of chemical burns. Handling of hydrofluoric acid requires extreme care, and it
must be disposed of properly.Silanewhich is used in the deposition of anti-reflective coatings is highly
inflammable and needs to be properly handled.
Lead present in solders is highly toxic to the central nervous system, endocrine system, cardiovascular
system, and kidneys. The lead accumulates in landfills and thus discarded solar PV panels which contain lead
have the potential to pollute drinking water. In one study, solar PV panels using lead solder exceeded the
maximum allowable concentrations for lead by 30 percent in the Toxicity Characteristic Leaching.
Mitigation measures:
a. To give protection against silica dust one should air quality monitoring, automation of processes to limit
human exposure, dust suppression measures and personal protective devices for workers such as respirators.
b. The facilities should use a closed loop process that captures system byproducts for recycling and reuse
within the process loop because these recovery systems are necessary for the economic operation of a facility.
Furthermore, any waste gasses not recoverable forrecycling are led through a series of pollution control
technologies (e.g. wet scrubbers) prior to any environmental releases. Environmental releases include very low
levels of particulate matter, hydrogen chloride and silicon tetrachloride.
Environmental effect in manufacturingThin- film Solar cell:
Although more than 90 percent of photovoltaic panels made today with polysilicon, there is a newer approach:
thin-film solar-cell technology. The thin-film varieties will likely grow in market share over the next decade,
because they can be just as efficient as silicon-based solar cells and yet cheaper to manufacture, as they use less
energy and material.Makers of thin-film cells deposit layers of semiconductor material directly on a substrate of
glass, metal, or plastic instead of slicing wafers from a silicon ingot. This produces less waste and completely
avoids the complicated melting, drawing, and slicing used to make traditional cells. In essence, a piece of glass
goes in at one end of the factory and a fully functional photovoltaic module emerges from the other.Moving to
thin-film solar cells eliminates many of the environmental and safety hazards from manufacturing, because
there’s no need for certain problematic chemicals—no hydrofluoric acid, no hydrochloric acid. But that does not
mean one can term thin-film solar cell as green.Today’s dominant thin-film technologies are cadmium telluride
5. Challenges in manufacturing and end-of-life recycling or disposal of solar PV panels
DOI: 10.9790/1676-10438187 www.iosrjournals.org 85 | Page
and a more recent competitor, copper indium gallium selenide (CIGS). In the former, one semiconductor layer is
made of cadmium telluride; the second is cadmium sulfide. In the latter, the primary semiconductor material is
CIGS, but the second layer is typically cadmium sulfide. Soeach of these technologiesuses compounds
containing the heavy metal cadmium.
V. Effectsand disposal schemes for substances used in solar panels
There are many substances in the solar panels which are toxic and are carcinogenic and pose serious
threats to the environment and living beings. The ingestion of these substances can damage the bones; can have a
serious impact on the functioning of vital organs like kidney and liver. The inhalation of some of these
substances may even lead to lung cancer. There are many rare metals like indium and gallium used in solar
panels. There can be permanent depletion of these rare metals if they are not recovered at the end of life of solar
panels. An attempt has been made to list the effects and disposal procedure of all the materials used in solar
panels.
1. Encapsulant
The ethylene vinyl acetate encapsulant and polyvinyl butyral substrate are typically not recoverable and
removed through a thermal process. If not properly decommissioned, the greatest end-of-life health risk from
crystalline solar modules arises from lead containing solders. Under the right conditions it is possible for the lead
to leach into landfill soils and eventually into water bodies. If removed through a thermal process theby-product
ash is land-filled.
Disposal Methods:
Thermal Dismantling: The thermal dismantling process involves heating ethylene-vinyl acetate compounds
up to their melting point i.e. 1,472 degrees Fahrenheit. [2]
Vacuum Blasting: Vacuum blasting is a technique that uses vacuum instead of air pressure.
Wet Mechanical Treatment Attrition: Mixing devices fitted with rotating agitator are usually used to
separate soil from toxic substances. There is usually no use of chemicals as only the addition of water is
important.
Hydro Cyclones: Burning of ethylene vinyl acetate compounds leads to release of toxic and carcinogenic
compounds to the atmosphere. As a result, people have turned to density cyclone separation methods. These
methods are based on particles of plastics floating or sinking in a separation media of a given density usually
under the force of gravity. These methods are applicable for recycling large volumes of plastic materials
such as ethylene vinyl acetate of different sizes.
2. Substrate/ Tedlar film:
It ismade from polyvinyl fluoride. TedlarFilm in itself is non-hazardous but releases hydrogen fluoride on
heating. The inhalation of this might lead to choking, coughing, severe eyes, nose, and throat irritation. The
overexposure of this can even injure liver and kidney. It also has dimethyl acetamide which can cause several
skin problems.
Disposal method:The preferred option for disposal is landfill. It can also be incinerated, if incinerator is capable
of scrubbing hydrogen fluoride and other acidic components.
3. Solar Cell:
Bulk type/Wafer-Based Solar cell
It consists of various substances as listed in Table1. These materials and their disposal methodsare discussed in
brief in the following section:
a. CdS,CdSe:These used in solar cells to improve the efficiency. The exposure to this can cause nausea,
respiratory problems, abdominal pain, and cancer.
b. CuO: It makes a good absorbing layer because of its high solar absorbance and low thermal emittance.It can
cause damage to the endocrine and central nervous system. Contact to the eyes or skin can cause irritation.
c. FeS2:It demonstrates extremely promising results for use as the active layer in solar photovoltaic and
photoelectrochemical cells.Sulfate released from decomposing pyrite combines with water,
producing sulfuric acid, leading toacid rock drainage and potentially acid rain
d. Mg2Si: Magnesium silicide is primarily used in thin film applications due to its difficulties in crystal
growth.
e. SnS:SnS is an absorption layer in n-type solar cells with a wide band gap. It has little toxicity to humans and
the environment.
6. Challenges in manufacturing and end-of-life recycling or disposal of solar PV panels
DOI: 10.9790/1676-10438187 www.iosrjournals.org 86 | Page
f. ZnSe:It is a bufferlayer that has reached total area efficiencies of up to 9.6% (under AM 1.5 illumination),
an open circuit voltage of 482 mV, a short circuit current of 31.0 mA/cm2 and a fill factor reaching 64%.
g. CuInSe2:.CuInSe2 is used in the absorber layer.
h. MnS: is a dilute magnetic semiconductor that is used in solar cells as a window/ buffer layer. If Manganese
enters soil then it causes disturbance in the plant mechanism. It disturbs the division of water into hydrogen
and oxygen and their distribution in the palnt.
i. Brominated flame retardant: Polybrominated biphenyls (PBBs) and brominated diphenylethers (PBDEs)
are used in circuit boards and solar panel inverters (which convert DC to AC power). PBDEs, which
bioaccumulate in fatty tissues, are recognized as toxic and carcinogenic and are described as endocrine
disrupters.
j. Crystalline Silicon (c-Si): Crystalline silicon is made using silane gas, the production of which results in
waste silicon tetrachloride which is toxic. It can be recycled into more silane gas but has the potential to
cause harm.
k. GaAs: crystals will release arsine or arsenic if deposited in landfills. Arsenic is highly toxic and
carcinogenic. The limited toxicological data on GaAs suggest that it could have profound effects on lung,
liver, immune, and blood systems. No recycling method is available.
l. Sulphur Hexafluoride is used to clean the reactor used in silicon production. If it escaped it would be a
very potent greenhouse gas. It can also react with silicon to create a range of other compounds. (SF6), a
substance 22,800 times more dangerous to the environment than CO2, according to the Intergovernmental
Panel on Climate Change (IPCC).
Disposal method of above materials: As outlined above, c-Si PV circuitry and inverters contain hazardous
materials such as lead, brominated fire retardants, and hexavalent chromium. Toxics contained in the modules
themselves are below levels regulated by the EPA. Recycling options: Used silicon (Si) wafers can be melted
into Si ingots and cut into new wafers.
Thin- film Solar cell
Thin film silicon reduces the volume of material needed by spraying a thin layer of silicon on toa
surface, so has the potential to reduce impacts and waste. A part of the thin film cell contains cadmium telluride,
a highly toxic substance that cannot be allowed to come in contact with the atmosphere. It needs to be captured
and recycled. Most manufacturers refrain from using the substance in the first place to avoid dealing with the
difficult recycling process.Instead, most resort to crystalline silicon, which is made up of easily recyclable
materials like glass, aluminum, copper and plastic foil, along with silicon. These are also easier to dispose [3].
Copper Indium Selenide (CIS) and Copper Indium Gallium Selenide (CIGS) Thin-Film PV modules
rely on new semiconductor materials. CIS and CIGS are much less expensive than c-Si because they can be
printed onto glass, and, as thin films, use less material. In this the primary semiconductor material is CIGS, but
the second layer is typically cadmium sulfide. Companies based in California and Massachusetts are using
nanotechnology to increase CIGS efficiency,but with the use of nanotechnology comes uncertainty about
environmental, health, and safety hazards.
Selenium is a regulated substance that bio-accumulates in food webs and is considered highly toxic and
carcinogenic by the EPA. CdTe is often used in these modules as a buffer material, which also introduces the
CdTe toxicity issues noted above. CIGS has toxicity levels similar to CIS with the addition of gallium, which is
associated with low toxicity. CIS and CIGS use CdS (cadmium sulfide) as a buffer layer.So each of these
technologies uses compounds containing the heavy metal cadmium, which is both a carcinogen and a genotoxin,
meaning that it can cause inheritable mutations.
In an acute toxicity comparison of CdTe, CIS, and CIGS, researchers found CIGS to have the lowest
toxicity, and CdTe to have the highest.
Disposal and Mitigation:The best way to avoid exposing workers and the environment to toxic cadmium is to
minimize the amount used or to use no cadmium at all. Already, two major CIGS-photovoltaic manufacturers—
Avancis and Solar Frontier—are using zinc sulfide, a relatively benign material, instead of cadmium sulfide.
And researchers from the University of Bristol and the University of Bath, in England; the University of
California, Berkeley; and many[2] other academic and government laboratories are trying to develop thin-film
photovoltaics that do not require toxic elements like cadmium or rare elements like tellurium.
VI. Analysis of waste generated by PV cells
Without effective and safe recycling programs, broken, defective, and decommissioned solar PV
equipment will enter the waste stream. It will end up in landfills (where toxic materials can leach into
groundwater) or incinerators (where burning can release toxic materials into the air). One disposal option is to
recycle solar PV panels at existing responsible e-waste recycling facilities or at facilities that recycle batteries
containing lead and cadmium, thereby keeping toxics out of municipal incinerators and landfills. However, these
7. Challenges in manufacturing and end-of-life recycling or disposal of solar PV panels
DOI: 10.9790/1676-10438187 www.iosrjournals.org 87 | Page
hazardous waste recovery facilities are often use sub-standard technology and are in need of substantial research
and development to improve their environmental footprint. For example, most recycling facilities reclaim metals
using smelters, which are known to increase the risk of lung cancer (from cadmium exposure) in nearby
communities and the workplace.
If the solar panels are not reused or recycled, overtime there will be a significantloss of precious
resources such as glass and aluminum. As solar panels also use some rare metals like indium and gallium, not
recovering them at the end life could cause their permanent depletion. An analysis indicating the amount of solar
waste generated per year in India is done to give an insight of the actual problem.
It is known that maximum efficiency of solar panels is approximately 20%.
India receives approximately- 4-7 kWh per m2
per day (assuming 6 kW per hr)
If 1kW is incident per m2
then 200W is harnessed to electrical power.
So we need 5 m2
for 1000W but considering other factors like wind and dust that will reduce the
efficiency and will result into the loss of 20% so actual production is around 800W. Therefore, we need around
6.25 m2
for 1 kW of power. The weight of the solar panel is approximately 13-14 kg/m2
. This gives us around 82
kg for 1kW. The component weights are as follows: glass - 65%; Aluminium-20%, 7.5% is ethylene vinyl
acetate and 2.5% is polyvinyl fluoride substrate which is usually not recycled. These numbers, give an idea about
the quantities involved when the panels have to be disposed. The substances which are not recycled are either
incinerated or deposited by landfilling. This causes harmful effects as these substances can enter any living
organism through ground water, soil, absorption by plants in the vicinity etc.
VII. Conclusion
In this paper, some aspects of solar PV manufacturing and disposal mechanisms have been discussed.
Irrefutably solar power is going to play an important role in the power sector of the next generation, and hence
we cannot avoid increased penetration of solar PV cells, both at small scale and large scale. However, it comes at
a cost. Technologies have to evolve for efficient recycling and disposal of these panels, along with leading
research in the manufacturing processes, to enable the world to be prepared for it, when the time for massive
disposals arrives. We cannot afford to postpone solutions or turn a blind eye to the problem, since the problem
exists and its nature is extremely harmful, if not handled properly.
References
[1]. End-of-life management and recycling of PV modules by Vasilis M. Fthenakis.
[2]. Methods and concerns for disposal of photovoltaic solar panels by Karen Ann Brouwer, Chhaya Gupta.
[3]. Vasilis Fthenakis. “National PV Environmental Research Center: Summary Review of SilaneIgnition Studies.” Available at
http://www.bnl.gov/pv/abs/abs_149.asp.
[4]. Fthenakis, V.M. (2003). Practical Handbook of Photovoltaics: Fundamentals and Applications: Overview of Potential Hazards.
Available at http://www.bnl.gov/pv/files/pdf/art_170.pdf.
[5]. U.S. Dept. of Energy “Photovoltaic Basics.” Accessed January 5, 2010 available at
http://www1.eere.energy.gov/solar/pv_basics.html.