This document summarizes photovoltaic solar energy systems and market trends in the United States. It discusses the basic materials used in PV cells, including silicon, thin film technologies, and organic materials. Grid-connected solar capacity in the US has increased significantly in recent years, especially in the utility sector due to policy incentives. Total solar capacity currently under development in the US is over 16 gigawatts, with utility-scale solar projects making up the majority. The document analyzes factors driving solar market growth in the US, such as falling costs and federal/state incentives.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
SPACE VECTOR MODULATION BASED INDUCTION MOTOR DRIVEpreeti naga
This paper describes an analysis of local PV-wind hybrid systems for supplying electricity to a private house, farmhouse or a small company with electrical power depending on the need at the site. The major system components, work principle and specific working condition are presented in this paper
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Solar Magazine | Indonesia Solar Energy Profile: A Nation Rich in Unrealized ...Solar Magazine
Indonesia is rich in solar power potential (~207 gigawatts’ worth), but there’re many facets of challenges needed to be addressed by different parties. Additionally, the government and society are striving to make a balance between economic growth and carbon neutrality. Read more about the Profile at https://solarmagazine.com/solar-profiles/indonesia/
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
SPACE VECTOR MODULATION BASED INDUCTION MOTOR DRIVEpreeti naga
This paper describes an analysis of local PV-wind hybrid systems for supplying electricity to a private house, farmhouse or a small company with electrical power depending on the need at the site. The major system components, work principle and specific working condition are presented in this paper
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Solar Magazine | Indonesia Solar Energy Profile: A Nation Rich in Unrealized ...Solar Magazine
Indonesia is rich in solar power potential (~207 gigawatts’ worth), but there’re many facets of challenges needed to be addressed by different parties. Additionally, the government and society are striving to make a balance between economic growth and carbon neutrality. Read more about the Profile at https://solarmagazine.com/solar-profiles/indonesia/
A Comprehensive Review on Recent MPPT of a Solar PV Systems using Intelligent...ssuser793b4e
The uncertainty associated with modelling and performance of solar photovoltaic systems could be easily and efficiently solved by using Maximum power point techniques. During the past decade of 2010 to 2021, the classification of techniques based on intelligent, non- intelligent and their hybrid models are found as potential techniques for detecting the maximum power point of a photovoltaic system. In addition, for this decade there is no extensive and comprehensive review on applicability of intelligent, non-intelligent and their hybrid models for performance prediction and modelling of solar photovoltaic systems. Therefore, this article focuses on extensive review on design, modelling, maximum power point tracking, advantages, disadvantages of each technique, evolutionary trend, convergence and tracking speed, and output efficiency prediction of solar photovoltaic systems under partial shading conditions and non-partial shading conditions using intelligent, non-intelligent and their hybrid techniques. Furthermore, a total of 77 selected articles on the solar PV tracking technique and their hybrid models together with the PV technology were reviewed. Total of 22 articles are reviewed and summarized in this review paper for the period of 2010 to 2021 with 12 articles in non- intelligent technique, 7 articles in intelligent technique and 3 articles in their hybrid form. The review showed the suitability and reliability of intelligent, non-intelligent and their hybrid models for accurate detection of maximum power point and the performance characteristics of solar photovoltaic systems. Finally, this review presents the guidance for the researchers and engineers in the field of solar photovoltaic systems to select the suitable techniques for enhancement of the performance characteristics of the solar photovoltaic systems and the utilization of the available solar radiation.
Design a Highly Efficient Push-Pull converter for Photovoltaic ApplicationsEklavya Sharma
Design a schematic to extract maximum obtainable solar power from a PV module and use the energy for a DC application. This project investigates in detail the concept of Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) which significantly increases the efficiency of the solar photovoltaic system.
Photovoltaics constitutes a new form of producing electric energy that is environmentally clean and very modular. In stand-alone installations, it must use storage or another type of generator to provide electricity when the sun is not shining.
Photovoltaics is very suitable as the power supply for remote communication equipment. Its use is increasing rapidly to produce electricity in grid-connected houses and buildings in industrialized countries, despite a 5 to 10 times higher cost than conventional electricity. Crystalline Si technology, both monocrystalline and multicrystalline is today clearly dominant, with about 90% of the market.
Thin-film technology is one of the candidates to take over from Si technology. There are many technological options regarding thin-film materials and methods of deposition but their primary claim to the throne currently occupied by Si is that they can be ultimately produced at much lower cost.
Copper oxide is a good candidate for low cost photovoltaic element. It is non toxic and has high absobtion in visible spectra of light. In order to improve it performance doping methods and “partner” component for hetero- or homo –junction have to be studied.
In summary, it is very likely that photovoltaics will become in the next half century an important source of world electricity. Public support and global environmental concerns will keep photovoltaics viable, visible, and vigorous both in new technical developments and user applications. Nations which encourage photovoltaics will be leaders in this shining new technology, leading the way to a cleaner, more equitable twenty-first century, while those that ignore or suppress photovoltaics will be left behind in the green, economic energy revolution.
An Article on “SOLAR CELL : A SUSTANABLE ENERGY SOURCE”IJESM JOURNAL
Solar energy is that the hugest energy resource within the world. This pure energy is reasonable and internal and is accomplishable in several regions of the world .limitation of fossil supply and also the consequences of mistreatment them in environmental and international climatologically. Changes have created special chance for competition of alternative energy with fossil energies particularly within the countr According to the most recent official estimation this firing globe has AN age of quite fourteen billion years in every second four.2 million plenty of star mass area unit reborn to energy. Weight of sun that is concerning 333 thousand-fold of earth’s weight sun ought to be thought-about as a large reso The origin of all famed energies on the world as well as waterfalls, oceanic waves etc. alternative energy is that the different kind of energy might regenerate directly or indirectly to different types of energy like electricity. Wage electrical energy with the assistance of cell. cell technology offers a good array of possibility that permits assembling clean renewable alternative energy and changing it to power. exploitation clean cell, we will take an enormous step in serving to the world by minimizing our use of electricity created exploitation fossil fuels.cell additionally referred to as electric cell. electrical {phenomenon} is regarded to the phenomenon during which radiation is regenerate to electricity while not exploitation stimulating mechanism.urce of energy up to subs Photovoltaic system is most usable system of application of Morden energies.These area unit many varieties of cell technologies that area unit below development.
Seminar report on Flexible Photovoltaic TechnologyKumudGarg3
This report is relate to topic of Flexible Solar Cell. In this report you get content is introduction, introduction to flexible solar cell, types of solar cell, types of flexible solar cell, application n etc.
Design and Implementation of a Solar Power Systemijtsrd
Energy is a very important variable that its conservation is of paramount interest to engineers of our time. As we know, the law of conservation of energy states that energy can neither be created nor destroyed, but it can be transformed from one form to another. This helps in sustainable use and protection of natural resources. This research work the Design and Implementation of a Solar Power System focuses on a technique of power generation from solar source. It provides simple basic theoretical studies of solar cell and its modelling techniques using equivalent electric circuits. Solar Photovoltaic PV power generation system is comprising several elements like solar cells, inverter, Battery charge controller and single phase inverter for AC loads are implemented in hardware in simple manner. Sylvester Emeka Abonyi | Kingsley Chibueze Obute | Anthony Amaechi Okafor "Design and Implementation of a Solar Power System" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-3 , April 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd49926.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/49926/design-and-implementation-of-a-solar-power-system/sylvester-emeka-abonyi
While a majority of the worlds current electricity supply is gener.pdfapleathers
While a majority of the world\'s current electricity supply is generated from fossil fuels such as
coal, oil and natural gas, these traditional energy sources face a number of challenges including
rising prices, security concerns over dependence on imports from a limited number of countries
which have significant fossil fuel supplies, and growing environmental concerns over the climate
change risks associated with power generation using fossil fuels. As a result of these and other
challenges facing traditional energy sources, governments, businesses and consumers are
increasingly supporting the development of alternative energy sources and new technologies for
electricity generation. Renewable energy sources such as solar, biomass, geothermal,
hydroelectric and windpower generation have emerged as potential alternatives which address
some of these concerns. As opposed to fossil fuels, which draw on finite resources that may
eventually become too expensive to retrieve, renewable energy sources are generally unlimited
in availability.
Solar power generation has emerged as one of the most rapidly growing renewable sources of
electricity. Solar power generation has several advantages over other forms of electricity
generation:
Reduced Dependence on Fossil Fuels. Solar energy production does not require fossil fuels and
is therefore less dependent on this limited and expensive natural resource. Although there is
variability in the amount and timing of sunlight over the day, season and year, a properly sized
and configured system can be designed to be highly reliable while providing long-term, fixed
price electricity supply.
Environmental Advantages. Solar power production generates electricity with a limited impact
on the environment as compared to other forms of electricity production.
Matching Peak Time Output with Peak Time Demand. Solar energy can effectively supplement
electricity supply from an electricity transmission grid, such as when electricity demand peaks in
the summer
Modularity and Scalability. As the size and generating capacity of a solar system are a function
of the number of solar modules installed, applications of solar technology are readily scalable
and versatile.
Flexible Locations. Solar power production facilities can be installed at the customer site
which reduces required investments in production and transportation infrastructure.
Government Incentives. A growing number of countries have established incentive programs
for the development of solar and other renewable energy sources, such as (i) net metering laws
that allow on-grid end users to sell electricity back to the grid at retail prices, (ii) direct subsidies
to end users to offset costs of photovoltaic equipment and installation charges, (iii) low interest
loans for financing solar power systems and tax incentives; and (iv) government standards that
mandate minimum usage levels of renewable energy sources.
Despite the cost, an advantage of photovoltaic systems is.
Solar technology offers great potential in terms of supplying the world’s energy needs. However, its current contribution to the world is still limited. The main factor is related to high initial cost of building the system. This paper will provide an up-to-date review of solar concentrators and their benefits to make solar technology affordable. It will also analyse on some of the existing solar concentrators used in the solar technology for the past four decades. The design and performance of each concentrator will be explained and compared.
Effects of the Droop Speed Governor and Automatic Generation Control AGC on G...IJAPEJOURNAL
In power system, as any inequality between production and consumption results in an instantaneous change in frequency from nominal, frequency should be always monitored and controlled. Traditionally, frequency regulation is provided by varying the power output of generators which have restricted ramp rates. The Automatic Generation Control AGC process performs the task of adjusting system generation to meet the load demand and of regulating the large system frequency changes. A result of the mismatches between system load and system generation, system frequency and the desired value of 50 Hz is the accumulation of time error. How equilibrium system frequency is calculated if load parameters are frequency dependent, and how can frequency be controlled. Also, how do parameters of a speed governor affect generated power. The transient processes before system frequency settles down to steady state. Finally, AGC in what way is it different from governor action. This paper presents new approaches for AGC of power system including two areas having one steam turbines and one hydro turbine tied together through power lines.
Underwater Target Tracking Using Unscented Kalman FilterIJAPEJOURNAL
Unlike conventional active sonar, that transmits the sound signals and revealing their presence and position to enemy forces. The probable advantage of passive sonar is that it detects the signals emitted by the target, leads to improve localization, target tracking, and categorization. The challenging aspect is to estimate the true bearing and frequency measurements from the noisy measurements of the target. Here in this paper, it is recommended for the Unscented Kalman Filter (UKF) to track the target by using these noisy measurements. The Target Motion Analysis (TMA), which is the way to find the target’s trajectory by using frequency and bearing measurements, is explored. This method provides a tactical advantage over the classical bearing only tracking target motion analysis. It makes the observer maneuver unnecessary.
Investigation of Dependent Rikitake System to Initiation PointIJAPEJOURNAL
In this paper we investigate depending of the Rikitake system to initiation point, and monitor changing behavior of this system. We will have 4 initiation points in Cartesian system. We at 4 positions, will monitor behavior of this system, while holding constant other values, and after per position, will draw operation of system on axes of x, y, z and 3-D plot. We want to know, what is the effect of initiation point on Rikitake system? Numerical simulations to illustrate the effect of initiation point are presented, and at the end conclusions and comparing the states together are obtained.
Optimization of Economic Load Dispatch with Unit Commitment on Multi MachineIJAPEJOURNAL
Economic load dispatch (ELD) and Unit Commitment (UC) are significant research applications in power systems that optimize the total production cost of the predicted load demand. The UC problem determines a turn-on and turn-off schedule for a given combination of generating units, thus satisfying a set of dynamic operational constraints. ELD optimizes the operation cost for all scheduled generating units with respect to the load demands of customers. The first phase in this project is to economically schedule the distribution of generating units using Gauss seidal and the second phase is to determine optimal load distribution for the scheduled units using dynamic programming method is applied to select and choose the combination of generating units that commit and de-commit during each hour. These precommitted schedules are optimized by dynamic programming method thus producing a global optimum solution with feasible and effective solution quality, minimal cost and time and higher precision. The effectiveness of the proposed techniques is investigated on two test systems consisting of five generating units and the experiments are carried out using MATLAB R2010b software. Experimental results prove that the proposed method is capable of yielding higher quality solution including mathematical simplicity, fast convergence, diversity maintenance, robustness and scalability for the complex ELD-UC problem.
Impact of Buried Conductor Length on Computation of Earth Grid ResistanceIJAPEJOURNAL
Effective design of substation earth grid implies achieving low earth grid resistance and fulfillment of the safety criteria at the lowest possible cost. This paper presents an evaluation of IEEE Standard 80-2000 Equations 50 to 52 to determine the impact of buried conductor length on computation of earth grid resistance. Calculated results indicated that a saturation point is reached beyond which further addition of more conductor length does not significantly reduce the earth grid resistance but incurs more economic implications. These were validated by earth grids designed using CDEGS where good agreement between the calculated and simulated results was found.
Enhancing Photoelectric Conversion Efficiency of Solar Panel by Water CoolingIJAPEJOURNAL
Photovoltaic solar cell generates electricity by receiving solar irradiance. The electrical efficiency of photovoltaic (PV) cell is adversely affected by the significant increase of cell operating temperature during absorption of solar radiation. This undesirable effect can be partially avoided by cooling the back side of the photovoltaic panel using water absorption sponge which was fixed on of PV panel and maintain wet condition by circulation of drop by drop water. The objective of the present work is to reduce the temperature of the solar cell in order to increase its electrical efficiency. Experiments were performed with and without water cooling. A linear trend between the efficiency and temperature was found. Without cooling, the temperature of the panel was high and solar cells were achieved an efficiency of 8–9%. However, when the panel was operated under water cooling condition, the temperature dropped maximally by 40C leading to an increase in efficiency of solar cells by 12%.
PMU-Based Transmission Line Parameter Identification at China Southern Power ...IJAPEJOURNAL
China Southern Power Grid Company (CSG) recently developed and implemented an online PMU-based transmission line (TL) parameter identification system (TPIS). Traditionally, TL parameters are calculated based on transmission tower geometries, conductor dimension, estimates of line length, conductor sags, etc. These parameters only approximate the effect of conductor sag and ignore the dependence of impedance parameters on temperature variation. Recent development in PMU technology has made it possible to calculate TL parameters accurately. The challenges are that such application requires highly accurate PMU data while the accuracy of PMU measurements under different working/system conditions can be uncertain. With a large number of PMUs widely installed in its system, CSG plans to improve and update the EMS database using the newly developed TPIS. TPIS provides an innovative yet practical problem formulation and solution for TL parameter identification. In addition, it proposes a new metric that can be used to determine the credibility of the calculated parameters, which is missing in the literature. This paper discusses the methodologies, challenges, as well as implementation issues noticed during the development of TPIS.
Investigation of Electric Field Distribution Inside 500/220 kV Transformation...IJAPEJOURNAL
This study depicts the electric field distributions inside a typical 500/220 kV open distribution substation under actual loading conditions and during different working conditions, Hot-Stick position and Bar-Hand position. The electric field is investigated for different workers heights of 1m, 1.5m and 1.8m above ground during normal working condition (Hot-Stick position) inside this substation. This in addition to assessment of the electric field at a height levels of 8m, 11m, 14m and 17m above ground as positions for live line maintenance under 220 kV Busbars, 500 kV Busbars, 220 kV Incoming and Outgoing feeders and 500 kV Incoming and Outgoing feeders respectively. In this study the simulation results of the electric field obtained using three dimensional (3D) computer model for existing typical high voltage transformation substation are compared with field values measured inside this typical substation and presented and discussed not only in the form of contour maps but also in the form 3D surface and wireframe maps. The simulation results are good matched and agreed with measured values. This in addition to the electric field will be tabulated and compared to international guidelines for personnel exposure to electric field. This study will serve for planning service works or for inspection of equipment inside high voltage (HV) power transformation substations.
Economic Load Dispatch for Multi-Generator Systems with Units Having Nonlinea...IJAPEJOURNAL
Economic Load Dispatch aims at distributing the load demand between various generation stations in a system such that the total cost of generation is minimum. This is of vital importance since it not only reduces the operation cost of the generation utility but also helps in conserving fast dwindling energy resources. Modern day power systems are large interconnected systems with a large number of generator units each having its own cost curve. Ideally the cost function of a unit is a quadratic function of the power generated by the unit and the cost curve obtained is a smooth parabola. But in practice cost curves deviate from the idealised one due the several reasons such as valve point effect, multi fuel operation, existence of forbidden zones etc. and as such may not be continuous or analytic. Also for a large interconnected system it becomes essential to consider the effect of transmission losses. Conventional numerical method based approaches work well with systems without losses but for large systems with losses obtaining convergence becomes difficult as the number of iterations required as well as the computational time are very high. These methods fail entirely if non ideal cost curves are considered. Hence soft computing based methods become essential. Here Gravity Search Algorithm(GSA) has been used to for finding economic load scheduling in a multi generator system, given a certain load demand, and taking into consideration the effects of practical constraints on the idealised load curve. The algorithms for finding the economic scheduling has been written in Matlab and has provided satisfactory results based on the given tolerance values. Also the traditional and soft computing based approaches have been compared to demonstrate the advantages of one over the other.
Improving Light-Load Efficiency by Eliminating Interaction Effect in the Grid...IJAPEJOURNAL
A wind turbine equipped with doubly-fed induction generator (DFIG) is used in wind power plant industry. This paper studies the maximum power extraction of DFIG via evaluation of state-space equations in closed loop control condition for improving light-load efficiency. The DFIG state-space equations have been considered in the form of a multi-input- multi output (MIMO) system. Also, the tracing table has been used to determine the speed which the generated power will be proportional to the maximum load. The tracing table input is the generator speed, and its output is the optimum active power that has been considered as the reference power of the active power control system of the convertor. A controller is presented for the tracing table and the extracted power is able to follow the reference power with minimum ripple. Then, the results are compared with the single-input and single-output (SISO) case, for the values up to 0.2 times of the rated load. Therefore, in MIMO modeling, in the case that the DFIG connected to the grid, by eliminating the interaction effect, the efficiency in light-load can be increased
An Application of Ulam-Hyers Stability in DC MotorsIJAPEJOURNAL
In this paper, a generalization to nonlinear systems is proposed and applied to the motor dynamic, rotor model and stator model in DC motor equation. We argue that Ulam-Hyers stability concept is quite significant in design problems and in design analysis for the class of DC motor’s parameters. We prove the stability of nonlinear partial differential equation by using Banach’s contraction principle. As an application, the Ulam-Hyers stability of DC motor dynamics equations is investigated. To the best of our knowledge this is the first time Ulam-Hyers stability is considered from the applications point of view.
Implementation of Hybrid Generation Power System in PakistanIJAPEJOURNAL
A solar-wind hybrid power generation system has been presented here. The application based system illustrated in this paper is designed on the basis of the solar and wind data for Pakistan. The power generated by the system is intended for domestic use. The most common source of unconventional power in homes is battery based UPS (Uninterrupted power supply) inverter. The UPS inverter charges the battery with conventional grid power. This system will charge the battery of UPS inverter by using only wind and solar power, which will make the system cost effective and more reliable. The reason for using both solar and wind is that recent studies have proven that combined system can be more productive and consistent and other thing is that neither of them can be used for continuous power generation. In the system illustrated in this paper the solar-wind system provides power periodically which is controlled by electronic methods and a microcontroller is used to monitor the power from both the inputs. The switching action is provided from the microcontroller to the battery charging based on the power received from solar photovoltaic panel and wind generators. In this paper, an efficient system has been presented comprising of solar panel, wind generator, charge controller and charge storage unit (battery). Solar panel is selected as the main input and the wind resource will be used only in the absence of the solar photovoltaic (PV) output.
Modeling and Simulation of SVPWM Based ApplicationIJAPEJOURNAL
Recent developments in power electronics and semiconductor technology have lead to widespread use of power electronic converters in the power electronic systems. A number of Pulse width modulation (PWM) schemes are used to obtain variable voltage and frequency supply from a three-phase voltage source inverter. Among the different PWM techniques proposed for voltage fed inverters, the sinusoidal PWM technique has been popularly accepted. But there is an increasing trend of using space vector PWM (SVPWM) because of their easier digital realization, reduced harmonics, reduced switching losses and better dc bus utilization. This project focuses on step by step development of SVPWM technique. Simulation results are obtained using MATLAB/Simulink software for effectiveness of the study.
Comparison of FACTS Devices for Two Area Power System Stability Enhancement u...IJAPEJOURNAL
Modern Power Transmission networks are becoming increasingly stressed due to growing demand and restrictions on building new lines. Losing stability is one of the major threat of such a stressed system following a disturbance. Flexible ac transmission system (FACTS) devices are found to be very effective in a transmission network for better utilization of its existing facilities without sacrificing the desired stability margin. The static synchronous compensator (STATCOM) and Static Var Compensator (SVC) are the shunt devices of the flexible AC transmission systems (FACTS) family. When system voltage is low, STATCOM generates reactive power and when system voltage is high it absorbs reactive power whereas the Static Var compensator provides the fast acting dynamic compensation in case of severe faults. In this Paper, the performance of SVC is compared with the performance of STATCOM. Proposed controllers are implemented using MATLAB/SIMULINK. Simulation results indicate that the STATCOM controller installed with two machine systems provides better damping characteristics in rotor angle as compared to two machine system installed with SVC. Thus, transient stability enhancement of the two machine system installed with STATCOM is better than that installed with SVC.
Influence of Static VAR Compensator for Undervoltage Load Shedding to Avoid V...IJAPEJOURNAL
In the recent years, operation of power systems at lower stability margins has increased the importance of system protection methods that protect the system stability against various disturbances. Among these methods, the load shedding serves as an effective and last-resort tool to prevent system frequency/voltage instability. The analysis of recent blackouts suggests that voltage collapse and voltage-related problems are also important concerns in maintaining system stability. For this reason, voltage also needs to be taken into account in load shedding schemes. This paper considers both parameters in designing a load shedding scheme to determine the amount of load to be shed and its appropriate location .The amount of load to be shed from each bus is decided using the fixed step size method and it’s location has been identified by using voltage collapse proximity index method. SVC is shunt connected FACTS device used to improve the voltage profile of the system. In this paper impact of SVC on load shedding for IEEE 14 bus system has been presented and analyzed.
Assessment of Electric Field Distribution Inside 500/220 kV Open Distribution...IJAPEJOURNAL
The high level electric field intensity produced by high voltage (HV) equipments inside 500/220 kV substations is harmful for the human (staff) health. Therefore the minimum health and safety requirements regarding the exposure of workers to the risk arising from electric fields produced inside these substations is still considered as a competitive topic for utility designers, world health organization (WHO) and biomedical field researchers. It is very important to have knowledge about levels distribution of electric field intensity within these high voltage substations as early stage in the process of substation design. This paper presents results of investigation 50Hz electric field intensity distribution inside 500/220 kV power transmission substations in Cairo, Egypt. This paper presents a method for assessment the distribution of 50HZ electric field intensity distribution inside this substation, this method of analysis is based on the charge simulation technique (CSM). This study will serve for planning service works or for inspection of equipment on HV power transmission substations.
Towards An Accurate Modeling of Frequency-dependent Wind Farm Components Unde...IJAPEJOURNAL
Frequency dependence complete model is set up for describing the lightning transient behavior of the wind turbines (WTs).To get an appropriate wind turbine model, a high frequency models of surge arrester protecting the boost transformer, transformer and ground electrode soil ionization are implemented. The transient responses and Ground Potential Rise (GPR) can be obtained at different locations in the WTs and connected grid in the time domain as well as in the frequency domain using Fast Fourier Transform (FFT). To check the validity of the model, Surge arresters protection level at different locations, at i.e. LV, MV and HV, is compared with ABB manufacture data sheet, Also a comparison has been made between simple and frequency dependence model of overall wind farm components using ATP/EMTP. This paper provides an accurate simulation of wind farm components under transient condition.
Hybrid Generation Power System for Domestic ApplicationsIJAPEJOURNAL
This work presents the plan and model of the control strategy for the interconnection of the hybrid energy system able to regulating this load’s voltage and controlling the energy generation with the energy options. The control strategy contains controlling the energy generated through each energy source, in a hierarchical mode using sliding/dropping mode control, while consuming consideration elements that have an impact on each electrical power source and transform the energy generated in order to suitable circumstances for lower power and domestic programs. The cross alternative energy system consists of photovoltaic cellular material, fuel cellular material and battery packs. A numerical equation in order to estimate the perfect voltage involving photovoltaic systems for virtually every solar irradiance and temperature circumstances is suggested. Simulations of a single or a lot more systems interconnected towards the load with the entire proposed control scheme, under different ecological and weight conditions, usually are introduced to indicate this efficiency with the procedure.
Ash Cooler Heat Recovery Under Energy Conservation SchemeIJAPEJOURNAL
A healthy fluidization state in circulating fluidized-bed combustion (CFBC) combustor is attributed to proper quantity of hot bed material (ash), which acts as a thermal fly-wheel. It receives & stores thermal energy from the burning of fuel (lignite) & distributes uniformly throughout the combustor & helps in maintaining a sustained combustion. The quantity of bed ash inside the combustor or size of the bed, depends upon boiler load & subsequently upon combustor temperature, lignite feed rate and ash % in lignite. As these parameters varies during process continuously, sometimes it becomes necessary to drain out the ash from the combustor. As & when differential pressure across the bed is increased from a justified level, draining of hot bed ash starts into Ash Coolers. Bed ash is drained at very high temperature of 850 oC & it also contains burning particles of lignite. This paper describes the heat recovery from bed ash, unloaded from the combustor into ash cooler, by pre-heating the condensate water of turbine cycle in a 125 MW CFB boiler of Surat Lignite Power Plant in India. The thermal performance of ash cooler was derived by doing a heat balance calculation based on the measured temperature of ash and cooling water with different load. From the heat balance calculation influence of ash temperature and ash amount on heat transfer coefficient is determined. Simulation is carried out around main turbine cycle indicates improved thermal economy of the unit, higher plant thermal efficiency, lower plant heat rate and reduce fuel consumption rate. Also simulation result shows that the heat transfer coefficient increase with ash amount and decreases with increase in ash temperature.
Harmonic Voltage Distortions in Power Systems Due to Non Linear LoadsIJAPEJOURNAL
Harmonics are found to have deleterious effects on power system equipments including transformers, capacitor banks, rotating machines, switchgears and protective relays. Transformers, motors and switchgears may experience increased losses and excessive heating. Shunt filters are effective in minimizing voltage distortions. This paper describes the voltage distortions generated by non linear loads. The harmonic specifications such as harmonic factor, characteristic harmonic and non-characteristic harmonic are considered while explaining the paper. ‘MiPower’ software is used to compute the harmonic distortions in a sample power system. Accurate harmonic models are established for a non linear load. To reduce the harmonic voltages impressed upon specific parts of the sample power system, passive filters are installed at two buses. With the implementation of a passive filter at the bus with non linear load, the harmonics are greatly reduced. For the specified power system, at all the buses the total harmonic distortion has been evaluated.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
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Hierarchical Digital Twin of a Naval Power SystemKerry Sado
A hierarchical digital twin of a Naval DC power system has been developed and experimentally verified. Similar to other state-of-the-art digital twins, this technology creates a digital replica of the physical system executed in real-time or faster, which can modify hardware controls. However, its advantage stems from distributing computational efforts by utilizing a hierarchical structure composed of lower-level digital twin blocks and a higher-level system digital twin. Each digital twin block is associated with a physical subsystem of the hardware and communicates with a singular system digital twin, which creates a system-level response. By extracting information from each level of the hierarchy, power system controls of the hardware were reconfigured autonomously. This hierarchical digital twin development offers several advantages over other digital twins, particularly in the field of naval power systems. The hierarchical structure allows for greater computational efficiency and scalability while the ability to autonomously reconfigure hardware controls offers increased flexibility and responsiveness. The hierarchical decomposition and models utilized were well aligned with the physical twin, as indicated by the maximum deviations between the developed digital twin hierarchy and the hardware.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
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2. PHOTOVOLTAIC SOLAR CELL MATERIALS AND COSTS
A solar cell generates electricity through a difference in potential at the junction of the P and N
layers. Several individual solar cells are connected in series on a solar panel and then several solar panels are
connected in a solar array. The result is a circuit that can create enough electricity to power DC or AC
electric loads. Materials for solar cells can be classified into two main categories, inorganic and organic.
Inorganic solar cell materials include both silicon and compound semiconductor materials. Silicon is
still the most popular semiconductor material used to make photovoltaic solar cells, 80%-90%, due to its high
efficiency and that the raw material is readily available [4]. Silicon photovoltaic cells are broken down into
three categories, single-crystal silicon, polycrystalline silicon, and amorphous silicon. Both single-crystal
silicon (sc-Si) and polycrystalline silicon (pc-Si) are used in large photovoltaic systems due to their
efficiency and ability to stand up to the elements when installed in outdoor situations [5]. Crystalline silicon
does have a major drawback, cost.
Thin film solar cells are an alternative to silicon. Thin film technologies include amorphous thin
film silicon (a-Si), single-crystallinethin film, and polycrystalline thin film. Thin film silicon cells, while not
being as efficient as single-crystal and multicrystalline silicon cells, are traditionally cheaper to produce.
That being said silicon has recently had price reductions that have greatly reduced the thin film’s cost
advantage [4]. They can also be used in building-integrated photovoltaic products such as solar shingles and
on the surface of glass windows. A major problem with amorphous silicon cells is that they don’t hold up
well when subjected to the elements in an outdoor application. Single-crystalline thin films, produced using
gallium arsenide (GaAs), have an advantage due to their high efficiency and their ability to be insensitive to
heat [6]. Polycrystalline thin films are made from copper indium diselenide (CIS) and Cadmium Telluride
(CdTe). A major use of Cadmium Telluride is in utility-scale PV systems.
Organic solar cell materials include both carbon-based thin film and dye sensitized materials.
Organic solar cells (OSC) use semiconducting conjugated polymers instead of silicon. An advantage of this
technology is that it can be produced in ultra-thin semiconductor films [7]. These thin-films could be used,
as with inorganic cells, in building-integrated PV products or, due to their flexibility and light weight, in an
application such as the body of an automobile [8]. Polymers that are used to create OSC’s include MDMO-
PPV (poly[2-methoxy-5-(3,7-dimethyloctyloxy)] and F8TB (poly(9,9’-dioctylfluoreneco-benzothiadiazole)
[9]. Even though OSC’s are cheaper to produce than inorganic cells, there are three main problems that must
be solved before organic solar cells can take over the market: 1) they are less efficient, 2) they don’t offer the
same stability as a silicon solar cell under regular operating conditions, and 3) mass production hasn’t been
developed up to this point[7].
Table 1 [10], shown below, lists the solar cell cost/watt by type of material, along with the
maximum efficiency for a PV module using that material type. Notice that the cost and efficiency for the
dye-sensitized and organic material types aren’t listed. This is due to the fact that these two materials are still
in the R&D phase and there isn’t sufficient price and efficiency data about them at this time.
Table 1. Solar cell cost/watt and maximum efficiency
Cell Material
units sc-Si pc-Si a-Si CIS CdTe
Maximum PV Module
Efficiency
% 23 16 7.1-10 12.1 11.2
PV Module Cost USD/W < 1.4 < 1.4 0.8 0.9 0.9
3. UNITED STATES SOLAR MARKET TRENDS
The use of photovoltaic (PV) solar systems has increased greatly in the United States over the past
few years. This is largely due to three contributing factors:
1. The rising cost of electricity
2. The decrease in the price of photovoltaic solar systems
3. Federal and State incentives for installing PV systems
The United States is an attractive investment opportunity for many people involved in the PV
industry because of our high electrical demand, available land for large PV systems, and our isolation from
other countries.Even though the use of PV systems has increased in the United States, we still lag behind
several countries including Japan, and Germany, which had an installed capacity of 7.4GW (see Figure 1)
[11]. Freiburg, Germany is considered to be the solar capital of Europe and is the headquarters of the
International Solar Energy Society. The Department of Energy analyzed three policy changes that would
have the greatest impact on solar use in the United States in their 2007 Renewable Systems Interconnection
reports [12]:
3. IJAPE
Photovoltaic Solar Energy Systems: Market Trends In The
1. Doing away with net metering caps and starting net metering in areas that currently don’t use the
program
2. Extending the federal investment tax credit
3. Improving interconnection standards
Figure 1. Global Cumulative Installed PV Capaci
PV systems can be broken down into two main categories, grid
electric grid) and off-grid systems. These categories can then each be broken down into sectors, residential,
non-residential, and utility. Grid
connected system the PV system is tied to the electrical grid. This allows the end user the ability to use the
energy from the PV system during the day and use power from the u
producing enough power, such as nighttime or on overcast days. Figure 2 shows the rise in grid
systems over the past 10 years.As can be seen, in 2000 there were almost no grid
only a little over 200MW of installed off
approximately 2.1GW and off-grid systems made up 440MW of installed capacity[11].
Figure 2. U.S. Cumulative Installed PV Capacity By Interconnection Status [11]
Figure 3 breaks down the annual installed grid
years. “In, 2010, annual distributed grid
606MWDC” [13]. Also, notice that the sector that has grown the most over the last three years is the utility
sector. Federal and State tax incentives along with renewable energy requirements in some states are the
main reason for the growth in the utility sector.Between 2009 and 2011, utility
630MW.The National Renewable Energy Laboratory states that there are around 16,043MW of solar projects
currently in development in the United States [4]. Figure 4 shows
0
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2000 2001 2002
China 0.9GW
2%
USA 2.5GW; 6%
ROW 3.2GW; 8%
MW
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Photovoltaic Solar Energy Systems: Market Trends In The United States
Doing away with net metering caps and starting net metering in areas that currently don’t use the
Extending the federal investment tax credit
Improving interconnection standards
Global Cumulative Installed PV Capacity through 2010[11]
PV systems can be broken down into two main categories, grid-connected systems (tied to the
grid systems. These categories can then each be broken down into sectors, residential,
id-connected systems have grown in popularity in all three sectors. In a grid
connected system the PV system is tied to the electrical grid. This allows the end user the ability to use the
energy from the PV system during the day and use power from the utility at times when the PV system isn’t
producing enough power, such as nighttime or on overcast days. Figure 2 shows the rise in grid
systems over the past 10 years.As can be seen, in 2000 there were almost no grid-connected PV systems and
a little over 200MW of installed off-grid systems. By 2010 grid-connected systems made up
grid systems made up 440MW of installed capacity[11].
U.S. Cumulative Installed PV Capacity By Interconnection Status [11]
Figure 3 breaks down the annual installed grid-connected PV capacity by sector over the past 10
years. “In, 2010, annual distributed grid-connected PV installations in the United State
” [13]. Also, notice that the sector that has grown the most over the last three years is the utility
sector. Federal and State tax incentives along with renewable energy requirements in some states are the
owth in the utility sector.Between 2009 and 2011, utility-scale PV installations rose
630MW.The National Renewable Energy Laboratory states that there are around 16,043MW of solar projects
currently in development in the United States [4]. Figure 4 shows a breakdown of the utility
2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
EU 29.3GW
74%
China 0.9GW
USA 2.5GW; 6%
ROW 3.2GW; 8%
Japan 3.6GW;
9%
United States (Joshua Krautmann)
125
Doing away with net metering caps and starting net metering in areas that currently don’t use the
2010[11]
connected systems (tied to the
grid systems. These categories can then each be broken down into sectors, residential,
connected systems have grown in popularity in all three sectors. In a grid-
connected system the PV system is tied to the electrical grid. This allows the end user the ability to use the
tility at times when the PV system isn’t
producing enough power, such as nighttime or on overcast days. Figure 2 shows the rise in grid-connected
connected PV systems and
connected systems made up
grid systems made up 440MW of installed capacity[11].
U.S. Cumulative Installed PV Capacity By Interconnection Status [11]
connected PV capacity by sector over the past 10
connected PV installations in the United States grew by 62%, to
” [13]. Also, notice that the sector that has grown the most over the last three years is the utility
sector. Federal and State tax incentives along with renewable energy requirements in some states are the
scale PV installations rose
630MW.The National Renewable Energy Laboratory states that there are around 16,043MW of solar projects
a breakdown of the utility-scale solar
Grid Connected
Off-Grid
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systems under development in the United States by size and cell technology. Figure 5 shows the total utility-
scale solar systems currently in operation.
Figure 3. Annual Installed Grid-connected PV Capacity by Sector [13]
Figure 4.Total U.S. Utility-Scale Solar Capacity Under Development [4]
Figure 5. Total Utility-Scale Solar Capacity in Operation [4]
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
Utility
Non-Residential
Residential
PV: C-Si or NA
8,224MW
PV: CdTe
2,668MW
Hybride
100MW
CSP Tower
2,655MW
CSP Trough
1,375MW
Other
400MW
PV: CIS, 150MW PV: CPV, 471MW
CSP
503MW
PV
673MW
MW-dc
Total Solar Capacity
in Development
16,043 MW
Total Solar Capacity
inOperation
1,176 MW
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Photovoltaic Solar Energy Systems: Market Trends In The United States (Joshua Krautmann)
127
Incentives for installing non-residential photovoltaic systems occur on two different levels, federal
and state. At the federal level, incentives are in three different forms, investment tax credit, accelerated tax
depreciations, and tax credit bonds. Investment tax credits are tax incentives that permit companies or
individuals to deduct a specified percentage of certain investment costs from their tax liability in addition to
the normal allowances for depreciation. Prior to 2005, the IRS investment tax credit for solar energy
equipment was 10%. In 2005, the Energy Policy Act was passed. The Energy Policy Act of 2005 provides
tax breaks and loan guarantees for the development and use of innovative technologies. Included in this
legislation was a 20% increase to the solar energy tax credit for projects that came online between 2006 and
the beginning of 2008. The Energy Improvement and Extension Act of 2008 included tax credits and
incentives for purchasing energy efficient devices along with extending the solar energy tax credit for non-
residential installation to December 31, 2016. “This tax credit is realized in the year in which the PV project
begins commercial operations, but vests linearly over a 5-year period (i.e., 20% of the 30% credit vests each
year over a 5-year period)”[14]. Under provisions in the Internal Revenue Code, electricity producing solar
energy equipment falls under an accelerated income tax deduction for depreciation. This allows for the
purchaser of commercial solar equipment to obtain a tax benefit “equal to about 56% of the installed cost of a
commercial PV system” [14]. Part of the Energy Policy Act of 2005 was the creation of Clean Renewable
Energy Bonds. These bonds allow for the purchaser of solar equipment to receive a federal income tax bond
instead of paying interest on their loan.
Incentives at the state level vary depending on the state, but generally include items such as net
metering, cash incentives, state tax incentives, and multipliers within the state renewable energy portfolio
(RPS) policies. Net metering is a policy that allows for utility customers to get reimbursed for electricity that
they feed onto the electric grid when their solar energy system produces more power than they consume. The
customer gets reimbursed at a rate which is comparable to the money that they would have paid per
kilowatt/hour. Forty-four states and the District of Columbia participate is some level of net metering. State
provided cash incentives for installing PV systems have been a major part of getting people interested in
using solar energy for their facilities. The cash incentives help cover the cost of installing the systems. An
example of these cash incentives is the California Solar Initiative. The program provides performance-based
incentives to systems larger than 50kW [14]. Some states also provide tax incentives for installing PV
systems. For example, a non-residential Grid-tied PV installation in Arizona that qualifies for the Utility
Rebate Program can receive a rebate of $1.75/W for a PV system that produces up to 30kW of electricity [6].
A renewable energy portfolio is a regulation that some states have in place that requires the electrical
providers to increase production of energy from renewable energy sources. In order to meet the RPS
requirements, electricity providers have to prove they are using renewable energy sources. They do this by
obtaining renewable energy credits (RECs) when they install items such a solar energy systems.
Figure 6. Average PV Module Prices, All Technologies, 1980-2008 [16]
The cost of PV Modules hasalways been a major factor in choosing to install a solar energy system
at a facility. Research indicates the costs of purchasing and installing photovoltaic systems as varying greatly
from country to country. Around 40 to 60 percent of the cost of a PV system is in production [15]. Initially,
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the high cost and low energy output were a big turnoff for many customers. The cost of PV modules has
steadily decreased since the 1980’s and today along with tax incentives and more strict energy regulations
have finally reached a point where they are economical to install. Figure 6, below, shows the global average
of PV modules across all PV technologies from 1980 through 2010 [16]. This graph indicates the average
cost across all of the PV technologies. As discussed previously, some technologies are cheaper to produce
than others. The cost increases between 1988 and 1990 due to a low supply and high demand for PV
modules. The cost also increases from 2003 to mid 2008. This once again is due to strong demand for PV
modules and a limited supply of materials such as polysilicon. The cost started to decrease again in 2008 due
to the economic recession and a readily available supply of poly-silicon and modules [16].
4. CONCLUSION
Photovoltaic systems have started to gain ground in the United States, especially in the past couple
of years. Federal and state incentives and tax breaks along with the rising cost of energy and lower PV cost
have brought solar use to the forefront. Technological breakthroughs in photovoltaic efficiency and
materials, such as thin-films and organic solar cells, have allowed solar technology to be lighter and more
flexible than ever before, opening a whole new realm of possibilities. Increasing energy cost and
environmental concerns demand that we find a solution to our energy needs. Photovoltaic systems and
technology provide us with a possible solution to these issues and has a promising future.
REFERENCES
[1] Sinha, Bikramjit. “Trends in Global Solar Photovoltaic Research: Silicon Versus Non-Silicon Materials.” Current
Science; March 2011
[2] Abdullah, S.M., I.M. Muslih, and W. Abu Husain. “National Grid, Diesel, and PhotovoltaicPower Generation
Systems in Jordan: An Engineering and Economical Evaluation.” Energy Sources, Part B; 2010
[3] Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists. “Standford Ovshinsky: Pursuing Solar Electricity at a CostEqual to or Lower Than
That of coal Electricity.” 2011
[4] Mendelsohn, Michael, Travis Lowder, and Brendan Canavan. “Utility-Scale Concentrating SolarPower and
Photovoltaics Projects: A Technology and Market Overview.” NationalRenewable Energy Laboratory, Technical
Report; April 2012
[5] Sinh, Dilawar, Philip Jennings. “The Outlook for Crystalline Solar Photovoltaic Technology overthe Next Decade.”
American Institute of Physics; 2007
[6] energy.gov, U.S. Department of Energy, 2012
[7] Liao, Kang-Shyang, Soniya D. Yambem, Amrita Haldar, Nigel J. Alley, Seamus A. Curran. “Designs and
Architectures for the Next Generation of Organic Solar Cells.” Energies; 2010
[8] Miyake, Kunihito, Yasunori Uetani, Takahiro Seike, Takehito Kato, Kenichiro Oya, KenYoshimura, and Toshihiro
Ohnishi. “Development of Next Generation Organic Solar Cell.” Sumitomo Chemical Co., Ltd; 2010
[9] Hoppe, Harald and Niyazi Serdar Sariciftci. “Organic Solar Cells: An Overview.” Materials Research Society, 2004
[10] International Renewable Energy Agency. “Renewable Energy Technologies: CostAnalysis Series.” June 2012
[11] United States Department of Energy. “2010 Solar Technology Market Report.” 2010
[12] United States Department of Energy. “Solar Technology Program, Multi Year Program Plan 2008-2012.” April
2008
[13] Sherwood, Larry. “U.S. Solar Market Trends 2010.” June 2011
[14] Bolinger, Mark. “Financing Non-Residential Photovoltaic Projects: Options and Implications.” Lawrence Berkley
National Laboratory; January 2009
[15] www.solarserver.com, 2012
[16] United States Department of Energy. “2008 Solar Technology Market Report.” 2008
BIOGRAPHIES OF AUTHORS
Joshua Krautmann holds a Bachelor of Science in Electronics Engineering Technology, May 2005, and a Masters of
Applied Science in Engineering Technology Management, December 2012, both from Missouri Western State
University. He has been employed as an Electrical Engineering Technician at Black and Veatch Corporation for seven
and a half years completing electrical power and lighting designs for water and wastewater facilities.
Jinwen Zhu holds a Ph.D. in Electrical Engineering, August 2005, and a M.S. in Computer Science, December 2003,
both from University of North Carolina at Charlotte. He is an associate professor at Missouri Western State University,
USA. His research/teaching interests include renewable energy, nano-structured devices, power system automation,
communications, and engineering education.