Laptops are portable personal computers that contain components like desktop computers in a single unit. They can be powered by electricity or a rechargeable battery, allowing them to be used in multiple locations. While laptops are more portable than desktops, they also have disadvantages like limited performance, upgradeability, and durability compared to desktop computers. Common laptop accessories include sleeves, cases, and coolers to protect and cool the laptop.

1. Session 2012-13
Work Education Project:Laptops
Submitted
Submitted By:Deepak Gupta
choudhary
To:Neha
12-‘F’

2. Laptops
A laptop computer is a personal computer for mobile use. A
laptop has most of the same components as a desktop
computer, including a display, a keyboard, a pointing device such
as a touchpad (also known as a trackpad) and/or a pointing
stick, and speakers into a single unit. A laptop is powered
by mains electricity via an AC adapter, and can be used away
from an outlet using a rechargeable battery. Laptops are also
sometimes called notebook computers, ultrabooks.
Portable computers, originally monochrome CRT-based and
developed into the modern laptops, were originally considered
to be a small niche market, mostly for specialized field
applications such as the military, accountants and sales
representatives. As portable computers became smaller, lighter,
cheaper, more powerful and as screens became larger and of
better quality, laptops became very widely used for all sorts of
purposes

3. Advantages
• Portability is usually the first feature mentioned in any comparison of laptops
versus desktop PCs. Physical portability allows that a laptop can be used in many
places— not only at home and at the office, but also during commuting and flights,
in coffee shops, in lecture halls and libraries, at clients' location or at a meeting
room, etc. The portability feature offers several distinct advantages:
• Productivity: Using a laptop in places where a desktop PC cannot be used, and at
times that would otherwise be wasted. For example, an office worker managing
their e-mails during an hour-long commute by train, or a student doing his/her
homework at the university coffee shop during a break between lectures
• Connectivity: A proliferation of Wi-Fi wireless networks and cellular broadband
data services (HSDPA, EVDO and others) combined with a near-ubiquitous support
by laptops means that a laptop can have easy Internet and local network
connectivity while remaining mobile. Wi-Fi networks and laptop programs are
especially widespread at university campuses.
• Size: Laptops are smaller than desktop PCs. This is beneficial when space is at a
premium, for example in small apartments and student dorms. When not in use, a
laptop can be closed and put away.
• Battery: a charged laptop can continue to be used in case of a power outage and is
not affected by short power interruptions and blackouts. A desktop PC requires a
large and expensive UPS.

4. Disadvantages
Performance
• While the performance of mainstream desktops and laptops is comparable, and
the cost of laptops has fallen less rapidly than desktops, laptops remain more
expensive than desktop PCs at the same performance level. The upper limits of
performance of laptops remain much lower than the highest-end desktops, and
"bleeding-edge" features usually appear first in desktops and only then, as the
underlying technology matures, are adapted to laptops. e mobile graphics
processors (GPUs) are significantly behind the top-of-the-line desktop GPUs to a
greater degree than the processors, which limits the utility of laptops for high-end
3D gaming and scientific visualization applications.
Upgradeability
• Upgradeability of laptops is very limited compared to desktops, which are
thoroughly standardized. In general, hard drives and memory can be upgraded
easily. Devices such as sound cards, network adapters, hard and optical drives, and
numerous other peripherals are available, but these upgrades usually impair the
laptop's portability, because they add cables. and boxes to the setup and often
have to be disconnected and reconnected when the laptop is on the move

5. Health effects
• Wrist
Because of their small and flat keyboard and trackpad pointing
devices, prolonged use of laptops can cause repetitive strain injury.
Usage of separate, external ergonomic keyboards and pointing
devices is recommended to prevent injury when working for long
periods of time; they can be connected to a laptop easily by USB
or via a docking station. Some health standards require ergonomic
keyboards at workplaces.
• Neck and spinal
The integrated screen often requires users to lean over for a better
view, which can cause neck and/or spinal injuries. A larger and
higher-quality external screen can be connected to almost any
laptop to alleviate that and to provide additional screen space for
more productive work. Another solution is to use a computer
stand. For anyone not buying a new screen, a simple method to
reduce risk of spinal injury is to position the laptop's screen in a
manner that an obtuse angle (more than 90 degrees open) is
formed. It is then possible for the neck to remain straight during
use of the device.

6. Durability
• Equipment wear
Because of their portability, laptops are subject to more wear and physical
damage than desktops. Components such as screen hinges, latches, power
jacks and power cords deteriorate gradually from ordinary use. A liquid spill
onto the keyboard, a rather minor mishap with a desktop system, can
damage the internals of a laptop and result in a costly repair.
• Heating and cooling
Laptops rely on extremely compact cooling systems involving a fan and heat
sink that can fail from blockage caused by accumulated airborne dust and
debris. Most laptops do not have any type of removable dust collection
filter over the air intake for these cooling systems, resulting in a system that
gradually causes it to conduct more heat and noise as the years pass.
Instead, a complete disassembly is required to clean the laptops.
• Battery life
Battery life is limited because the capacity drops with time, eventually
requiring replacement after as little as a year. A new battery typically stores
enough energy to run the laptop for three to five hours, depending on
usage, configuration, as it ages, the battery's energy storage will dissipate
progressively until it lasts only a few minutes. Replacement batteries can
also be expensive.

7. Security and privacy
• As the laptops are valuable, common, and portable, laptops are
prized targets for theft. The cost of stolen business or personal
data, and of the resulting problems (identity theft, credit card
fraud, breach of privacy), can be many times the value of the
stolen laptop itself. Consequently, physical protection of laptops
and the safeguarding of data contained on them are both of great
importance.
• Most laptops have a Kensington security slot, which can be used to
tether them to a desk or other immovable object with a security
cable and lock. In addition, modern operating systems and thirdparty software offer disk encryption functionality, which renders
the data on the laptop's hard drive unreadable without a key or a
pass phrase. Some laptops also now have additional security
elements added by the consumer, including eye recognition
software and fingerprint scanning components.
•

8. Major brands and manufacturer
• There are a multitude of laptop brands and manufacturers; several major brands,
offering notebooks in various classes, are listed in the box to the right.
• The major brands usually offer good service and support, including well-executed
documentation and driver downloads that will remain available for many years
after a particular laptop model is no longer produced. Capitalizing on service,
support and brand image, laptops from major brands are more expensive than
laptops by smaller brands and ODMs.
• Some brands are specializing in a particular class of laptops, such as gaming laptops
(Alienware), selling high-performance laptops (HP Envy), netbooks (EeePC) and
laptops for children (OLPC).
• Many brands, including the major ones, do not design and do not manufacture
their laptops. Instead, a small number of Original Design Manufacturers (ODMs)
design new models of laptops, and the brands choose the models to be included in
their lineup. In 2006, 7 major ODMs manufactured 7 of every 10 laptops in the
world, with the largest one (Quanta Computer) having 30% world market
share. Therefore, there often are identical models available both from a major label
and from a low-profile ODM in-house brand.

9. Accessories
• A common accessory for laptops is a laptop sleeve, laptop
skin or laptop case, which provides a degree of protection
from drops or impacts. Sleeves, which are distinguished by
being relatively thin and flexible, are most commonly made
of neoprene, with sturdier ones made of LRPu (low-resilience
polyurethane), with some wrapped in ballistic nylon to
provide some measure of waterproofing. Bulkier and sturdier
cases can be made of metal with polyurethane padding
inside, and may have locks, for added security.
• Another common accessory is a laptop cooler. This device
helps lower the internal temperature of the laptop by using
either active or passive methods. A general active method is
plugging a laptop cooler into the laptop and using fans to
draw heat away from the laptop. A common passive method
is just propping the laptop up on some type of pad so it can
receive more air flow.