The document provides information about connecting to and using the internet. It defines key terms like internet, world wide web, IP address, domain name, and email. It discusses different types of internet connections like dial-up, DSL, cable, satellite, and wireless. It also explains the hardware needed like modems, routers, and network cards. It provides an overview of how to choose an internet service provider and types of internet access. It discusses communication protocols, web browsers, and challenges for learning more.

1. Chapter 1
the Internet
Work hard play hard !!!
As Presented by Nobel Mujuji

2. • The Internet is a global system of interconnected computer
networks that use the standard Internet protocol
suite (TCP/IP) to link several billion devices worldwide.
Definition 2
• It is a network of networks that consists of millions of
private, public, academic, business, and government
networks of local to global scope, linked by a broad array of
electronic, wireless, and optical networking technologies.
• The Internet carries an extensive range of information
resources and services, such as the inter-
linked hypertext documents and applications of the World
Wide Web (WWW), the infrastructure to support email,
and peer-to-peer networks for file sharing and telephony.

3. What’s the Difference Between the Internet and the
Web?

4. • a global computer network providing a variety of information
and communication facilities, consisting of interconnected
networks using standardized communication protocols.
• The Internet, link your computer to other computers around
the world, is a way of transporting content. The Web is
software that lets you use that content…or contribute your
own. The Web, running on the mostly invisible Internet, is
what you see and click on in your computer’s browser.
• The Internet’s roots are in the U.S. during the late 1960s. The
Web was invented 20 years later by an Englishman working in
Switzerland—though it had many predecessors.
• To keep things “interesting,” many people use the term
Internet to refer to both.

5. World Wide Web (WWW)
• The World Wide Web is a system of Internet servers that support
specially formatted documents. The documents are formatted in a markup
language called HTML (HyperText Markup Language) that supports links to
other documents, as well as graphics, audio, and video files.
• This means you can jump from one document to another simply
by clicking on hot spots. Not all Internet servers are part of the World
Wide Web.

6. connecting to the internet

7. Choosing an Internet service
Which service is best for me?
• It all depends on where you live and how much speed you need. Internet service
providers (ISPs) usually offer different levels of speed based on your needs. If
you're mainly using the Internet for email and social networking, a slower
connection might be all you need. However, if you want to download a lot
of music or watch streaming movies, you'll want a faster connection. You'll need
to do some research to find out what the options are in your area. Here are some
common types of Internet service.
• Dial-up: Dial-up is generally the slowest type of Internet connection, and you
should probably avoid it unless it is the only service available in your area. Like a
phone call, a dial-up modem will connect you to the Internet by dialing a number,
and it will disconnect when you are done surfing the Web. Unless you have
multiple phone lines, you will not be able to use your land line and the Internet at
the same time with a dial-up connection.
• DSL: DSL service uses a broadband connection, which makes it much faster than
dial-up. However, it is unavailable in many locations, so you'll need to contact your
local ISP for information about your area. DSL connects to the Internet via phone
line but does not require you to have a land line at home. Unlike dial-up, it will
always be on once it's set up, and you'll be able to use the Internet and your
phone line simultaneously.

8. Cont…
• Cable: Cable service connects to the Internet via cable TV, although you
do not necessarily need to have cable TV in order to get it. It uses a
broadband connection and can be faster than both dial-up and DSL
service; however, it is only available in places where cable TV is available.
• Satellite: A satellite connection uses broadband but does not require cable
or phone lines; it connects to the Internet through satellites orbiting the
Earth. As a result, it can be used almost anywhere in the world, but the
connection may be affected by weather patterns. A satellite connection
also relays data on a delay, so it is not the best option for people who use
real-time applications, like gaming or video conferencing.
• 3G and 4G: 3G and 4G service is most commonly used with mobile phones
and tablet computers, and it connects wirelessly through your ISP's
network. If you have a device that's 3G or 4G enabled, you'll be able to use
it to access the Internet away from home, even when there is no Wi-Fi
connection. However, you may have to pay per device to use a 3G or 4G
connection, and it may not be as fast as DSL or cable.

9. Choosing an Internet service provider
Once you have decided which type of Internet access you're
interested in, you can determine which ISPs are available in your area
that offer the type of Internet access you want. Then you'll need to
purchase Internet service from one of the available ISPs. Talk to
friends, family members, and neighbors to see which ISPs they use.
Below are some things to consider as you research ISPs:
1. Speed
2. Price
3. Ease of installation
4. Service record
5. Technical support
6. Contract terms

10. Hardware needed
• Once you have your computer, you really don't need much
additional hardware to connect to the Internet. The primary
piece of hardware you need is a modem.
• The type of Internet access you choose will determine the
type of modem you need. Dial-up access uses a telephone
modem, DSL service uses a DSL modem, cable access uses
a cable modem, and satellite service uses a satellite adapter.

11. • Your ISP may give you a modem—often for a fee—when you
sign a contract, which helps ensure that you have the right
kind of modem.
• However, if you would prefer to shop for a better or less
expensive modem, you can choose to buy one separately.
Once you have your computer, you really don't need much
additional hardware to connect to the Internet. The primary
piece of hardware you need is a modem.

12. Router
• A router is a hardware device that allows you to connect several
computers and other devices to a single Internet connection, which
is known as a home network. Many routers are wireless, allowing
you to easily create a wireless network.
• You don't necessarily need to buy a router to connect to the
Internet. It's possible to connect your computer directly to your
modem using an Ethernet cable. Also, many modems now include
a built-in router, so you have the option of creating a network
without having to buy more hardware

13. network card
• A network card is a piece of hardware that allows computers to
communicate over a computer network. Most newer computers
have a network card built into the motherboard, so it probably isn't
something you'll need to purchase. The network card will have
an Ethernet port, a wireless connection, or both.
• If you have a laptop with a wireless connection, you can access the
Internet at any place that offers a Wi-Fi connection.
Many restaurants, coffee shops,bookstores, hotels, and other
businesses offer free Wi-Fi. In addition, many cities provide free Wi-
Fi in public areas such as parks and downtown areas.

14. Web browsers
• A web browser is the tool you use to access the Web. The
browser's main job is to display webpages. It also lets you
createbookmarks—sometimes called Favorites—for sites you
like so you can easily find them again later.

15. Challenge!
1. Research two or more Internet service providers (ISPs), and
compare their service packages. What are the
different connection speeds offered by each provider?
2. Try using a few different web browsers. Do they work
differently? Which one was easier to use?
3. Do you have any devices (computers, mobile phones, etc.)
that can connect wirelessly? Would it make sense to create
a wireless network in your home?

16. Communication Protocol
• Communication protocols are formal descriptions of digital
message formats and rules. They are required to exchange
messages in or between computing systems and are required
in telecommunications.
Communications protocols cover authentication, error
detection and correction, and signaling. They can also
describe the syntax, semantics, and synchronization of analog
and digital communications. Communications protocols are
implemented in hardware and software.
• There are thousands of communications protocols that are
used everywhere in analog and digital communications.
Computer networks cannot exist without them.

17. EXAMPLES &homework
• TCP / IP
• HTTP
• IP
• IPv6
• TCP
• UDP
• MPLS
• others
Explain what all these acronyms mean

18. Internet addressing
• An Internet Protocol address (IP address) is a numerical label assigned to
each device (e.g., computer, printer) participating in a computer
network that uses the Internet Protocol for communication.
• An IP address serves two principal functions: host or network
interface identification and location addressing. Its role has been
characterized as follows: “A( host name) indicates what we seek. An
address indicates where it is. A route indicates how to get there

19. Definition 2
• An Internet address uniquely identifies
a node on the Internet. Internet address may
also refer to the name or IP of a Web
site(URL). The term Internet address can also
represent someone'se-mail address.
• Eg
• 198.52.105.5
• 202.25.432.9

20. Host name
In computer networking, a hostname (archaically nodename[1]) is a label that
is assigned to a device connected to a computer network and that is used to
identify the device in various forms of electronic communication such as
the World Wide Web, e-mail or Usenet.
Hostnames may be simple names consisting of a single word or phrase, or
they may be structured.
c-61-123-45-67.hsd1.co.comcast.net

21. Definition 2
• A name is a label that is used to distinguish one thing from another. A
person's name, for instance, comprises a set of alphabetic characters that
allows a person to be individually addressed.
• Computers are also named to differentiate one machine from another and
to allow for such activities as network communication.

22. domain name
• Domain names are used to identify one or
more IP addresses. For example, the domain
name microsoft.com represents about a dozen IP
addresses. Domain names are used in URLs to
identify particular Web pages. For example, in the
URLhttp://www.pcwebopedia.com/index.html, th
e domain name ispcwebopedia.com.
• Every domain name has a suffix that indicates
which top level domain (TLD) it belongs to. There
are only a limited number of such domains. For
example:

23. TOP LEVEL DOMAINS
A top-level domain (TLD) is one of the domains at the highest level in the hierarchical
Domain Name System of the Internet.The top-level domain names are installed in the
root zone of the name space. For all domains in lower levels, it is the last part of the
domain name, that is, the last label of a fully qualified domain name.
For example, in the domain name www.example.com, the top-level domain is com.
Responsibility for management of most top-level domains is delegated to specific
organizations by the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN),
which operates the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA), and is in charge of
maintaining the DNS root zone.

24. 1. gov - Government agencies
2. edu - Educational institutions
3. org - Organizations (nonprofit)
4. mil - Military
5. com - commercial business
6. net - Network organizations
7. za- south africa
8. ca - Canada
9. th - Thailand

25. Challenge
1. What is the difference between a hostname and a domain name
2. what is an IP Address?
3. What are the three requirments of the internet?
4. Define TCP/IP, HTTP & URL

26. URL
URL stands for Uniform Resource Locator, and is used to specify
addresses on theWorld Wide Web.
A URL is the fundamental network identification for any resource
connected to the web (e.g., hypertext pages, images, and sound
files).

27. example
URLs have the following format:
protocol://hostname/other_information
For example, the URL for
Pc training& Business College home page is:
http://www.pctbc.co.za/

28. UNDERSTANDING THE EMAIL
E-mail is one of the most popular services on the Internet. Everyone likes the
convenience of being able to communicate without having to play the game
of 'phone tag,' in which two people leave telephone messages for each other
without successfully making contact. When you send an email message, it
waits in the recipient's mailbox to be read at the recipient's convenience.
Email started as a simple mechanism in which messages were copied to a
user's mailbox file. That simple mechanism is still used. In Red Hat Linux, your
mail messages are stored in the /var/spool/maildirectory, in a text file with
the same name as your user name.

29. Cont…
• Messages are addressed to a user name. That means if John Doe logs in
with the user name jdoe, email to him is addressed to jdoe. The only other
piece of information needed to identify the recipient uniquely is the fully
qualified domain name of the recipient's system.
• Thus, if John Doe's system is named yahoo.com, his complete email
address becomes jdoe@yahoo.com. Given that address, anyone on the
Internet can send email to John Doe.

30. To set up and use email on your Red Hat Linux PC, you
need two types of mail software:
• Mail User Agent (MUA)-This software enables you to read your mail messages,
write replies, and compose new messages. Typically, the mail-user agent retrieves
messages from the mail server by using the POP3 or IMAP4 protocol. POP3 is the
Post Office Protocol Version 3, and IMAP4 is the Internet Message Access Protocol
Version 4. Red Hat Linux comes with mail-user agents such as pine and Ximian
Evolution. Mozilla also includes a mail-user agent and a newsreader, besides the
Web browser.
• Mail Transport Agent (MTA)-This software actually sends and receives mail
messages. The exact method used for mail transport depends on the underlying
network. In TCP/IP networks, the mail-transport agent delivers mail using the
Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP). Red Hat Linux includes sendmail, a powerful
and popular mail-transport agent for TCP/IP networks.

32. South Africa
Population
(2014 Est.)
Internet
Users
Internet
Users
30-Jun-2014
Penetration
(%
Population
Internet
% Africa
Facebook
31-Dec-2012
48,375,645 31-Dec-2000
2,400,000
24,909,854 51.5 % 8.4 % 6,269,600

33. End of chapter 1