This document discusses emerging and future computer and internet technologies. It describes developments in networking like power-line, wireless, and Bluetooth networking that enable easy connection of devices. It also discusses potential future technologies like airborne and next generation internet that provide faster, more reliable internet access anywhere. The document outlines advances in displays like plastic screens, electronic paper, and printable computers that will make devices thinner, lighter and more flexible. It envisions a future where computers are embedded in everyday objects and interfaces are improved with technologies like voice recognition. Overall it argues that computers will continue to get smaller, faster and able to handle vastly more data, becoming ubiquitous in all aspects of life.

1. Computer and Internet
Technology
Development and its
Impact on Other
Technologies
By Arvind kumar madhukar
E-mail jetarvind438@gmail.com

2. • Nature of Computer technology and
Internet technology has changed a lot in
the past 10 years and will change a lot
in the next 10 years
• Most of you in 1991 had not even heard
of Internet, World-Wide Web, Networks,
Personal Digital Assistant (PDA),
Windows NT, Linux
• These are all now part of Computer
Technology and Internet technology

3. • What will we be talking about in 2011?
• What new Computer and Internet
Technology is being developed that will
be commonplace in a few years?
• Some things seem promising, but may
become equivalent of Betamax and 8-
track tapes
• Look at some areas of Computer and
Internet Technology development

4. Networking Technology
Power-Line Networking
Way to connect
computers in home
or office using
electrical wiring

5. • More convenient than phone lines
• Connect computer to network through the
outlet that provides power
• Data travels through electrical wiring
• Requires no new wiring and adds no cost
to electric bill
• Power-line networking is inexpensive
method for connecting computers in
different places in home or office
Power-Line Networking

6. Wireless Networking
• Creates network by sending infrared or radio
signals between computers
• Better than Power-line networking; some
computers are not “plugged in” to electrical
outlet
• Laptop with wireless network card is
completely portable throughout home or
office
• IrDA (Infrared Direct Access) is standard for
devices to communicate using infrared light
pulses

7. • Infrared devices must be in direct line of
sight with each other (like TV remote…
which uses same infrared technology)
• Infrared is almost always “one to one”
technology
• Radio signals better because no line of
sight requirement and ability to broadcast
to multiple recipients
Wireless Networking

8. Bluetooth
• Bluetooth is new standard being developed
by a group of electronics manufacturers
• Will allow any sort of electronic equipment to
communicate with each other
• Can be used among computers, keyboard,
mouse, printer, headphone, cell phone
• Bluetooth-like radio communications should
take place of wires or infrared signals for
connecting devices

9. Bluetooth
• Very small radio module to be built into
each device
• Wireless: No need for cables or cords to
any device

10. • Inexpensive: Should add only about $5-10 to
price of product
• Simple: Devices find one another and strike up
conversation without any work on your part
• Why is it called Bluetooth?
• Harald Bluetooth was king of Denmark
around the turn of the last millenium
• He united Denmark and part of Norway into a
single kingdom
Bluetooth

11. • Satellite Internet access already
commonplace
• Satellites orbit at several hundreds of miles
above Earth
• Imagine airplane-like device at
approximately 60,000 feet
• Aircraft will be undisturbed by inclement
weather and will be flying well above
commercial air traffic
Airborne Internet

12. Airborne Internet

13. • All satellite benefits without some of the
problems
• Consumers would get connections comparable
to Digital Subscriber Line (DSL)
• High-speed wireless Internet connection by
placing aircraft in fixed pattern over city
• Could be lightweight planes (possibly
unmanned) or blimps
Airborne Internet

14. • Airborne Internet will function much like
satellite-based Internet access, but without
time delay
• Cost advantage over satellites – aircraft
can be deployed easily – do not have to be
launched into space
• Airborne Internet could even complement
satellite and ground-based networks, not
replace them
Airborne Internet

15. • Impact: Possibility of constant connection to
network anywhere, any time
• Benefit: Ease of connecting all computers
and related devices
• Challenges:
How to make most efficient use of the
computing power, software, and tools always
available
How to build the most useful software
and tools
Impact and Opportunity?

16. Internet Technology
• Access over the Internet to applications
and services that would otherwise have to
be located on one’s own personal
computer
• Email, text editor, financial modeling
software, Computer Aided Design (CAD)
software, simulation software,…..
Application Service Provider
(ASP)

17. • Centralized data storage, which will
increase efficiency and ease of access to
information, as well as synchronization of
information among users and machines
• Wherever you are, that is your computer!
Storage Service Provider (SSP)

18. About 120 universities and 25 corporate
sponsors are working on better Internet
infrastructure “Internet 2”
The Next Generation Internet

19. The Next Generation Internet
• Larger bandwidth
• Faster speeds
• Better reliability
• Better security
• Better compression techniques (smaller files
to be transmitted)
• Caching – leaving copies around closer to the
point of need
• All developments will eventually become part
of standard internet

20. Internet Protocol Version 6
(IPv6)
Today’s Internet uses
Internet Protocol
Version 4 (IPv4) –
approximately 20
years old
Internet Protocol
Version 6 (IPv6)
(also called IPng)
will eventually
replace IPv4

21. • IPv6 fixes a number of problems in IPv4, such as
limited number of available IPv4 addresses
• IPv6 goes from 32 to 128 bits per address
• If whole Earth was a beach, more than enough IP
addresses for every grain of sand ... hope that will
be enough
• IPv6 also routes messages better, auto-configures
for missing computers, and includes security
components for encryption and authentication
Internet Protocol Version 6
(IPv6)

22. Decision Support Systems,
Expert Systems
If Internet becomes repository of all
knowledge, how best to use it?
Decision Support
Systems (DSS)
access data,
sophisticated
analytical models,
user-friendly interfaces

23. Decision Support Systems,
Expert Systems
• Can make repetitive, routine decisions with
known algorithms
• Can provide alternatives and possible
outcomes for more elaborate decisions
• Expert Systems (ES) capture decision-
making rules used by experts
• Interaction with human user and available
data evolved toward decision
• Neural networks can imitate DSS and ES and
learn to make decisions

24. Impact and Opportunity?
• Impact: Internet will provide fast access to
enormous amount of information and tools for using
that information
• Benefit: Immediate access for all kinds of
information in a variety of formats (text, sound,
image, video)
• Ability to make decisions based on “all” available
information… not just subset
• Decision tools that represent best wisdom of all experts
• Challenge: How to sift through enormous quantity
of information and tools available to decide what to
use in any given situation

25. • Researchers have recently made breakthroughs in
developing displays out of polyethylene
terephthalate (PET)
• Thin, flexible, rugged plastic that you can bend, roll
up, fold, or form into practically any shape
Consumer Computer
Technology
Plastic Displays

26. Plastic Displays
• Mass production of plastic displays is
approximately five years away
• Applications could include notebook and
desktop displays, hand-held appliances
• Also, wearable displays sewn into clothing,
and paper thin electronic books and
newspapers

27. Electronic Digital Paper
• Developed at
Xerox Palo Alto
Research Center
(PARC),
electronic paper is
new kind of
display
• Somewhere
between paper
and conventional
computer screen

28. Electronic Digital Paper
• Like paper, it is thin, lightweight, and flexible
• Like computer display, it is dynamic and
rewritable
• Wide range of potential applications,
including:
• Electronic paper newspapers offering breaking
news, incoming sports scores, and up to the
minute stock quotes, even as paper is being read
• Electronic paper magazines that continually
update with breaking information and make use of
animated images or movie pictures
• Electronic paper textbooks, which could be
updated as technology changes

29. Electronic Digital Paper
• Electronic paper utilizes new display
technology called gyricon
• A gyricon sheet is thin layer of transparent plastic
in which millions of small beads, like toner
particles, are randomly dispersed
• Beads are bichromal, with hemispheres of
contrasting color
• Under influence of voltage applied to surface of
sheet, beads rotate to present one colored side or
the other to the viewer
• Image will persist until new voltage patterns are
applied to create new images

30. Power Paper
• Computers and other electronic devices
becoming thinner and thinner
• Soon laptop computer could be as thin as a sheet
of paper
• Power supplies must slim down as well
• Power Paper, an Israel-based company, has
developed paper-thin battery technology

31. Power Paper
• Power electronic devices, games, greeting
cards, smart cards, luggage tags, medical
devices
• Imagine smart tickets to sporting events to
avoid counterfeiting and give directions to
seat
• Could be very useful in computerized clothing
and wearable computers
• Power Paper cell will be one-half millimeter
thick, and will generate 1.5 volts

32. Printable Computers
Researchers
developing ink-
based, plastic
processor

33. Printable Computers
• Printable computer components not designed
to replace silicon (about 100 times slower)
• Plastic offers some benefits over silicon
• Silicon is rigid, while plastic chips are
flexible
• Will lead to simple computers to give
intelligence to everyday objects
• Could be integrated into clothes, food labels,
simple appliances, toys

34. Wearable Computers
• Obvious applications like
hearing aids with sound
enhancement software
• “Glasses” with multi-
informational display
about what is being
seen, where you are
• Wrist computers, PDAs,
cell phones
• Next step is computerized clothing
• Including computers in standard clothing items
like shoes, pants, shirts, jackets, belts…even
underwear

35. Wearable Computers
Uses include….
• Health related – monitor blood pressure,
pulse rate, blood sugar, useful for life
threatening conditions that need continual
monitoring
• Navigation – directions, maps, airline
information, restaurant and hotel information
• Safety and security – connections to
police, fire, medical, auto towing and repair
• Entertainment – music, news, video,
sporting events

36. Wearable Computers
• Some of these devices already making their
way into consumer market
• Working to integrate computers and related
devices directly into clothing, so that they are
virtually invisible
• Interaction via sensors, all fabric keypads,
speakers, voice recognition receivers, thin
light-emitting diode (LED) monitors, flat
screen (plastic) displays, holographic
projectors
• Another step in making computers and
devices portable without having to carry and
manipulate plethora of gadgets

37. Computers in Every
Imaginable Item
• Appliances – Home security, heating/air
conditioning, refrigerator, oven, dishwasher,
lighting system, entertainment systems,
washer, dryer, garage door opener,
“watering” systems
• Vehicles – cars, bicycles, lawn mowers,
snow blowers, chain saws

38. Voice Recognition
• Many of above will operate via voice
commands
• Next 3-5 years will bring major advances
in speech recognition
• Voice is converted into phonemes (basic
elements of speech)
• English language has approximately 50
phonemes

39. Voice Recognition
• Phonemes compared to dictionary of words
stored via phonemes
• Words then translated into computer commands
like “Display nearest gas station?”
• Limited vocabulary systems and systems trained
to particular person’s speech will be very fast and
precise
• Voice recognition requires tremendous
storage and processing power – no problem

40. Impact and Opportunity?
• Impact: Every conceivable device can have
computer embedded in it
• Benefit: Any mundane activity (like
monitoring supply of food in refrigerator) or
complex activity (like amplifying only specific
sound frequencies in hearing aid) can be
done by computer
• Challenge: How to design most useful
cadre of consumer computers to aid without
overwhelming us humans

41. • Magnetic Random Access Memory (MRAM)
has potential to store more data, access data
faster, use less power than current memory
technologies
• Could eliminate computer “boot up” sequence
• Today’s memory Dynamic RAM (DRAM)
needs to be supplied with constant current to
store bits of data
Computer Processors and
Storage Technology
Magnetic Ram

42. Magnetic Ram
• If current turned off, everything has to
be stored again
• In MRAM, small amount of electricity
needed only to switch polarity (1 or 0) of
each memory cell on the chip…not to
maintain that value

43. Holographic Storage
Technologies
CDs, DVDs, and magnetic storage all store bits
of information on the surface of a recording
medium
To increase storage capabilities, new optical
storage method, called holographic memory,
will go beneath the surface and use volume
of recording medium for storage
Could offer more storage in same space

44. Extreme-Ultraviolet
Lithography (EUVL) Chips
• Current silicon technology used to make
microprocessors will begin to reach its limit
around 2005
• Other technologies necessary to cram more
transistors onto silicon to create more
powerful chips
• Extreme-ultraviolet lithography (EUVL) – way
to extend life of silicon at least until the end of
the decade

45. Extreme-Ultraviolet
Lithography (EUVL) Chips
• Using extreme-ultraviolet light to carve
transistors in silicon wafers will lead to
microprocessors as much as 100 times faster
than today’s most powerful chips
• Memory chips with similar increases in
storage capacity

46. DNA Computers
• Microprocessors made of
silicon will eventually reach
their limits of speed and
miniaturization
• Chip makers need new material to produce faster
computing speeds
• Millions of natural supercomputers exist in living
organisms
• DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) molecules have potential to
perform calculations many times faster than the world’s
most powerful human-built supercomputers

47. DNA Computers
• DNA might one day be integrated on a
computer chip to create a so-called biochip
that will push computers even faster
• DNA molecules have already been harnessed
to perform complex mathematical problems
• Large supply of DNA makes it a cheap
resource
• DNA’s key advantage is that it will make
computers smaller, while holding more data,
than any computer that has come before

48. DNA Computers
• One pound of DNA has the capacity to store
more information than all electronic
computers ever built
• Teardrop-sized DNA computer will be more
powerful than world’s current most powerful
supercomputer
• Unlike conventional “linear” computers, DNA
computers perform calculations in parallel

49. Impact and Opportunity?
• Impact: Computers will be smaller, faster,
quicker with enormous amounts of storage
capacity
• Benefit: Any imaginable task can be
programmed to be executed in “real time”
(like monitoring aspects of nuclear reactor)
• Challenge: What is the most cost-effective
use of these technologies?
How can we keep the “smaller, faster,
quicker” development going?

50. • Research on computer
use for vision-impaired
leading to touch screens
with digitally-controlled
raised surfaces
• Digital Scent Synthesizer
Some “Far Out” Potential
Future Developments
The Forgotten Senses
(Touch, Smell, Taste)

51. The Forgotten Senses
(Touch, Smell, Taste)
• Indexed thousands of smells based on chemical
structure and place on scent spectrum
• Each scent is coded and digitized into small file
• Digital file is embedded in Web content or email
(much like image file)
• User may request scent or may be unleashed
automatically
• Create thousands of everyday scents with small
cartridge containing 128 primary odors
• Similar research going on in digital taste
synthesis

52. Robotics
• Because of advances in processors, memory,
decision support systems, expert systems,
sensors….
• Today’s crude robots will become “thinking”
machines, capable of behavior that mimics
reason, emotion, common sense, speech,
vision, locomotion