This document provides a review of grammatical structures for students including phrases, clauses, and sentence types. It discusses noun clauses in detail, including their functions in sentences, how they are introduced, indirect speech, verbs of urgency, and adjectives of urgency. Students are instructed to study these topics for an upcoming test. The review covers identifying and providing examples of structures, types of clauses and sentences, verb tenses, and transitivity. It also lists topics for the following week on the course website including adverb clauses.

1. TDC 1
Pedagogical Grammar
Class 4

2. Review
Phrases, clause and sentences.
• In groups of three, give a definition and an example
of these three types of structure.
Types of sentence
 Simple
 Compound
 Complex
 Compound - Complex
• With your partners, find a way to describe and exemplify
them.

3. Let’s practice
• In the next exercise you will classify
phrases, clauses and sentences.
• Have some paper and a pencil ready.
Phrases, clauses and sentences

4. Review
Adjective Clauses
and Reductions

5. Noun Clauses
What are the most common functions of a noun in a sentence?
Jim studies business in Boston.
Subject Direct Object Object of a Preposition
Jack decided to give his sister a new car.
Subject Indirect Object Direct Object
Julia is a great teacher.
Subject Subject Complement
The same happens to noun clauses.
I don’t know whether he is honest.
Direct Object
What he said is that eveyone should have done it.
Subject Subject Complement
He will give whoever arrives first a book about what happened.
Indirect Object Object of a Preposition

6. Noun Clauses
How do we start noun clauses?
I don’t know whether he is honest.
Alternative Words
What he said is that eveyone should have done it.
Question Words “that”
He will give whoever arrives first a book about what happened.
Question Words Question Words
Which one can be omitted?
“that”
What he said is that everyone should have done it.

7. Noun Clauses – Indirect Speech
Report the sentences below.
Jack says, “You write pretty well.”
Jack says that I write pretty well..
Jack said, “You write pretty well.”
Jack said that I wrote pretty well.
What can we conclude?
If the reporting verb (the main verb of the sentence) is in the
simple past, the verb in the noun clause will usually be
backshifted.

8. Noun Clauses – Indirect Speech
Report the sentences below.
Jack said, “I watch TV everyday.”
Jack said that he watched TV everyday.
Jack said, “I can watch TV with you later.”
Jack said that he could watch TV with me later.
Jack said, “I shouldn’t watch TV this evening.”
Jack said that he shouldn’t watch TV that evening.
What can we conclude?
“Should” doesn’t change.
Are there any other verbs that do not change?
“Ought to” and “might.”

9. Noun Clauses – Wish
Complete the sentences below with the correct form of the
verb in parentheses.
1. Our classroom doesn’t have any windows.
I wish our classroom _______________ windows.
had
2. I didn’t go shopping.
had gone
I wish I ______________ shopping.
3. She will not tell me.
would tell
I wsh she _______________ me.
What can we conclude?
The simple past is used to make a wish about the present.
The past perfect is used to make a wish about the past.
“Would” is used to make a wish about the future.

10. Noun Clauses – Verbs of Urgency
Rewrite the first sentence in each pair below, substituting
“this” for the second sentence.
1. Frank demanded this.
Marta must hand in her assignment on time.
Frank demanded that Marta hand in her assignment on time.
2. Frank requests this.
John should study at home.
Frank requests that John study at home.
3. Frank will propose this.
Mariana cannot visit him on weekdays.
Frank will propose that Mariana not visit him on weekdays.
What can we conclude?
The present subjunctive (=simple form) of the verb is always
used in noun clauses after verbs of urgency.

11. Noun Clauses – Adjectives of Urgency
Complete the sentence below with the information given.
1. Jack must call his boss.
that Jack call his boss.
It is urgent _______________________________________
2. Beth should start planning her trip.
that Beth plan her trip.
It’s important _____________________________________
3. Junior must not touch his boss’s computer.
It’s imperative _____________________________________
that Junior not touch his boss’s computer.
What can we conclude?
The present subjunctive (=simple form) of the verb is always
used in noun clauses after adjectives of urgency.

12. Homework
Study for the Test

13. Topics for the test!
• Definitions
• ELLs x NSs errors
• Parts of speech – ELLs errors
• Recognize examples of structures (graded ex.)
• Types of clauses
• Types of sentences
• Verb tenses
• Verb transitivity

14. Moodle Week
1) Transitivity of Verbs 2) Adverb Clauses
• Transitive, Di- • Condition
Transitive, Complex- • Contrast
Transitive Verbs • Cause-Effect
• Intransitive Verbs • Purpose
• Linking Verbs • Time
• Reductions