This document discusses Frame Relay components, configuration, and troubleshooting. It describes Frame Relay features, components like DTE, DCE, CIR, and DLCI addressing. It covers virtual circuits, encapsulation types, and LMI configuration. It also provides examples of show commands for verification and troubleshooting Frame Relay networks.
IP forwarding architectures and Overlay ModelPradnya Saval
The document discusses different approaches to IP forwarding in routers, including:
1. Category 1 retains the same forwarding paradigm but improves performance by modifying internal architecture, like replacing bus backplanes with switch backplanes.
2. Category 2 simplifies lookup using short, fixed-length labels instead of long, variable-length IP prefixes, like using VCI/VPI in ATM networks.
3. The overlay model overlays an IP network onto an ATM network, essentially creating two network infrastructures. The peer model maintains a single network infrastructure using existing IP addresses to identify systems and set up ATM connections.
The document discusses next generation synchronous digital hierarchy (NGN SDH) and provides an overview of the technology. It notes that traditional SDH networks have limitations in efficiently transporting Ethernet traffic. NGN SDH aims to address this through features like virtual concatenation, which allows flexible and efficient transport of Ethernet services over existing SDH infrastructure.
The document discusses Ethernet VPN (EVPN) use cases and applications. It provides background on EVPN, describing how it uses BGP to advertise MAC addresses and next hops. EVPN supports multi-homing and provides integrated Layer 2 and Layer 3 forwarding. The document outlines several use cases for EVPN including data center and data center interconnect, service chaining using policy-based routing to virtual network functions, Internet exchange points, and provider VPNs.
The document provides an overview of Next Generation Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (NG-SDH) which brings together SONET/SDH and Ethernet networks. It discusses how virtual concatenation allows efficient transport of Ethernet and other services over SDH networks by virtually concatenating payloads across multiple containers. Sequence indicators and frame counters are used to distinguish and maintain timing between virtually concatenated members. This overcomes issues with inefficient contiguous concatenation and fixed payload sizes in traditional SDH.
STP prevents network loops by placing ports in blocking state. It establishes a root bridge with the lowest bridge ID, composed of priority and MAC address. STP transitions ports through blocking, listening, learning and forwarding states. When the network changes, STP maintains connectivity by transitioning some blocked ports to forwarding.
The document discusses Layer 2 VPN over MPLS, including concepts of Virtual Private Wire Service (VPWS) and Virtual Private LAN Service (VPLS). It covers characteristics of Layer 3 and Layer 2 VPNs and concepts of L2 VPN signaling using protocols like LDP and BGP. The document also provides examples of encapsulation and data flow for Ethernet over MPLS (EoMPLS) and Frame Relay over MPLS (FRoMPLS) L2 VPN services.
The document discusses Virtual Private Routed Network (VPRN) services. VPRNs use BGP and MPLS to provide Layer 3 VPN connectivity between customer sites. Each VPRN has its own routing table maintained by provider edge (PE) routers. PE routers exchange routes for each VPRN using MP-BGP. Routes include a Route Distinguisher to identify the VPRN. Tunnels using MPLS or GRE carry customer traffic across the provider network to the correct PE router based on the route label. The document outlines requirements, protocols, and features used to implement VPRNs such as route reflectors, route redistribution, and CE connectivity checks.
IP forwarding architectures and Overlay ModelPradnya Saval
The document discusses different approaches to IP forwarding in routers, including:
1. Category 1 retains the same forwarding paradigm but improves performance by modifying internal architecture, like replacing bus backplanes with switch backplanes.
2. Category 2 simplifies lookup using short, fixed-length labels instead of long, variable-length IP prefixes, like using VCI/VPI in ATM networks.
3. The overlay model overlays an IP network onto an ATM network, essentially creating two network infrastructures. The peer model maintains a single network infrastructure using existing IP addresses to identify systems and set up ATM connections.
The document discusses next generation synchronous digital hierarchy (NGN SDH) and provides an overview of the technology. It notes that traditional SDH networks have limitations in efficiently transporting Ethernet traffic. NGN SDH aims to address this through features like virtual concatenation, which allows flexible and efficient transport of Ethernet services over existing SDH infrastructure.
The document discusses Ethernet VPN (EVPN) use cases and applications. It provides background on EVPN, describing how it uses BGP to advertise MAC addresses and next hops. EVPN supports multi-homing and provides integrated Layer 2 and Layer 3 forwarding. The document outlines several use cases for EVPN including data center and data center interconnect, service chaining using policy-based routing to virtual network functions, Internet exchange points, and provider VPNs.
The document provides an overview of Next Generation Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (NG-SDH) which brings together SONET/SDH and Ethernet networks. It discusses how virtual concatenation allows efficient transport of Ethernet and other services over SDH networks by virtually concatenating payloads across multiple containers. Sequence indicators and frame counters are used to distinguish and maintain timing between virtually concatenated members. This overcomes issues with inefficient contiguous concatenation and fixed payload sizes in traditional SDH.
STP prevents network loops by placing ports in blocking state. It establishes a root bridge with the lowest bridge ID, composed of priority and MAC address. STP transitions ports through blocking, listening, learning and forwarding states. When the network changes, STP maintains connectivity by transitioning some blocked ports to forwarding.
The document discusses Layer 2 VPN over MPLS, including concepts of Virtual Private Wire Service (VPWS) and Virtual Private LAN Service (VPLS). It covers characteristics of Layer 3 and Layer 2 VPNs and concepts of L2 VPN signaling using protocols like LDP and BGP. The document also provides examples of encapsulation and data flow for Ethernet over MPLS (EoMPLS) and Frame Relay over MPLS (FRoMPLS) L2 VPN services.
The document discusses Virtual Private Routed Network (VPRN) services. VPRNs use BGP and MPLS to provide Layer 3 VPN connectivity between customer sites. Each VPRN has its own routing table maintained by provider edge (PE) routers. PE routers exchange routes for each VPRN using MP-BGP. Routes include a Route Distinguisher to identify the VPRN. Tunnels using MPLS or GRE carry customer traffic across the provider network to the correct PE router based on the route label. The document outlines requirements, protocols, and features used to implement VPRNs such as route reflectors, route redistribution, and CE connectivity checks.
This document provides an overview and agenda for a presentation on VXLAN BGP EVPN technology. It begins with an introduction to VXLAN and EVPN concepts. It then outlines the agenda which includes explaining VXLAN configuration, EVPN configuration, underlay configuration, overlay configuration, and EVPN VXLAN service configuration. It also provides a sample migration from a legacy device configuration to a VXLAN BGP EVPN configuration. Various networking acronyms related to VXLAN and EVPN are defined. Sample vendor supported data center technologies and a VXLAN test topology are shown.
The document describes a MPLS VPN solution that provides different paths for each VRF using MP-EBGP between route reflectors and PE routers. Route targets and VRF definitions are configured to separate routing tables. MP-EBGP with a different AS is used between PEs to influence path selection and allow different paths for the same destination in different VRFs.
The document is a tutorial on L2VPN (Layer 2 Virtual Private Networks) that provides an agenda covering introductions, concepts, transports, services, pseudowire stitching, QoS, and demonstrations. It defines L2VPN as providing an end-to-end layer 2 connection across a service provider's MPLS or IP core, allowing legacy services like Frame Relay and ATM to be migrated to an MPLS/IP infrastructure. It also describes the need for L2VPN, models like VPLS and VPWS, basic building blocks of pseudowires, and control plane requirements.
The document provides an overview of MPLS (Multi-Protocol Label Switching) concepts and components. It discusses how MPLS separates routing from forwarding by using labels to forward packets based on the label rather than the IP address. It describes MPLS components like edge label switching routers (ELSR or PE), label switching routers (LSR or P), and the label distribution protocol (LDP). It also provides examples of MPLS forwarding and MPLS VPN operation.
this slide contains fundamental concept about VPLS protocol, according to the latest version of Cisco books and i taught it at IRAN TIC company.in the next slide, i upload attractive advanced feature about VPLS.
(Some of the pictures in this slide are borrowed from the wonderful site of my good friend Gokhan Kosem)
(www.ipcisco.com)
Rapid Ring Protection Protocol (RRPP) is a proprietary Huawei link layer protocol used to prevent broadcast storms on Ethernet rings. It provides fast convergence of less than 50ms when links fail. RRPP supports various topologies including single, crossed, and tangent rings. It also supports multiple instances on a single ring for load balancing. The document provides an overview of RRPP, compares it to other ring protocols, describes its features and functions, and provides sample configurations for a single RRPP ring with multiple instances.
MPLS L3 VPN Tutorial, by Nurul Islam Roman [APNIC 38]APNIC
This document discusses deploying MPLS L3VPN. It begins with an overview of MPLS and VPN terminology. It then covers the MPLS reference architecture and different node types. It describes how IP/VPN technologies use separate routing tables at provider edge (PE) routers to provide independent virtual routing and forwarding (VRF) instances for each VPN customer. The control plane uses multiprotocol BGP (MP-BGP) to distribute VPN routes between PE routers using route distinguisher (RD), route target (RT), and labels. The forwarding plane uses these labels to encapsulate and transport customer IP packets across the MPLS core. The document then discusses various IP/VPN services including load sharing, hub-and-spoke
An introduction to MPLS networks and applicationsShawn Zandi
Multiprotocol Label Switching (MPLS) provides label switched path to deliver packets in networks. This is an introduction course to understand different terminologies and concepts associated with MPLS.
The document is a tutorial on Long Term Evolution (LTE) technology. It provides an overview of LTE architecture, which includes the Evolved Packet Core and E-UTRAN access network. It also describes the LTE radio interface protocol layers and channels. The document discusses topics like LTE scheduling, hybrid ARQ, and the Multimedia Broadcast Multicast Service in LTE.
VRF-Lite allows a single physical router to virtualize multiple routers by creating independent virtual routing tables (VRFs). Each VRF logically isolates the routing tables and network traffic of customers or applications. The physical router uses VLAN trunking to keep traffic from different VRFs separate when sending data to other devices. Configuring VRF-Lite involves defining VRFs, assigning interfaces to VRFs, and configuring routing protocols for each VRF.
The document discusses CAN bus, which is a channel that allows microcontrollers and electronic devices to communicate by sending and receiving messages in the form of electrical signals. CAN bus uses a protocol to govern message transmission and is widely used in automotive, industrial, and other applications. It provides organized communication between nodes and reduces wiring complexity compared to point-to-point connections. Each message transmitted on the CAN bus is encoded in a frame that includes fields like arbitration, data, and checksums to ensure reliable delivery.
This slide contains basic concept about MPLS and LDP protocol, according to the latest version of Cisco books(SP and R&S) and i taught it at IRAN TIC company.
i will prepare MPLS_VPN and MPLS_QoS and MPLS_TE later.
The document proposes Ethernet VPN (E-VPN) as a solution to overcome scaling challenges with the existing Virtual Private LAN Service (VPLS) technology. E-VPN uses MPLS and BGP to transport layer 2 connectivity between data centers. It treats MAC addresses as routable addresses and uses MP-iBGP to distribute customer MAC addresses between edge routers. This allows for remote MAC learning and helps scale to thousands of MAC addresses. The document also describes how E-VPN uses Ethernet Segment IDs and split horizon labels to avoid layer 2 loops in multi-homing scenarios.
The document provides information about an upcoming training course on deploying MPLS L3 VPNs. It includes details about the trainers, Nurul Islam Roman and Jessica Wei, their backgrounds and areas of expertise. It also outlines the course agenda which will cover topics such as MPLS VPN models, terminology, operation, configuration examples and service deployment scenarios.
This document provides a user guide for the Wishbone serializer core, which establishes a transparent Wishbone bridge between two FPGAs using high-speed serial transceivers. The core supports simultaneous communication between a master on one FPGA and a slave on the other FPGA. It contains a Wishbone control logic block, asynchronous FIFOs to handle the two clock domains, and uses an Aurora 8B/10B core for serial transmission. The guide describes the files and architecture of the core.
This document provides specifications for a Wishbone interface and describes classic bus cycles. It defines the Wishbone specification, interface signals, and standard handshaking protocols for single and pipelined transfers. Tag types are also described that allow user-defined information to be associated with addresses, data, and bus cycles.
A novel way of creating overlay networks for OpenNebula is presented here. Using BGP Ethernet VPN (EVPN) with VXLAN data-plane encapsulation. This provides scalable Layer 2 over IP networks.
This document provides an overview of MX Trio load balancing. It discusses how packets are parsed and hashed to select the next hop in a load balancing system. Key points include:
- Packets are parsed to select fields for hashing. A hash is computed from the fields to select the next hop.
- Fields included in the hash depend on packet encapsulation like IP, MPLS, Ethernet. Advanced topics cover techniques for determining encapsulation.
- Hashes are symmetric and consistent across devices to prevent polarization. Load balancing occurs at multiple levels by using different hash bits at each level.
- The hash algorithm uses CRC polynomials for efficiency. A hash seed based on device MAC ensures different results across
This document discusses basic router configuration including interface configuration, viewing and saving configuration files, Cisco IOS image files, backing up and restoring configurations, using CDP and Telnet, and checking network connectivity. It provides examples of commands used for router configuration and troubleshooting.
The document discusses point-to-point connections using HDLC and PPP protocols. It begins by explaining wide area networks and the components that make them up. It then describes data-link protocols HDLC and PPP in detail, including their frame formats and how they establish and verify connections. The document also provides guidance on configuring these protocols on routers and troubleshooting potential issues that could arise with mismatched configurations.
This document provides an overview and agenda for a presentation on VXLAN BGP EVPN technology. It begins with an introduction to VXLAN and EVPN concepts. It then outlines the agenda which includes explaining VXLAN configuration, EVPN configuration, underlay configuration, overlay configuration, and EVPN VXLAN service configuration. It also provides a sample migration from a legacy device configuration to a VXLAN BGP EVPN configuration. Various networking acronyms related to VXLAN and EVPN are defined. Sample vendor supported data center technologies and a VXLAN test topology are shown.
The document describes a MPLS VPN solution that provides different paths for each VRF using MP-EBGP between route reflectors and PE routers. Route targets and VRF definitions are configured to separate routing tables. MP-EBGP with a different AS is used between PEs to influence path selection and allow different paths for the same destination in different VRFs.
The document is a tutorial on L2VPN (Layer 2 Virtual Private Networks) that provides an agenda covering introductions, concepts, transports, services, pseudowire stitching, QoS, and demonstrations. It defines L2VPN as providing an end-to-end layer 2 connection across a service provider's MPLS or IP core, allowing legacy services like Frame Relay and ATM to be migrated to an MPLS/IP infrastructure. It also describes the need for L2VPN, models like VPLS and VPWS, basic building blocks of pseudowires, and control plane requirements.
The document provides an overview of MPLS (Multi-Protocol Label Switching) concepts and components. It discusses how MPLS separates routing from forwarding by using labels to forward packets based on the label rather than the IP address. It describes MPLS components like edge label switching routers (ELSR or PE), label switching routers (LSR or P), and the label distribution protocol (LDP). It also provides examples of MPLS forwarding and MPLS VPN operation.
this slide contains fundamental concept about VPLS protocol, according to the latest version of Cisco books and i taught it at IRAN TIC company.in the next slide, i upload attractive advanced feature about VPLS.
(Some of the pictures in this slide are borrowed from the wonderful site of my good friend Gokhan Kosem)
(www.ipcisco.com)
Rapid Ring Protection Protocol (RRPP) is a proprietary Huawei link layer protocol used to prevent broadcast storms on Ethernet rings. It provides fast convergence of less than 50ms when links fail. RRPP supports various topologies including single, crossed, and tangent rings. It also supports multiple instances on a single ring for load balancing. The document provides an overview of RRPP, compares it to other ring protocols, describes its features and functions, and provides sample configurations for a single RRPP ring with multiple instances.
MPLS L3 VPN Tutorial, by Nurul Islam Roman [APNIC 38]APNIC
This document discusses deploying MPLS L3VPN. It begins with an overview of MPLS and VPN terminology. It then covers the MPLS reference architecture and different node types. It describes how IP/VPN technologies use separate routing tables at provider edge (PE) routers to provide independent virtual routing and forwarding (VRF) instances for each VPN customer. The control plane uses multiprotocol BGP (MP-BGP) to distribute VPN routes between PE routers using route distinguisher (RD), route target (RT), and labels. The forwarding plane uses these labels to encapsulate and transport customer IP packets across the MPLS core. The document then discusses various IP/VPN services including load sharing, hub-and-spoke
An introduction to MPLS networks and applicationsShawn Zandi
Multiprotocol Label Switching (MPLS) provides label switched path to deliver packets in networks. This is an introduction course to understand different terminologies and concepts associated with MPLS.
The document is a tutorial on Long Term Evolution (LTE) technology. It provides an overview of LTE architecture, which includes the Evolved Packet Core and E-UTRAN access network. It also describes the LTE radio interface protocol layers and channels. The document discusses topics like LTE scheduling, hybrid ARQ, and the Multimedia Broadcast Multicast Service in LTE.
VRF-Lite allows a single physical router to virtualize multiple routers by creating independent virtual routing tables (VRFs). Each VRF logically isolates the routing tables and network traffic of customers or applications. The physical router uses VLAN trunking to keep traffic from different VRFs separate when sending data to other devices. Configuring VRF-Lite involves defining VRFs, assigning interfaces to VRFs, and configuring routing protocols for each VRF.
The document discusses CAN bus, which is a channel that allows microcontrollers and electronic devices to communicate by sending and receiving messages in the form of electrical signals. CAN bus uses a protocol to govern message transmission and is widely used in automotive, industrial, and other applications. It provides organized communication between nodes and reduces wiring complexity compared to point-to-point connections. Each message transmitted on the CAN bus is encoded in a frame that includes fields like arbitration, data, and checksums to ensure reliable delivery.
This slide contains basic concept about MPLS and LDP protocol, according to the latest version of Cisco books(SP and R&S) and i taught it at IRAN TIC company.
i will prepare MPLS_VPN and MPLS_QoS and MPLS_TE later.
The document proposes Ethernet VPN (E-VPN) as a solution to overcome scaling challenges with the existing Virtual Private LAN Service (VPLS) technology. E-VPN uses MPLS and BGP to transport layer 2 connectivity between data centers. It treats MAC addresses as routable addresses and uses MP-iBGP to distribute customer MAC addresses between edge routers. This allows for remote MAC learning and helps scale to thousands of MAC addresses. The document also describes how E-VPN uses Ethernet Segment IDs and split horizon labels to avoid layer 2 loops in multi-homing scenarios.
The document provides information about an upcoming training course on deploying MPLS L3 VPNs. It includes details about the trainers, Nurul Islam Roman and Jessica Wei, their backgrounds and areas of expertise. It also outlines the course agenda which will cover topics such as MPLS VPN models, terminology, operation, configuration examples and service deployment scenarios.
This document provides a user guide for the Wishbone serializer core, which establishes a transparent Wishbone bridge between two FPGAs using high-speed serial transceivers. The core supports simultaneous communication between a master on one FPGA and a slave on the other FPGA. It contains a Wishbone control logic block, asynchronous FIFOs to handle the two clock domains, and uses an Aurora 8B/10B core for serial transmission. The guide describes the files and architecture of the core.
This document provides specifications for a Wishbone interface and describes classic bus cycles. It defines the Wishbone specification, interface signals, and standard handshaking protocols for single and pipelined transfers. Tag types are also described that allow user-defined information to be associated with addresses, data, and bus cycles.
A novel way of creating overlay networks for OpenNebula is presented here. Using BGP Ethernet VPN (EVPN) with VXLAN data-plane encapsulation. This provides scalable Layer 2 over IP networks.
This document provides an overview of MX Trio load balancing. It discusses how packets are parsed and hashed to select the next hop in a load balancing system. Key points include:
- Packets are parsed to select fields for hashing. A hash is computed from the fields to select the next hop.
- Fields included in the hash depend on packet encapsulation like IP, MPLS, Ethernet. Advanced topics cover techniques for determining encapsulation.
- Hashes are symmetric and consistent across devices to prevent polarization. Load balancing occurs at multiple levels by using different hash bits at each level.
- The hash algorithm uses CRC polynomials for efficiency. A hash seed based on device MAC ensures different results across
This document discusses basic router configuration including interface configuration, viewing and saving configuration files, Cisco IOS image files, backing up and restoring configurations, using CDP and Telnet, and checking network connectivity. It provides examples of commands used for router configuration and troubleshooting.
The document discusses point-to-point connections using HDLC and PPP protocols. It begins by explaining wide area networks and the components that make them up. It then describes data-link protocols HDLC and PPP in detail, including their frame formats and how they establish and verify connections. The document also provides guidance on configuring these protocols on routers and troubleshooting potential issues that could arise with mismatched configurations.
This document discusses various WAN protocols including Frame Relay, ISDN, HDLC, PPP, and DDR. Frame Relay is a packet-switched protocol that uses DLCIs and LMI frames. ISDN provides digital telephony and data services. HDLC is a data link protocol that specifies encapsulation. PPP is used for dial-up connections and supports authentication. DDR allows routers to dial an ISDN connection on demand.
The document discusses network topologies, configurations, and transmission modes. It covers the hierarchical network model including the core, distribution, and access layers. It also explains the seven-layer OSI model and the functions of each layer, including the physical, data link, network, transport, session, presentation, and application layers. Network types like LAN, MAN, and WAN are defined along with simplex, half-duplex and full-duplex transmission modes.
The document discusses network topologies, configurations, and transmission modes. It covers the hierarchical network model including the core, distribution, and access layers. It also explains the seven-layer OSI model and the functions of each layer, including the physical, data link, network, transport, session, presentation, and application layers. Network types like LAN, MAN, and WAN are defined along with simplex, half-duplex and full-duplex transmission modes.
This document provides an overview of Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN) configuration. It describes ISDN features like speed and multiple device support. It explains ISDN devices, connections using Basic Rate Interface (BRI) and Primary Rate Interface (PRI), and the process of configuring BRI and PRI on routers. It also discusses verifying ISDN connections and configuring Dial on Demand Routing (DDR) to establish connections for specific interesting traffic.
This document discusses Frame Relay technology and configurations. It covers fundamental Frame Relay concepts like virtual circuits, encapsulation, and Local Management Interface. It also describes how to configure basic and advanced Frame Relay permanent virtual circuits, including troubleshooting connectivity issues. Subinterfaces are presented as a solution to reachability problems in Frame Relay hub-and-spoke topologies.
Frame Relay is a WAN protocol that operates at the data link layer. It was developed as a simpler version of X.25 to use over ISDN interfaces. Frame Relay is widely used for voice and data connectivity between LANs over a WAN due to its lower cost compared to dedicated lines. It uses virtual circuits to connect devices and provides bandwidth, reliability, and scalability benefits over private lines.
The document discusses access control lists (ACL), including:
- ACLs filter traffic entering or leaving interfaces to control network access and traffic flow.
- ACLs can be numbered or named and applied inbound or outbound. Standard ACLs filter based on source IP, extended ACLs can also filter protocols, ports, and ICMP messages.
- The router processes ACL statements top-down until a match is found. Administrators must consider ACL type and placement depending on source and destination addresses to filter.
This document contains a Cisco training module on Wide Area Networks (WAN). It discusses common WAN technologies like routers, terminal servers, modems, and WAN networking devices. Specific WAN protocols covered include HDLC, PPP, Frame Relay, and their configuration on Cisco routers. The document provides configuration examples and show commands to display interface and protocol status information for troubleshooting WAN connections.
NAT allows private IP addresses to be translated to public IP addresses, solving the shortage of IPv4 addresses. It operates at layer 3 and can be configured statically or dynamically. NAT is transparent to end devices and stores address mappings in routing tables. It can be verified using commands like show ip nat translations and debug ip nat. Static NAT provides port address translation (PAT) to map multiple private addresses to fewer public IP addresses using source port numbers.
CCNAv5 - S4: Chapter3 Point to-point ConnectionsVuz Dở Hơi
This chapter discusses point-to-point connections and configuring PPP. It covers serial point-to-point communication fundamentals including HDLC encapsulation. PPP operation is explained, including how LCP and NCP establish and manage connections. The document provides instructions for configuring PPP encapsulation, options like authentication, compression, and multilink. It also includes commands for verifying PPP configuration and troubleshooting connectivity issues.
This document provides an introduction to computer networks. It explains the need for networks, the history of ARPANET, types of networks including LAN, MAN and WAN, client/server configuration, the 7 layers of the OSI model, network selection criteria, standards organizations, and includes examples of network applications and case studies.
Www ccnav5 net_ccna_1_chapter_4_v5_0_exam_answers_2014Đồng Quốc Vương
This document provides the answers to exam questions for CCNA 1 Chapter 4 v5.0 from 2014. It includes 23 multiple choice questions and answers related to networking concepts like physical layer protocols, fiber optic cabling, Ethernet standards, wireless networks, and more. The questions assess knowledge of topics like frame encoding techniques, multimode fiber, OSI model layers, throughput calculations, cable interference factors, wireless network concerns, and data link layer functions.
The document discusses IP routing and routing protocols. It explains that routing occurs at the network layer and involves routing protocols that define rules for data transfer. Common routing protocols include interior protocols like RIP, OSPF, IGRP, and EIGRP, as well as exterior protocols like EGP and BGP. The document also covers routing metrics, routing tables, static versus dynamic routing, and enhancements to RIPv2.
The document discusses establishing Frame Relay WAN connections. Frame Relay uses virtual circuits (PVCs) identified by DLCIs, and the Link Management Interface (LMI) protocol is used to report PVC status. Frame Relay subinterfaces can be configured in either point-to-point or multipoint mode, with different addressing requirements for each. The show commands frame-relay lmi, frame-relay pvc, and frame-relay map can be used to verify Frame Relay connectivity and map entries.
This document provides instructions for configuring Frame Relay on routers and access servers. It discusses enabling Frame Relay encapsulation on an interface, configuring dynamic or static address mapping, configuring the Local Management Interface (LMI), configuring switched virtual circuits, and monitoring Frame Relay connections. Frame Relay can be configured to allow direct connection to a Frame Relay switch or connection through a channel service unit/digital service unit. The LMI type can be set explicitly or allowed to autosense. Switched virtual circuits allow dynamic connection setup when needed.
Similar to CCNA CHAPTER 11 BY jetarvind kumar madhukar (20)
1) El documento proporciona una lista de comandos utilizados en switches y routers Cisco para configuración básica, administración y monitoreo. Incluye comandos para configurar VLANs, puertos de acceso y troncales, direccionamiento IP, seguridad y SSH. 2) También presenta pasos para recuperar la configuración de inicio de un router y comandos de verificación como show ip interface, show vlan y show running-config. 3) Finalmente, explica brevemente cómo borrar la configuración de un switch incluyendo VLANs y archivo de
The motherboard is the main circuit board of a computer that connects all internal and external components. There are two types of motherboards: integrated motherboards that have built-in ports and slots, and non-integrated motherboards that only have slots and are used for servers. The motherboard contains the north bridge and south bridge chips that control communication between different components like the CPU, RAM, graphics card, and I/O devices.
This document discusses emerging and future computer and internet technologies. It describes developments in networking like power-line, wireless, and Bluetooth networking that enable easy connection of devices. It also discusses potential future technologies like airborne and next generation internet that provide faster, more reliable internet access anywhere. The document outlines advances in displays like plastic screens, electronic paper, and printable computers that will make devices thinner, lighter and more flexible. It envisions a future where computers are embedded in everyday objects and interfaces are improved with technologies like voice recognition. Overall it argues that computers will continue to get smaller, faster and able to handle vastly more data, becoming ubiquitous in all aspects of life.
The document discusses TCP/IP networking concepts like the TCP/IP protocol stack, IP addressing, subnetting, and planning IP networks. It explains that IP addresses are 32-bit numbers assigned to network devices, consisting of a network and host portion. Subnetting allows grouping of devices using a subnet mask that identifies the network and host bits. Proper planning of IP addressing involves calculating network and host requirements, identifying addresses and subnets, and using techniques like VLSM to efficiently allocate addresses.
The document discusses router components, boot sequence, IOS, CLI, and configuration. Key components include the processor, ROM, RAM, flash memory and NVRAM which enable booting and loading of the operating system and configuration files. The IOS is stored in flash memory and acts as the interface between network devices and users. The CLI allows configuration through commands in different modes and includes features like help, history, and editing commands.
The document discusses several interior gateway routing protocols: IGRP is a distance-vector protocol that uses a composite metric and supports unequal-cost load balancing and multipath routing. EIGRP is a hybrid link-state and distance-vector protocol that provides fast convergence, less overhead, and supports six path load balancing. OSPF is a link-state protocol that uses the Shortest Path First algorithm to determine the shortest route and provides advantages like being open, loop-free, scalable, and hierarchical with multicasting support. It maintains a two-layer hierarchy of backbone and off-backbone areas to conserve router resources and handle external routes.
The document discusses virtual LANs (VLANs), VLAN trunking protocols, and configuration. VLANs create separate broadcast domains to isolate and secure network traffic. VLAN trunking uses tagging to transmit frames between switches while identifying the VLAN. The two main trunking protocols are Cisco's ISL and the IEEE 802.1Q standard. The document also provides examples of configuring VLANs, trunking, and the VLAN Trunking Protocol (VTP.)
This document discusses VPN fundamentals and types of VPNs. It covers IPSec and SSL VPNs. IPSec provides encryption, authentication, integrity, and anti-replay services. SSL is used to securely transmit data to web servers. VPNs allow private network connections over public networks and can be configured for remote access, intranets, and extranets using protocols like IPSec, L2TP, and SSL.
This document discusses IPv6, including its benefits over IPv4 such as larger address space. It describes IPv6 addressing formats and types of addresses. Global unicast addresses allow hosts to communicate over the Internet. The document outlines DHCP server modes and stateless autoconfiguration using router advertisements. It also summarizes IPv6 transition methods like dual stack and tunneling to migrate from IPv4 to IPv6.
The document discusses wireless local area networks (WLANs) and security. It describes WLAN concepts including ad hoc and infrastructure modes. It covers WLAN security standards such as WEP, WPA, and 802.11i. It also discusses Cisco's unified wireless solutions including mesh networks, LWAPP, and AWPP protocols.
The document discusses different types of keyboards and mice. It describes 101, 102, and multimedia keyboards. It also discusses mechanical, optical, laser optical, and wireless mice. Keyboards are a primary input device and contain alphanumeric, navigation, function, and special keys. Mice allow users to move a cursor or pointer and were invented by Douglas Engelbart.
This document discusses various networking devices and how they operate at different layers of the OSI model. It describes network interface cards, repeaters, hubs, bridges, switches, routers, and how they function at layers 1, 2, or 3. Hubs operate at layer 1 and repeat/regenerate signals. Bridges and switches operate at layer 2 and filter traffic by MAC address. Routers operate at layer 3 and can route traffic between networks. VLAN switches can segment traffic into multiple broadcast domains to improve bandwidth utilization.
How to Fix the Import Error in the Odoo 17Celine George
An import error occurs when a program fails to import a module or library, disrupting its execution. In languages like Python, this issue arises when the specified module cannot be found or accessed, hindering the program's functionality. Resolving import errors is crucial for maintaining smooth software operation and uninterrupted development processes.
How to Manage Your Lost Opportunities in Odoo 17 CRMCeline George
Odoo 17 CRM allows us to track why we lose sales opportunities with "Lost Reasons." This helps analyze our sales process and identify areas for improvement. Here's how to configure lost reasons in Odoo 17 CRM
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This is part 1 of my Java Learning Journey. This Contains Custom methods, classes, constructors, packages, multithreading , try- catch block, finally block and more.
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Recall - I
Speed, Multiple Device Support, Inexpensive are
The features of ISDN are
Network Termination Device 1 (NT1), Network
Termination Device 2 (NT2), ISDN Router, Terminal
Equipment 1 (TE1), Terminal Equipment 2 (TE2),
Terminal Adapter (TA) are e ISDN devices
ISDN is a channelized service. A channelized
service splits a wire into many logical channels or
time slots
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Recall - II
ISDN supports two types of connections such as the
Basic Rate Interface (BRI) and Primary Rate
Interface (PRI)
You can verify the ISDN connections using two
commands:
show interface command
show isdn status command
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Frame Relay
Features of Frame Relay
Operates at a higher speed (44.3 Mbps)
Operates only in physical and data link layers
Is less expensive than other WAN connection
such as X.25
Has error detection at the data link layer only
Provides faster transmission for media that are
more reliable and protocols that have flow and
error control at the higher layers
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Frame Relay Components - II
The basic terms associated with the Frame Relay
network are as follows:
Data Terminal Equipment (DTE)
Data Communications Equipment (DCE)
Access link
Local access rate
DLCI
LMI
Committed Information (CIR)
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Committed Information Rate (CIR)
Frame Relay allows multiple users to use the packet
switched network at the same time
The only limitation of Frame Relay is that not all
users can transmit the data at the same time
Frame Relay provides dedicated bandwidths to all
the users for data transmission
The Frame Relay can function as a leased line if the
access rate and CIR values are same
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Standard Frame Relay Frame Structure
The frame format allows you to understand the
functionality of Frame Relay
Each frame has flags that indicate the start and end
of the frame
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Frame Relay Encapsulation Types
The Frame Relay has two types of encapsulations
that you can view using the encapsulation frame-
relay ? command:
Cisco
Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF)
The devices in a network can communicate only if
their Frame Relay encapsulation types are same
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Virtual Circuit
A Virtual Circuit (VC) represents the path on which
the frame travels. Virtual circuits enable you to
compare Frame Relay to leased physical circuit
There are two types of virtual circuits, such as:
Permanent Virtual Circuit (PVC)
Switched Virtual Circuit (SVC)
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LMI Configuration and Encapsulation
LMI is the signaling standard used between the
Frame Relay DTE and Frame Relay DCE
LMI is the communication between the router and
the nearest Frame Relay switch
The LMI performs the following functions:
Implements a keepalive function to verify the flow
of data between the DTE and DCE
Informs whether Permanent Virtual Circuit (PVC)
is active or not
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Identifying the type of protocol
If the Frame Relay is using the LAPF header then
the DTEs cannot support multiprotocol traffic
because there is no way to identify the type of
protocol
To solve this problem. Cisco Encapsulation and
RFC 1490 Encapsulation is used
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DLCI Addressing Details
The exact number of DLCI is dependent on the
following factors:
Protocols being routed
Broadcast traffic
Speed of line
Static Routes
Size of routing protocol and SAP updates
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Frame Relay involves following issues related to the
transmission of data packets from the layer 3 across
the network:
Layer 3 addressing with Frame Relay
Broadcast handling
Concerns of Network Layer and
Frame Relay
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Frame Relay Layer 3 Addressing
The Frame Relay implementation of Cisco provides
three different options to assign subnets and IP
address on the Frame Relay interfaces. The options
are:
A subnet that contains all the Frame Relay Data
Terminal Equipments (DTE)
A subnet for each virtual circuit
Hybrid of the above two options
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Broadcast Handling
The Frame Relay can send copies of broadcast over
all the virtual circuits
The Frame Relay does not have the capability to
replicate and deliver across multiple virtual circuits
to several destinations
The routers need to send broadcast for certain
features to activate their functioning
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Frame Relay Service Internetworking
Frame Relay networks use Asynchronous Transfer
Mode (ATM) in the core of the Frame Relay network
The working of ATM is similar to a Frame Relay.
However, ATM has certain features that make it
more effective than Frame Relay
The service provider uses the ATM to build the core
of the Frame Relay networks as shown in figure
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Frame Configuration Command - I
Commands Description
encapsulation frame-relay
[ieft|cisco]
Defines the Frame Relay
encapsulation which is preferred over
HDLC and PPP
frame-relay lmi-type{ansi|
q933a|cisco]
Defines the type of LMI messages that
are sent to the switch
bandwidth num Enables to set the interface speed of
the router
frame-relay map [protocol
protocol-address
dlci}payload-compression
frf9 stac caim [element-
number][broadcast] [ieft|
cisco]
Defines statically the mapping
between the network layer and DLCI
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Frame Configuration Command - II
keepalive sec Enables to configure the way and time
interval that the LMI messages are
sent and received
interface serial number.sub
[point-to-point|multipoint]
Enables to create a subinterface or
reference a subinterface that is
already created
frame-relay interface-dlci
dlci [ieft|cisco] [voice-cir
cir] [ppp virtual-template-
name]
Links the DLCI to the subinterface
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Frame Configuration Commands in
the Privileged Mode - I
Command Description
show interfaces Displays the status of the physical
interface
show frame-relay lmi [type
number]
Displays LMI status information
show frame-relay pvc Displays a list of all the configured
PVCs and DLCI numbers
show frame-relay map Provides a list of network layer
addresses mapped to DLCI numbers
show ip route Displays the available routes for the
packets to travel from one router to
another
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Configuring Frame Relay
Subinterfaces
Frame Relay subinterfaces provide a solution to the
problem of split horizon on the partially meshed
Frame Relay networks
Cisco routers support two types of subinterfaces
given as follows:
Point-to-point subinterface
Multipoint subinterfaces
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Frame Relay Congestion Control
Frame Relay reduces the network overhead by
implementing congestion-control mechanism
Frame Relay implements two congestion-notification
mechanisms such as Forward-explicit congestion
notification (FECN) and Backward-explicit congestion
notification (BECN)
The Frame Relay frame includes following three bits
that allow congestion control:
Discard Eligibility (DE)
Forward-explicit congestion notification (FECN)
Backward-explicit congestion notification (BECN)
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Frame Relay Error Checking
Frame Relay uses cyclic redundancy check (CRC)
error checking mechanism
The CRC compares two derived values from the two
mathematical functions computed at the source and
the destination devices
This determines whether an error occurred during
the transmission of data from source to destination
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Case Study
At the Gujarat branch of the Blue Diamond Steel
organization, all Cisco routers are implemented on the
network. The routers use HDLC as the default
encapsulation method for data transmission. All the
transaction between the departments of the company
is carried out over the network. However,
unfortunately, some important information of Finance
department regarding policies could not reach to the
Software Management department’s destination
computer because it was lost in transit.
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Suggested Solution
All the branches should be integrated using the
Frame Relay technology. Frame Relay provides a
congestion control mechanism that can prevent the
loss of critical data
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Troubleshooting Frame Relay
The commons issues in the Frame Relay can be
resolved using the debug command
This command enables you to troubleshoot the
Frame Relay connections
You can use the router console to enter these
commands:
debug frame-relay events Command
debug Frame Relay packet Command
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Summary - I
Frame Relay networks are multi-access networks where
more than two devices can be attached to the network
A Virtual circuit (VC) represents the path on which the
frame travels. Virtual circuits enable you to compare
Frame Relay to leased physical circuit. There two types
of virtual circuits are:
Permanent virtual circuit (PVC)
Switched virtual circuit (SVC)
LMI is the definition used between the Frame Relay DTE
and Frame Relay DCE, which means that the data send
by the DTE is processed between them
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Summary - II
Sometimes you might face problems with the
connection to the carrier switch. The commands
available are to troubleshoot LMI are:
show interfaces
show frame-relay lmi
debug frame-relay lmi
The DLCI identifies a virtual circuit for the Frame
Relay to forward the frames to appropriate remote
site when multiple access list use the same access
list
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Summary - III
The Frame Relay implementation of Cisco provides
with three different options to assign subnets and IP
address on the Frame Relay interfaces. The options
are:
A subnet that contains all the Frame Relay data
terminal equipments (DTE)
A subnet for each virtual circuit
Hybrid of the above two
Frame Relay networks use Asynchronous Transfer
Mode (ATM) in the core of the Frame Relay network