The Internet is the global system of interconnected computer networks that use the Internet protocol suite to link devices worldwide. The purpose of the internet is to communicate between computers that are interconnected with each other. Internet is accessible to every user all over the world.
How do ISPs work?
At the top of the Internet access pyramid are Tier 1 Internet service providers. A Tier 1 Internet service provider is an ISP that has access to all the networks on the Internet using only network peering agreements they do not have to pay for. To help conceptualize what purpose Tier 1 ISPs serve, think of Tier 1 ISPs as the major highways of the Internet. These ISPs connect all corners of the World Wide Web. Some popular examples of Tier 1 ISPs include Vodacom, Bharti, Deutsche Telekom, British Telecommunications, and Verizon
Tier 1 Internet service providers sell access to their networks to Tier 2 ISPs. Tier 2 ISPs then sell Internet access to organizations and home users. However, sometimes Tier 1 ISPs may sell Internet access directly to organizations and individuals. Additionally, a second intermediary ISP, referred to as a Tier 3 ISP, may purchase network bandwidth from a Tier 2 ISP before selling that bandwidth to end users.
When traffic is routed from your home network to the Internet, it goes through a number of hops before reaching its destination. For example, traffic may travel from your modem, to your Tier 3 ISP’s network, to a Tier 2 ISP’s network, to a Tier 1 ISP’s network, then back down through a different set of ISPs before reaching the destination.
The underlying technology that ISPs use to establish connectivity can be based on analog telephone lines (dial-up), DSL, cable, satellite, Wi-Fi, fiber optics, or other connectivity mediums. The reason many cable and telephone providers are also ISPs is because their underlying infrastructure can accommodate Internet traffic
Software Agents are very useful in coming Software development process. This ppt discuss introduction and use of Agents in Software development process.
How do ISPs work?
At the top of the Internet access pyramid are Tier 1 Internet service providers. A Tier 1 Internet service provider is an ISP that has access to all the networks on the Internet using only network peering agreements they do not have to pay for. To help conceptualize what purpose Tier 1 ISPs serve, think of Tier 1 ISPs as the major highways of the Internet. These ISPs connect all corners of the World Wide Web. Some popular examples of Tier 1 ISPs include Vodacom, Bharti, Deutsche Telekom, British Telecommunications, and Verizon
Tier 1 Internet service providers sell access to their networks to Tier 2 ISPs. Tier 2 ISPs then sell Internet access to organizations and home users. However, sometimes Tier 1 ISPs may sell Internet access directly to organizations and individuals. Additionally, a second intermediary ISP, referred to as a Tier 3 ISP, may purchase network bandwidth from a Tier 2 ISP before selling that bandwidth to end users.
When traffic is routed from your home network to the Internet, it goes through a number of hops before reaching its destination. For example, traffic may travel from your modem, to your Tier 3 ISP’s network, to a Tier 2 ISP’s network, to a Tier 1 ISP’s network, then back down through a different set of ISPs before reaching the destination.
The underlying technology that ISPs use to establish connectivity can be based on analog telephone lines (dial-up), DSL, cable, satellite, Wi-Fi, fiber optics, or other connectivity mediums. The reason many cable and telephone providers are also ISPs is because their underlying infrastructure can accommodate Internet traffic
Software Agents are very useful in coming Software development process. This ppt discuss introduction and use of Agents in Software development process.
IP specifies the format of packets, also called #datagrams, and the addressing scheme. Most networks combine IP with a higher-level protocol called Transmission Control Protocol (TCP), which establishes a virtual connection between a destination and a source.
If you want to purchase the content e-mail me on dulith1989@gmail.com
Mobile computing:Introduction,History,Function and its types,productivity,connectivity,cloud computing,cellular boadband,wifi ,security,mobile computing vs ubiquitous computing,challenges,Future wireless network and computing.
FellowBuddy.com is an innovative platform that brings students together to share notes, exam papers, study guides, project reports and presentation for upcoming exams.
We connect Students who have an understanding of course material with Students who need help.
Benefits:-
# Students can catch up on notes they missed because of an absence.
# Underachievers can find peer developed notes that break down lecture and study material in a way that they can understand
# Students can earn better grades, save time and study effectively
Our Vision & Mission – Simplifying Students Life
Our Belief – “The great breakthrough in your life comes when you realize it, that you can learn anything you need to learn; to accomplish any goal that you have set for yourself. This means there are no limits on what you can be, have or do.”
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This ppt define the basic concepts of mobile computing. It is the first part of mobile computing.
It defines the following terms
Introduction to mobile computing
Generations of mobile computing
Cellular concepts
Signalling, modulation and Demodulation
Spread Spectrum
Frequency Reuse
Multiple access schemes
GSM
GPRS
CDMA
New Media Technology - The Ownership and Administration of the InternetFaindra Jabbar
New Media Technology
Topic: The Ownership and Administration of the Internet
Overview
How the Internet works?
ISP
Wireless Application Protocol (WAP)
Types of Internet Connections
IP specifies the format of packets, also called #datagrams, and the addressing scheme. Most networks combine IP with a higher-level protocol called Transmission Control Protocol (TCP), which establishes a virtual connection between a destination and a source.
If you want to purchase the content e-mail me on dulith1989@gmail.com
Mobile computing:Introduction,History,Function and its types,productivity,connectivity,cloud computing,cellular boadband,wifi ,security,mobile computing vs ubiquitous computing,challenges,Future wireless network and computing.
FellowBuddy.com is an innovative platform that brings students together to share notes, exam papers, study guides, project reports and presentation for upcoming exams.
We connect Students who have an understanding of course material with Students who need help.
Benefits:-
# Students can catch up on notes they missed because of an absence.
# Underachievers can find peer developed notes that break down lecture and study material in a way that they can understand
# Students can earn better grades, save time and study effectively
Our Vision & Mission – Simplifying Students Life
Our Belief – “The great breakthrough in your life comes when you realize it, that you can learn anything you need to learn; to accomplish any goal that you have set for yourself. This means there are no limits on what you can be, have or do.”
Like Us - https://www.facebook.com/FellowBuddycom
This ppt define the basic concepts of mobile computing. It is the first part of mobile computing.
It defines the following terms
Introduction to mobile computing
Generations of mobile computing
Cellular concepts
Signalling, modulation and Demodulation
Spread Spectrum
Frequency Reuse
Multiple access schemes
GSM
GPRS
CDMA
New Media Technology - The Ownership and Administration of the InternetFaindra Jabbar
New Media Technology
Topic: The Ownership and Administration of the Internet
Overview
How the Internet works?
ISP
Wireless Application Protocol (WAP)
Types of Internet Connections
GR 12 CAT Network Technologies Lesson 1.pdfkarabomatome31
Wide Area Networks
Definitions, purpose and role
internet as an example of WAN
Internet services (uses, purpose, advantages, disadvantages, limitations, examples
Real time messaging - instant messaging and chat
Voice over Protocol (VoIP)
File transfer Protocol (FTP)
File sharing
Bibliographical information plays an important role information retrieval for the research community particularly in the field of science and technology. But during the bibliographical information exchange certain problems arise and more when the information interchange is on magnetic tape or CD-ROM. Different international organisations such as UNESCO/PGI, UNISIST, ICSU, IFLA, ISO have taken many steps towards the standardisation of bibliographic exchange formats. The process of standardisation follows a set of codes given by International Standard Organisation (ISO).
Many commercial online search systems permit the formation complex expressions by using Boolean logic to combine retrieval sets, Boolean logic is algebra of sets. In online information retrieval, Boolean logic is applied to sets of posting. Boolean logic (named after George Boole, a 19th century mathematician) defines logical relationships between terms in a search.
All types of libraries /information centres are organized to provide some basic services which are rendered either in anticipation or on demand from the users. The information services provided in anticipation are termed as alerting services as this alert the users about the new information of their interest. Broadly speaking the same is also termed as current awareness service . The primary aim of any library is to provide timely and quality services to its users
Evaluation of Library Automation software ppt.pptxRbalasubramani
The selection of a good and perfect software package is not an easy job. A package which does not perform as expected or which requires expensive modifications will shake its creditability to the librarians to purchase them. A change of finding a right package could be improved by setting up an evaluation process based on common sense.
The prime objective of any library is to meet the information requirements of its clients most effectively. To meet this objective, the library builds the collection in a planned manner and offers a variety of information services to inform the users what is available and whatever latest has been published in their areas of interest. All these services generate requests from the users for the original documents. The service that supplies the required document to the user on demand is known as Document Delivery Service.
Management of Library Automation
Library Automation refers to the use of computers to serve the needs of library users. The operations of a library get a quantum jump with the introductions of computers. The computers help to provide fast and reliable access to the resources available in the library as well as elsewhere. The application of computers in the library operations avoids repetitive jobs and saves lot of labour, time, speeds up operations, increases use of library resources. Computers are not only used as a tool for processing the data, but also for data storage and accessing. Planning for an automated system, no matter how big or small, should be part of an overall long-range plan for the library. Automation should always be used as a means to achieve overall better patron service.
RFID (Radio Frequency Identification)
Today, more and more libraries are adopting RFID (Radio Frequency Identification) technologies as it streamlines workflow in the area of self service, book returns, shelf management and inventory.
SOUL: LIBRARY AUTOMATION SOFTWARE
Software is defined as a set of related computer programs (stored set of instructions) that governs the operation of computer system and makes the hardware run. The software for a computer system may be classified as system software (e.g. Operating System) and application software. System software is responsible for the overall management of the computer resources whereas application software is designed to perform certain tasks and thereby make computers able to perform different predefined jobs. Library automation software, as application software, performs day-to-day library activities through human interventions. Library automation packages are developed in view of the two most essential activities of any library – housekeeping and information retrieval.
Automating the library is a fruitful solution for avoiding majority of problems. But is also identified , that most of our libraries, especially school and public libraries, run their services with a very small budgetary/financial support. Such libraries may find it difficult to take initiative for automating the system. In such situations, chossing open source software is the best solution.
Library automation refers to the implementation of information and communications technologies (ICT) in the libraries and information centres for replacing manual library operations. The term automation is used for any process which is done through input and output operation. Library automation system includes maintenance of large bibliographical database. The status of library automation depends on Interaction between human and computer to accomplish various tasks of the library automation systems. In order to provide and also to enable the records in the database. The international standards for bibliographic description of library automation system uses sophisticated software tools and standard to index search and display information from the database created.
Z39.50 :An Information Retrieval Protocol.
The development of online bibliographic databases and the rapid growth of online services accessible on the internet and world wide web (WWW) has made it possible to access information in ways not possible before. Libraries, whose primary mandate is to provide information, shifted the emphasis from collecting the information in hard copy to accessing information through electronic resources.
The word 'Bibliography' originates from two Greek words, viz., 'Biblion' which means 'Book' and 'graphien' which means 'to write'. The original meaning of 'bibliography' was 'writing of books', Nowadays bibliography means listing of book/documents irrespective of the fact that whether they are available in a library or not.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
How to Create Map Views in the Odoo 17 ERPCeline George
The map views are useful for providing a geographical representation of data. They allow users to visualize and analyze the data in a more intuitive manner.
This is a presentation by Dada Robert in a Your Skill Boost masterclass organised by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan (EFSS) on Saturday, the 25th and Sunday, the 26th of May 2024.
He discussed the concept of quality improvement, emphasizing its applicability to various aspects of life, including personal, project, and program improvements. He defined quality as doing the right thing at the right time in the right way to achieve the best possible results and discussed the concept of the "gap" between what we know and what we do, and how this gap represents the areas we need to improve. He explained the scientific approach to quality improvement, which involves systematic performance analysis, testing and learning, and implementing change ideas. He also highlighted the importance of client focus and a team approach to quality improvement.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Students, digital devices and success - Andreas Schleicher - 27 May 2024..pptxEduSkills OECD
Andreas Schleicher presents at the OECD webinar ‘Digital devices in schools: detrimental distraction or secret to success?’ on 27 May 2024. The presentation was based on findings from PISA 2022 results and the webinar helped launch the PISA in Focus ‘Managing screen time: How to protect and equip students against distraction’ https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/education/managing-screen-time_7c225af4-en and the OECD Education Policy Perspective ‘Students, digital devices and success’ can be found here - https://oe.cd/il/5yV
The Indian economy is classified into different sectors to simplify the analysis and understanding of economic activities. For Class 10, it's essential to grasp the sectors of the Indian economy, understand their characteristics, and recognize their importance. This guide will provide detailed notes on the Sectors of the Indian Economy Class 10, using specific long-tail keywords to enhance comprehension.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Cambridge International AS A Level Biology Coursebook - EBook (MaryFosbery J...
Hardware and Software requirements for Internet 2.pptx
1. Hardware and Software requirements for
Internet
Punitha. S
20LIB12
Madurai Kamaraj University
2. Introduction
• The Internet is the global system of interconnected computer networks that use the Internet protocol
suite to link devices worldwide. The purpose of the internet is to communicate between computers
that are interconnected with each other. Internet is accessible to every user all over the world.
• It is a network of networks that consists of private, public, academic, business, and government
networks of local to global scope, linked by a broad array of electronic, wireless, and optical
networking technologies.
• The Internet carries a vast range of information resources and services, such as the inter-linked
hypertext documents and applications of the World Wide Web (WWW), electronic mail, telephony
and file sharing.
• Browser is a tool used to access the internet using WWW (World Wide Web) and HTTP (Hyper Text
Transfer Protocol). In the browser, if the user types the domain name such as www.tn.gov.in, the
browser calls a protocol name DNS (Domain Name Server). DNS is used to get the IP address of the
domain names.
3. Evolution of Internet
• Internet evolved in 1969 and evolved many changes in several technologies and Infrastructural levels.
• Internet was started by ARPANET (Advanced Research Project Agency Network), developed by United
States. Department of Defence for communication among different government bodies, initially with
four nodes.
• In 1972, the four nodes has been developed and it grown to 23 nodes located in different countries
making it Internet.
• Invented TCP/IP protocols, DNS, WWW, browsers scripting languages.
• Internet is used as a medium to publish and access the information
4. • In 1985, The NSFNET was composed of multiple regional networks and peer networks
• In 1986, the NSFNET created a three-tiered network architecture.
• In 1988, updated the links to make it faster
• In 1990, Merit, IBM, and MCI started a new organization known as Advanced Network and
Services (ANS).
• By 1991, data traffic had increased tremendously, which necessitated upgrading the
NSFNET's backbone network service to T3 (45 Mbps) links.
5. Hardware and Software Requirements for Internet connection
• The following are the methods of connecting a computer to the Internet using software and hardware
peripherals.
• Connecting a computer using Wireless Broadband
• Connecting a computer using an Ethernet Cable
• Connecting a Computer Using Dial-Up Community
6. Hardware Requirement
• To connect the Internet, any one of the following is mandatory.
• Modem is used to connect Internet through Telephone connection.
• NIC- Network Interface Card(wired/ wireless) facility is the most important hardware required to
connect Internet. For example, the Laptop can be connected Internet through the wired/wireless.
• Dongle is used to connect the Internet using cellular network
• Wi-Fi router or Hotspot is used to connect the Internet using wireless network
• Electronic device which supports cellular network
• Internet Connectivity such as Dial-up connection, ISDN, DSL, Cable TV, wired and wireless
(Cellular) Network.
7. Software Requirement
• The operating system should support TCP (Transfer Control Protocol) / IP (Internet Protocol),
SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol),
FTP (File Transfer Protocol),
HTTP (Hyper Text Transfer Protocol) and
HTTPS (Hyper Text Transfer Protocol Secured) protocols.
• Browsers and other Internet clients access to the web applications such as Outlook, Gmail, Whatsapp,
Facebook, Twitter and etc.
8. Connection Types
The following methods are able to connect internet.
• Dial-up Connection
• Dial-up access is really just like a phone connection. Connection through modem and a public
telephone network. It uses analogue telephone line. Encoding & Decoding of analogue signals is
done by modem. Using a dial -up line to transmit data is similar to using the telephone to make a
call speed is only 56 kbps. dial-up connection is established when two or more data
communication devices use a Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN) to connect to an
Internet Service Provider (ISP) from computers. Many remote locations depend on Internet dial-up
connections because broadband and cable are rare in remote areas with low population. Internet
Service Providers often provide dial-up connections, a feasible alternative for budget-conscious
subscribers.
10. ISDN- Integrated Services Digital Network
• ISDN is the acronym of Integrated Services Digital Network. It establishes the connection using the
phone lines (PSTN) which carry digital signals instead of analogue signals. It is a set of communication
standards for simultaneous digital transmission of data, voice, video, and other services over the
traditional circuits of the public switched telephone network. There are two techniques to deliver ISDN
services such as Basic Rate Interface (BRI) and Primary Rate Interface (PRI).
12. Advantages
• Multiple digital channels
• Speedy
• It can be used for other activities like videoconferencing
• Disadvantages
• It is very costly than the other typical telephone system
13. DSL- Digital Subscriber Line
• Digital Subscriber Line (DSL) is a high-speed Internet service for homes and businesses that competes
with cable and other forms of broadband Internet. DSL provides high-speed networking over ordinary
Telephone lines using broadband modem technology. The technology behind DSL enables Internet
and telephone service to work over the same phone line without requiring customers to disconnect
either their Voice or Internet connections.
Advantages
• DSL simultaneously keeps your Internet connection and phone lines open.
• Downloads are faster than uploads.
• DSL uses the existing wiring infrastructure of your telephone lines
• Disadvantages
• Large amount of uploading is not possible
• DSL is limited to a certain perimeter
• Compared to dial up,it is expensive
14. Cable TV Internet Connection (setup box)
• The cable TV network can be used for connecting a computer or a local network to the Internet,
competing directly with DSL (Digital Subscriber Line) technology. This type of network is classified
as HFC (Hybrid Fiber-Coaxial), as it uses both fiber optics and coaxial cables. The connection
between the cable TV company to the distribution points (Optical nodes) is made using fiber optics,
with distances up to 25 miles (40 km). Each optical node is typically serves between 500 and 2,000
clients (customers)
16. Satellite Internet Connection
• Satellite Internet access is Internet access provided through satellite communication for domestic and
enterprise usage. Data is being sent from the satellite to a user’s equipment and then translated and
decoded. Delivered through satellite dish. Equipment required-mini dish satellite receiver and satellite
modem. Upload speed 128 kbps. Download speed 400 kbps. The facility of modern consumer grade
satellite Internet service is typically provided to individual users through geostationary satellites . It
provides fairly high data speeds, along with latest satellites using Ka-band to attain downstream data
speeds up to 50 Mbps internet speed.
.
17. Advantages
• High speed internet access
• Does not tie up with local phone service or cable TV subscription
• Connection speed is not affected by phone or cable wiring
• Disadvantages
• More expensive than DSL and cable.
• Large setup fee. Expensive equipment upfront. Has to be set up by rained technician
18. Wireless Internet Connection
• It is a technology for wireless local area networking with devices based on the IEEE
802.11 standards. Devices that can use Wi-Fi technology include personal computers,
video-game consoles, phones and tablets, digital cameras, smart TVs, digital audio players
and modern printers. Wi-Fi compatible devices can connect to the Internet via a WLAN
and a wireless access point. Such an access point (or hotspot) has a range of about 20
meters (66 feet) indoors and a greater range of outdoors. Hotspot coverage can be as small
as a single room with walls that block radio waves, or as large as many square kilometres
achieved by using multiple overlapping access points
19. What is authentication
• Authentication is the process of identifying users that request access to a system, network, or device.
Access control often determines user identity according to credentials like username and password.
Other authentication technologies like biometrics and authentication apps are also used to authenticate
user identity.
Why Is User Authentication Important?
User authentication is a method that keeps unauthorized users from accessing sensitive information.
20. Common Authentication Types
Password-based authentication
• Passwords are the most common methods of authentication. Passwords can be in the form of
a string of letters, numbers, or special characters. To protect yourself you need to create
strong passwords that include a combination of all possible options.
• However, passwords are prone to phishing attacks and bad hygiene that weakens
effectiveness. An average person has about 25 different online accounts, but only 54% of
users use different passwords across their accounts.
• The truth is that there are a lot of passwords to remember. As a result, many people choose
convenience over security. Most people use simple passwords instead of creating reliable
passwords because they are easier to remember.
• The bottom line is that passwords have a lot of weaknesses and are not sufficient in protecting
online information. Hackers can easily guess user credentials by running through all possible
combinations until they find a match.
21. Multi-Factor authentication (MFA)
• It is an authentication method that requires
two or more independent ways to identify a
user. Examples include codes generated from
the user’s smartphone, Captcha tests,
fingerprints, voice biometrics or facial
recognition.
• MFA authentication methods and
technologies increase the confidence of users
by adding multiple layers of security. MFA
may be a good defence against most account
hacks , but it has its own pitfalls. People may
lose their phones or SIM cards and not be
able to generate an authentication code.
22. Certificate-based authentication
• Certificate-based authentication technologies identify users, machines or devices by using
digital certificates. A digital certificate is an electronic document based on the idea of a
driver’s license or a passport.
• The certificate contains the digital identity of a user including a public key, and the digital
signature of a certification authority. Digital certificates prove the ownership of a public key
and issued only by a certification authority.
• Users provide their digital certificates when they sign in to a server. The server verifies the
credibility of the digital signature and the certificate authority. The server then uses
cryptography to confirm that the user has a correct private key associated with the certificate.
23. Biometric Authentication
• Biometrics authentication is a security process that relies on the unique biological
characteristics of an individual. Here are key advantages of using biometric authentication
technologies:
• Biological characteristics can be easily compared to authorized features saved in a
database.
• Biometric authentication can control physical access when installed on gates and doors.
• You can add biometrics into your multi-factor authentication process.
• Biometric authentication technologies are used by consumers, governments and private
corporations including airports, military bases, and national borders. The technology is
increasingly adopted due to the ability to achieve a high level of security without creating
friction for the user.
24. Common biometric authentication methods include:
• Facial recognition
Matches the different face characteristics of an individual trying to gain access to an approved face stored in a
database. Face recognition can be inconsistent when comparing faces at different angles or comparing people who
look similar, like close relatives. Facial liveness technology prevents spoofing.
• Fingerprint scanners
Match the unique patterns on an individual’s fingerprints. Some new versions of fingerprint scanners can even
assess the vascular patterns in people’s fingers. Fingerprint scanners are currently the most popular biometric
technology for everyday consumers, despite their frequent inaccuracies. This popularity can be attributed to
iPhones.
• Speaker Recognition
Also known as voice biometrics, examines a speaker’s speech patterns for the formation of specific
shapes and sound qualities. A voice-protected device usually relies on standardized words to identify
users, just like a password.
• Eye scanners
Include technologies like iris recognition and retina scanners. Iris scanners project a bright light
towards the eye and search for unique patterns in the colored ring around the pupil of the eye. The
patterns are then compared to approved information stored in a database. Eye-based authentication
may suffer inaccuracies if a person wears glasses or contact lenses.
25. Token-based authentication
• Token-based authentication technologies enable users to enter their credentials once and
receive a unique encrypted string of random characters in exchange. You can then use the
token to access protected systems instead of entering your credentials all over again. The
digital token proves that you already have access permission. Use cases of token-based
authentication include RESTful APIs that are used by multiple frameworks and clients.
26. Conclusion
• Authentication technology is always changing. Businesses have to move beyond passwords
and think of authentication as a means of enhancing user experience. Authentication methods
like biometrics eliminate the need to remember long and complex passwords. As a result of
enhanced authentication methods and technologies, attackers will not be able to exploit
passwords, and a data breach will be prevented