A summary and analysis of ID&T.

1. Instructional Design
and Technology
A SUMMARY AND ANALYSIS OF INSTRUCTIONAL TECHNOLOGY
BY CECILIA MOSS

2. What is Instructional Design and Technology?
 Reiser, defines the field as “the analysis of
learning and performance problems, and the
design, development, implementation,
evaluation and management of instructional and
non-instructional processes and resources
intended to improve learning and performance
in a variety of settings, particularly educational
institutions and the workplace” (Reiser, p.4-5).
 At its core are the use of or media for
instructional purposes and the use of systematic
instructional design procedures.
 It originated during World War II when
psychologist and educators were called to
conduct research and develop training materials
for the military services such as screening
devices. (Gagné, personal communication, 1985).

3.  The programmed instruction movement
took flight.
 It’s focus, as B.F. Skinner’s article, “The
Science of Learning and the Art of
Teaching,” describes, was to “increase
human learning” and implement “the
desired characteristics of effective
instructional materials” (e.g., Skinner,
1958).
 Later, Robert Mager, wrote the book
Preparing Objectives for Programmed
Instruction to teach educators how to
write meaningful and measurable
objectives containing the expected
behaviors and the standards by which the
behaviors are to be judged (Mager, 1962).
 Today we follow a very similar instructional
framework created by Robert J. Marzano.
The 1950s Through the 1960s

4. The 1950s Through the 1960s
 Moreover, Benjamin Bloom and other
collaborators added the Blooms Taxonomy
framework to further differentiated the
learning outcomes (P. Armstrong).
 Criterion-referenced testing was them added
to measure the performance of the expected
behaviors in relation to how others
performed.
 Once again this is another common feature
that continues to be use in education today
with mandated State standardized testing.

5. Seven characteristics of Instructional Design
 1. Student-centered
 2. Goal-oriented
 3. Creative process
 4. Focuses on meaningful performance
 5. Outcomes are measurable, reliable, and
valid
 6. Interactive, and self-correcting process
 7. Requires team effort

6. Models for Implementation
 ADDIE: Analyze, Design, Develop, Implement,
and Evaluate
 SAM or Successive Approximation Model
 Pebble-in-the-Pond
Learning Theories
 Gagne’s Theory of Instruction
 Behavioral learning
 Constructivism
 Schema Theory
 Situated Learning Theory
 Connectivism

7. Conclusion
Meaningful
Authentic
Problem Based
 Part of the increase in the use of
instructional media is due to the Internet.
Today, the internet is “viewed as a means of
providing instruction and information to
widely dispersed learners at a relatively low
cost.” Furthermore, the ease of computer
access makes it possible for learners and
professionals to receive instruction and/or
support in real time (Reiser & Dempsey,
2018, p.12).
 Instructors have access to an array of
resources to create more engaging learning
experiences for their students. On the other
hand, students can access various content
areas and further their knowledge and
skills.
INSTRUCTION MUST
BE

8. References
ARMSTRONG, PATRICIA. BLOOM’S TAXONOMY. CENTER FOR TEACHING. RETRIEVE FROM
HTTPS://CFT.VANDERBILT.EDU/GUIDES-SUB-PAGES/BLOOMS-TAXONOMY/
DORRIS, A. V. (1928). VISUAL INSTRUCTION IN THE PUBLIC SCHOOLS. BOSTON: GINN.
DIOGO OLIVEIRA (2018). IMPORTANCE [PHOTOGRAPH]. RETRIEVE FROM
HTTPS://BLOG.SOFTENSISTEMAS.COM.BR/IMPORTANCIA-DA-INFORMATICA-NAS-EMPRESAS/
GAGNÉ, R. M. (1985). THE CONDITIONS OF LEARNING (4TH ED.). NEW YORK: HOLT, RINEHART AND
WINSTON.
INVISTA PERFORMANCE SOLUTIONS. ADDIE-SAM [PHOTOGRAPH]. RETRIEVE FROM
HTTP://WWW.INVISTAPERFORMS.ORG/CHANGING-DESIGN-TRAINING-NOT-EASY/
MAGER, R. F. (1962). PREPARING OBJECTIVES FOR PROGRAMMED INSTRUCTION. BELMONT, CA: FEARO
REISER, R. A., & DEMPSEY, J. V. (EDS.). (2018). TRENDS AND ISSUES IN INSTRUCTIONAL DESIGN AND
TECHNOLOGY (4TH ED.) PEARSON EDUCATION, INC.
SKINNER, B. F. (1958). TEACHING MACHINES. SCIENCE, 128, 969–977
THAIS IN ELEARNING (2019). ROBERT-GAGNE-AND-THE-9-EVENTS-OF-INSTRUCTION [PHOTOGRAPH].
RETRIEVE FROM HTTPS://MYLOVE4LEARNING.COM/ROBERT-GAGNE-AND-THE-9-EVENTS-OF-
INSTRUCTION/