Abstract: In this paper, a methodology has been proposed to minimize the losses of distribution systems (technical and non-technical losses) that is an absolutely necessary objective in the sound management of any electrical utility. The transmission & distribution losses in Indian power system are high. Most of the efforts of power planners concentrate on augmenting supply by building new power plants. But saving is possible by improving operating conditions for the distribution network. Due to inadequate planning and methods adopted for load shifting, some networks are under loaded while others are overloaded. Thus there is some scope for improvement in operating strategies. Network reconfiguration in distribution system is realized by changing the status of the sectionalizing switches and is usually done for loss reduction and avoids overloading. In primary distribution system (11KV), the need for reconfiguration occurs in emergency condition following the fault to isolate faulted section and in normal condition to reduce system losses or to avoid overloading of network. The main objective of the paper is to outline a methodology for management of distribution system for loss reduction by network reconfiguration. The possible techniques used for power loss reduction, which are network reconfiguration and capacitor addition. Case studies were simulated on an interconnected ring main distribution network.
Assessment of Energy Efficiency of a Large Interconnected Distribution System...paperpublications3
Abstract: In a situation, where there is a shortage of power generation or the power stations are operating with a very low reserve margin, as is typically the current position in INDIA, there is a need to operate distribution network at the highest possible efficiency by utilizing network power loss reduction techniques. Such techniques are especially important when contingencies occur as they tend to increase loss, reduce efficiencies and cause power supplies to such networks to increase. This increase can cause the network or multiples of such networks to be load shed, as the power stations do not have the reserve margins to meet this increased demand. An efficiency schedule has been developed for a large ring network that reduces the loss so that its input power can be decreased. In this way, the available power existing due to the contingency can be more evenly spread, and the number of ring main networks to be load shed could be reduced. From the obtained results, the developed efficiency schedule for a large ring main network under contingency conditions was shown to be effective. The efficiency schedule is thus recommended for application in this important field as it will help to prevent load shedding, especially in the situation where power stations are operating with low reserve margins.
Mitigation of Power Quality Problems Using Custom Power Devices: A Reviewijeei-iaes
Electrical power quality (EPQ) in distribution systems is a critical issue for commercial, industrial and residential applications. The new concept of advanced power electronic based Custom Power Devices (CPDs) mainly distributed static synchronous compensator (D-STATCOM), dynamic voltage restorer (DVR) and unified power quality conditioner (UPQC) have been developed due to lacking the performance of traditional compensating devices to minimize power quality disturbances. This paper presents a comprehensive review on D-STATCOM, DVR and UPQC to solve the electrical power quality problems of the distribution networks. This is intended to present a broad overview of the various possible DSTATCOM, DVR and UPQC configurations for single-phase (two wire) and three-phase (three-wire and four-wire) networks and control strategies for the compensation of various power quality disturbances. Apart from this, comprehensive explanation, comparison, and discussion on D-STATCOM, DVR, and UPQC are presented. This paper is aimed to explore a broad prospective on the status of D-STATCOMs, DVRs, and UPQCs to researchers, engineers and the community dealing with the power quality enhancement. A classified list of some latest research publications on the topic is also appended for a quick reference.
This document discusses distributed generation, which refers to small-scale power generation located near the end users. It can include sources like solar panels, wind turbines, fuel cells, and cogeneration. Distributed generation has advantages like reduced transmission losses and improved supply security. However, it also presents challenges like impacts on power quality from issues such as voltage regulation, grounding, harmonics, and islanding effects. The document outlines different distributed generation technologies and concludes that its integration into the power system is possible if interconnection designs adequately address power quality and safety considerations.
Optimal Placement of Distributed Generation on Radial Distribution System for...IJMER
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) covers all the fields of engineering and science: Electrical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Civil Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Computer Engineering, Agricultural Engineering, Aerospace Engineering, Thermodynamics, Structural Engineering, Control Engineering, Robotics, Mechatronics, Fluid Mechanics, Nanotechnology, Simulators, Web-based Learning, Remote Laboratories, Engineering Design Methods, Education Research, Students' Satisfaction and Motivation, Global Projects, and Assessment…. And many more.
Distributed energy units cannot be directly integrated into the power grid due to their inherently varying output. An interfacing technology is required. The power electronic interface is used for connecting distributed energy resources to the smart grid. It can also be used in any type of electric vehicles. It does not store energy in its circuitry. It receives power from the distributed energy source and converts it to power at the required voltage and frequency. This paper provides a brief introduction on power electronic interface. Matthew N. O. Sadiku | Adedamola A. Omotoso | Sarhan M. Musa "Power Electronic Interface" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-1 , December 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd29394.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/29394/power-electronic-interface/matthew-n-o-sadiku
Power Quality Improvement of Grid Interconnection of renewable Energy Based D...IJERA Editor
This paper presents a grid interfacing inverter which compensates power quality problems and also interface Renewable Energy Sources with the help of electric grid. Renewable Energy Sources are being increasingly connected in distribution system utilizing power electronic converters. Grid interfacing inverter can be used: 1) To improve the transfer of active power harvested from RES; 2) To meet load reactive power demand support ; 3) To reduce current harmonics by incorporating the current harmonic compensator at point of common coupling(PCC) ; 4) current unbalance and neutral current compensation in case of 3-phase 4-wire system. The fuzzy logic can be used in many applications especially, when the process/models are complex to analyse by using classical methods. Mainly fuzzy logic controller is used to control DC capacitor voltage. Simulations are carried out using MATLAB/SIMULINK to verify the performance of the controller. The output shows the controller has fast dynamic response high accuracy of tracking DC voltage reference and robust to load parameters variations.
Analysis and Implementation of Power Quality Enhancement Techniques Using Cus...ijtsrd
Traditional power production has become challenging for utilities due to the depletion of fossil fuels, coal, and oil. This must be done in a less expensive and more efficient manner. To meet the consumers power needs, a new source is needed. The alternative source should be sustainable and capable of fulfilling the needs of the customer. The incorporation of renewable energy into the grid is a helpful method of meeting demand. The integration of renewable energy has three main challenges frequency fluctuation, power quality issues, and power system instability. The following issues were critical in nature. An expert system based on an analytic hierarchy method is used to detect and classify power quality issues. Previously, it could detect sag, swell, transients, harmonics, interruptions, and flickers. A method for categorizing events that is error free has been proposed. The streamlined process provides for more accurate identification and classification of power quality issues. an examination of power quality issues and their mitigation via the use of unified power quality conditioners UPQC To reduce different power quality problems, an Adaptive Neuro Fuzzy Inference System ANFIS is employed. Using renewable energy sources effectively reduces environmental impact. The proposed technique corrects voltage imbalances and reduces overall harmonic distortion at the point of common connection PCC . The installation of an ANFIS controlled DVR is utilized to minimize voltage fluctuations induced by the integration of renewable energy sources and transmission line failures. With the aim of using renewable energy, a fake fault was introduced to power quality events. The ANFIS controlled DVR plan is in place to mitigate the negative impacts of power quality events. ANFIS controlled DVR is compared to a conventional surveillance method. Nonlinear loads generate voltage flickers and total harmonic distortion, therefore a distributed static compensator D STATCOM is employed to avoid these. It is recommended that D STATCOM use three control methods instantaneous power theory, synchronous vector PI control, and harmonic elimination. The D efficacy of STATCOMs is tested under severe load conditions. Various control methods will be used to evaluate and debate the proposed expert system and customized power devices. Rahul Gokhle | Pramod Kumar Rathore "Analysis and Implementation of Power Quality Enhancement Techniques Using Custom Power Devices" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-6 , October 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd46380.pdf Paper URL : https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/46380/analysis-and-implementation-of-power-quality-enhancement-techniques-using-custom-power-devices/rahul-gokhle
Grid Interconnection of Renewable Energy Sources at the Distribution Level Wi...Pradeep Avanigadda
Renewable energy resources (RES) are being increasingly connected in distribution systems utilizing power electronic converters.
This project presents a novel control strategy for achieving maximum benefits from these grid-interfacing inverters when installed in 3-phase 4-wire distribution systems.
The inverter can thus be utilized as:
1) power converter to inject power generated from RES to the grid &
2) shunt APF to compensate current unbalance, load current harmonics, load reactive power demand and load neutral current.
Assessment of Energy Efficiency of a Large Interconnected Distribution System...paperpublications3
Abstract: In a situation, where there is a shortage of power generation or the power stations are operating with a very low reserve margin, as is typically the current position in INDIA, there is a need to operate distribution network at the highest possible efficiency by utilizing network power loss reduction techniques. Such techniques are especially important when contingencies occur as they tend to increase loss, reduce efficiencies and cause power supplies to such networks to increase. This increase can cause the network or multiples of such networks to be load shed, as the power stations do not have the reserve margins to meet this increased demand. An efficiency schedule has been developed for a large ring network that reduces the loss so that its input power can be decreased. In this way, the available power existing due to the contingency can be more evenly spread, and the number of ring main networks to be load shed could be reduced. From the obtained results, the developed efficiency schedule for a large ring main network under contingency conditions was shown to be effective. The efficiency schedule is thus recommended for application in this important field as it will help to prevent load shedding, especially in the situation where power stations are operating with low reserve margins.
Mitigation of Power Quality Problems Using Custom Power Devices: A Reviewijeei-iaes
Electrical power quality (EPQ) in distribution systems is a critical issue for commercial, industrial and residential applications. The new concept of advanced power electronic based Custom Power Devices (CPDs) mainly distributed static synchronous compensator (D-STATCOM), dynamic voltage restorer (DVR) and unified power quality conditioner (UPQC) have been developed due to lacking the performance of traditional compensating devices to minimize power quality disturbances. This paper presents a comprehensive review on D-STATCOM, DVR and UPQC to solve the electrical power quality problems of the distribution networks. This is intended to present a broad overview of the various possible DSTATCOM, DVR and UPQC configurations for single-phase (two wire) and three-phase (three-wire and four-wire) networks and control strategies for the compensation of various power quality disturbances. Apart from this, comprehensive explanation, comparison, and discussion on D-STATCOM, DVR, and UPQC are presented. This paper is aimed to explore a broad prospective on the status of D-STATCOMs, DVRs, and UPQCs to researchers, engineers and the community dealing with the power quality enhancement. A classified list of some latest research publications on the topic is also appended for a quick reference.
This document discusses distributed generation, which refers to small-scale power generation located near the end users. It can include sources like solar panels, wind turbines, fuel cells, and cogeneration. Distributed generation has advantages like reduced transmission losses and improved supply security. However, it also presents challenges like impacts on power quality from issues such as voltage regulation, grounding, harmonics, and islanding effects. The document outlines different distributed generation technologies and concludes that its integration into the power system is possible if interconnection designs adequately address power quality and safety considerations.
Optimal Placement of Distributed Generation on Radial Distribution System for...IJMER
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) covers all the fields of engineering and science: Electrical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Civil Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Computer Engineering, Agricultural Engineering, Aerospace Engineering, Thermodynamics, Structural Engineering, Control Engineering, Robotics, Mechatronics, Fluid Mechanics, Nanotechnology, Simulators, Web-based Learning, Remote Laboratories, Engineering Design Methods, Education Research, Students' Satisfaction and Motivation, Global Projects, and Assessment…. And many more.
Distributed energy units cannot be directly integrated into the power grid due to their inherently varying output. An interfacing technology is required. The power electronic interface is used for connecting distributed energy resources to the smart grid. It can also be used in any type of electric vehicles. It does not store energy in its circuitry. It receives power from the distributed energy source and converts it to power at the required voltage and frequency. This paper provides a brief introduction on power electronic interface. Matthew N. O. Sadiku | Adedamola A. Omotoso | Sarhan M. Musa "Power Electronic Interface" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-1 , December 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd29394.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/29394/power-electronic-interface/matthew-n-o-sadiku
Power Quality Improvement of Grid Interconnection of renewable Energy Based D...IJERA Editor
This paper presents a grid interfacing inverter which compensates power quality problems and also interface Renewable Energy Sources with the help of electric grid. Renewable Energy Sources are being increasingly connected in distribution system utilizing power electronic converters. Grid interfacing inverter can be used: 1) To improve the transfer of active power harvested from RES; 2) To meet load reactive power demand support ; 3) To reduce current harmonics by incorporating the current harmonic compensator at point of common coupling(PCC) ; 4) current unbalance and neutral current compensation in case of 3-phase 4-wire system. The fuzzy logic can be used in many applications especially, when the process/models are complex to analyse by using classical methods. Mainly fuzzy logic controller is used to control DC capacitor voltage. Simulations are carried out using MATLAB/SIMULINK to verify the performance of the controller. The output shows the controller has fast dynamic response high accuracy of tracking DC voltage reference and robust to load parameters variations.
Analysis and Implementation of Power Quality Enhancement Techniques Using Cus...ijtsrd
Traditional power production has become challenging for utilities due to the depletion of fossil fuels, coal, and oil. This must be done in a less expensive and more efficient manner. To meet the consumers power needs, a new source is needed. The alternative source should be sustainable and capable of fulfilling the needs of the customer. The incorporation of renewable energy into the grid is a helpful method of meeting demand. The integration of renewable energy has three main challenges frequency fluctuation, power quality issues, and power system instability. The following issues were critical in nature. An expert system based on an analytic hierarchy method is used to detect and classify power quality issues. Previously, it could detect sag, swell, transients, harmonics, interruptions, and flickers. A method for categorizing events that is error free has been proposed. The streamlined process provides for more accurate identification and classification of power quality issues. an examination of power quality issues and their mitigation via the use of unified power quality conditioners UPQC To reduce different power quality problems, an Adaptive Neuro Fuzzy Inference System ANFIS is employed. Using renewable energy sources effectively reduces environmental impact. The proposed technique corrects voltage imbalances and reduces overall harmonic distortion at the point of common connection PCC . The installation of an ANFIS controlled DVR is utilized to minimize voltage fluctuations induced by the integration of renewable energy sources and transmission line failures. With the aim of using renewable energy, a fake fault was introduced to power quality events. The ANFIS controlled DVR plan is in place to mitigate the negative impacts of power quality events. ANFIS controlled DVR is compared to a conventional surveillance method. Nonlinear loads generate voltage flickers and total harmonic distortion, therefore a distributed static compensator D STATCOM is employed to avoid these. It is recommended that D STATCOM use three control methods instantaneous power theory, synchronous vector PI control, and harmonic elimination. The D efficacy of STATCOMs is tested under severe load conditions. Various control methods will be used to evaluate and debate the proposed expert system and customized power devices. Rahul Gokhle | Pramod Kumar Rathore "Analysis and Implementation of Power Quality Enhancement Techniques Using Custom Power Devices" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-6 , October 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd46380.pdf Paper URL : https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/46380/analysis-and-implementation-of-power-quality-enhancement-techniques-using-custom-power-devices/rahul-gokhle
Grid Interconnection of Renewable Energy Sources at the Distribution Level Wi...Pradeep Avanigadda
Renewable energy resources (RES) are being increasingly connected in distribution systems utilizing power electronic converters.
This project presents a novel control strategy for achieving maximum benefits from these grid-interfacing inverters when installed in 3-phase 4-wire distribution systems.
The inverter can thus be utilized as:
1) power converter to inject power generated from RES to the grid &
2) shunt APF to compensate current unbalance, load current harmonics, load reactive power demand and load neutral current.
This document presents a voltage stability-based approach for distributed generation (DG) placement in distribution networks. It discusses tools for voltage stability analysis including P-V curves, V-Q curves, modal analysis, and continuous power flow methods. The proposed DG placement algorithm uses modal analysis to identify critical modes and buses, and continuous power flow to determine the most voltage sensitive bus. DGs are then placed at candidate buses to maximize loading and improve voltage stability metrics like voltage security margin, loss reduction, and voltage profile. The method is demonstrated on the 33-bus test system, showing improvements in these indices with DG placement.
A CONTROL APPROACH FOR GRID INTERFACING INVERTER IN 3 PHASE 4 WIRE DISTRIBUT...IJMER
With the increase in load demand, the Renewable Energy Sources (RES) are
increasingly connected in the distribution systems which utilizes power electronic
Converters/Inverters. Nowadays, 3-phase 4-wire distribution power system has been widely used in
residential and office buildings, manufacturing facilities, schools etc This paper presents a novel
control strategy for achieving maximum benefits from the grid-interfacing inverters when installed in
3-phase 4-wire distribution systems. The inverter can thus be utilized as: 1) power converter to inject
power to the grid, and 2) shunt APF to compensate current unbalance, load current harmonics and
load neutral current. All of these functions may be accomplished either individually or
simultaneously. This new control concept is demonstrated with extensive MATLAB/Simulink
simulation studies
Impact of distributed generations on power system protectionAdeen Syed
Distributed generators connected to distribution networks can impact the network's performance and protection schemes. There are several types of distributed generators such as photovoltaic cells, wind turbines, biomass, diesel generators, and micro turbines that can provide power. The connection of distributed generators to distribution networks can increase short circuit currents, impact protection coordination, and cause issues with temporary faults. Protection schemes must be adapted to address these changes to maintain reliability, speed selectivity, and minimize costs when distributed generation is integrated into distribution networks.
A brief and basic presentation of interconnections of pwer system,it covers all the basic aspects of power system interconnection that how systems can be built with interconnections
Optimization Technique for Power Quality Improvement using DSTATCOM Neural Ne...ijtsrd
This document reviews optimization techniques for power quality improvement using DSTATCOM with a neural network approach. It discusses how DSTATCOM and other custom power devices like DVR, UPQC can be used to improve power quality by mitigating issues like voltage sags, swells, harmonics, and reactive power. It also presents the configuration of a DSTATCOM system and a control algorithm using a backpropagation neural network to extract fundamental active and reactive power components and estimate harmonic currents for compensation under nonlinear loads. The proposed neural network control approach for DSTATCOM is aimed to improve power quality by compensating for harmonics, reactive power, and providing zero voltage regulation.
Enhancing Energy Efficiency of Distribution Transformers through Energy Conse...Premier Publishers
This paper describes the various options of energy conservation methods to enhance the energy efficiency of transformers. The energy economics of using low loss core is also studied and given the results in this paper. The load management of distribution transformers have reduced the energy losses considerably in industries. In this paper, a detailed computer based evaluation of energy losses due to off-design operation and size mismatch of transformers, unbalanced secondary load, low power factor on the secondary are discussed for thermal power stations and process industries. Automation of transformer management is described as it can lead to considerable saving in energy. The energy conservation measures for distribution transformers have reduced the transformer losses by 10 – 15 % in industries.
The document discusses techniques for optimal placement of distributed generation (DG) in distribution networks based on voltage stability. It presents modal analysis and continuous power flow methods to evaluate voltage stability and determine the best DG locations. As a case study, these techniques are applied to a 33-bus radial distribution network with 40% DG penetration to minimize losses and improve voltage profiles. Additionally, a reactive power ranking method provides a priority list of DG sites to compensate for reactive power shortages. The techniques ensure DG placement enhances voltage security margin while addressing both long-term and short-term reactive power issues.
Microsoft PowerPoint - Impacts of Distributed Generation (Public Copy)George Sey Jr., PE
Distributed generation can impact local distribution systems in several ways: it can cause overvoltages, voltage fluctuations, and issues related to unintentional islanding when the distributed generation continues to operate after being isolated from the main grid. Proper grounding of distributed generation sources and anti-islanding protection are important to mitigate these impacts. As distributed generation penetration increases, its impacts on distribution systems must be carefully evaluated.
This document discusses predictive direct power control (PDPC) of a grid-connected dual-active bridge multilevel inverter (DABMI) for renewable energy integration. A DABMI topology is proposed that uses two cascaded inverters to generate multilevel output voltages. A PDPC control strategy is adopted to control the real and reactive power injected into the grid. Simulation results show that the proposed DABMI produces lower power ripple and achieves currents with low total harmonic distortion within IEEE standards using PDPC control.
Grid Interconnection of Renewable Energy Sources at the Distribution Level Wi...Pradeep Avanigadda
Renewable energy resources (RES) are being increasingly
connected in distribution systems utilizing power electronic
converters. This paper presents a novel control strategy for
achieving maximum benefits from these grid-interfacing inverters
when installed in 3-phase 4-wire distribution systems. The inverter
is controlled to perform as a multi-function device by incorporating
active power filter functionality. The inverter can thus be
utilized as: 1) power converter to inject power generated from
RES to the grid, and 2) shunt APF to compensate current unbalance,
load current harmonics, load reactive power demand and
load neutral current. All of these functions may be accomplished
either individually or simultaneously. With such a control, the
combination of grid-interfacing inverter and the 3-phase 4-wire
linear/non-linear unbalanced load at point of common coupling
appears as balanced linear load to the grid. This new control
concept is demonstrated with extensive MATLAB/Simulink simulation
studies and validated through digital signal processor-based
laboratory experimental results.
Index Terms—Active power filter
As the rapid development of photovoltaic (PV) technology in recent years with the growth of electricity demand, integration of photovoltaic distributed generation (PVDG) to the distribution system is emerging to fulfil the demand. There are benefits and drawbacks to the distribution system due to the penetration of PVDG. This paper discussed and investigated the impacts of PVDG location and size on distribution power systems. The medium voltage distribution network is connected to the grid with the load being supplied by PVDG. Load flow and short circuit calculation are analyzed by using DigSILENT Power Factory Software. Comparisons have been made between the typical distribution system and the distribution system with the penetration of PVDG. Impacts in which PVDG location and size integrates with distribution system are investigated with the results given from the load flow and short circuit analysis. The results indicate positive impacts on the system interconnected with PVDG such as improving voltage profile, reducing power losses, releasing transmission and distribution grid capacity. It also shows that optimal locations and sizes of DGs are needed to minimize the system’s power losses. On the other hand, it shows that PVDG interconnection to the system can cause reverse power flow at improper DG size and location and increases short circuit level.
IRJET - Introduction of STATCOM in PV Grid SystemIRJET Journal
The document discusses introducing a STATCOM device in a photovoltaic (PV) grid system to improve power quality. A STATCOM, which is a type of Flexible AC Transmission System (FACTS) device, is proposed to be connected at the point of common coupling (PCC) along with a battery energy storage system (BESS). This is aimed to mitigate power quality issues like voltage variations and harmonics that can arise from integrating a intermittent power source like PV into the grid. The STATCOM regulates voltage and provides reactive power support, while the BESS helps maintain real power flow. It is argued this system provides better performance than existing approaches and has smaller size and lower cost.
Flexibility of Power System (Sources of flexibility & flexibility markets)Bilal Amjad
This presentation gives a detail explanation of power system flexibility, flexibility in traditional power system, future flexibility needs and resources and flexibility markets.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
IRJET- Optimization of Loss Reduction using FACTS Device (SVC & STATCOM) ...IRJET Journal
This document discusses optimization of power losses in extra high voltage transmission systems using Flexible AC Transmission System (FACTS) devices like SVC and STATCOM. It analyzes power losses that occur due to line resistance and current flow. FACTS devices can control parameters like line reactance to reduce losses and enhance power transfer capability. The study models and simulates placement of TCSC FACTS devices on IEEE 9-bus, 14-bus and 30-bus test systems. Results show TCSC placement reduces total real power losses by 6.7-17% depending on the test system. Optimal TCSC location is determined as the line with maximum power losses.
Power-Quality Improvement Features In Grid Interconnection of Wind Energy Sou...AM Publications
The increased power demand, the depletion of the fossil fuel resources and the growth of the environmental pollution has led
the world to think seriously of other alternative sources of energy. So renewable energy resources (RES) are being connected to the
distribution systems, mostly done by using power electronic converters. A new control strategy for achieving maximum advantage from
these grid-interfacing inverters which are when installed in 3-phase 4-wire distribution systems is given in this paper. With the inverter
control, the inverter can be used as a multi-function device, which includes the function of: 1) power converter to inject power generated
from RES to the grid, and 2) shunt APF to compensate current unbalance, load current harmonics, load reactive power demand and
load neutral current. These functions of the inverter can be done either individually or simultaneously. The proposed inverter with the
control when connected, helps the 3-phase 4-wire linear/non-linear unbalanced load at point of common coupling appear as balanced
linear load to the grid. With MATLAB/Simulink simulation studies, the proposed control technique is demonstrated and evaluated here.
This document discusses issues related to connecting renewable energy sources to the electric grid. It notes that renewable resources like wind and solar are intermittent and lack flexibility, posing challenges to balancing supply and demand. Various technical issues are explored, such as voltage fluctuations, frequency variation, power quality issues like harmonics. Solutions discussed include using inverters with voltage regulation modes, frequency ride-through systems, and distributing generation sources across three phases. The document advocates for grid-tied renewable systems and the development of new technologies to better integrate intermittent renewables at high penetration levels.
Assessment of Energy Efficiency of a Large Interconnected Distribution System...paperpublications3
Abstract: In a situation, where there is a shortage of power generation or the power stations are operating with a very low reserve margin, as is typically the current position in INDIA, there is a need to operate distribution network at the highest possible efficiency by utilizing network power loss reduction techniques. Such techniques are especially important when contingencies occur as they tend to increase loss, reduce efficiencies and cause power supplies to such networks to increase. This increase can cause the network or multiples of such networks to be load shed, as the power stations do not have the reserve margins to meet this increased demand. An efficiency schedule has been developed for a large ring network that reduces the loss so that its input power can be decreased. In this way, the available power existing due to the contingency can be more evenly spread, and the number of ring main networks to be load shed could be reduced. From the obtained results, the developed efficiency schedule for a large ring main network under contingency conditions was shown to be effective. The efficiency schedule is thus recommended for application in this important field as it will help to prevent load shedding, especially in the situation where power stations are operating with low reserve margins.
TCSC AND SVC OPTIMAL LOCATION TO IMPROVE THE PERFORMANCE OF POWER SYSTEM WITH...eeiej_journal
Wind generation connection to power system affects steady state and transient stability. Furthermore, this
effect increases with the increase of wind penetration in generation capacity. In this paper optimal location
of FACTS devices is carried out to solve the steady state problems of wind penetration. Two case studies
are carried out on modified IEEE39 bus system one with wind reduction to 20% and the second with wind
penetration increase by 50% in the two cases system suffer from outage of one generator with load at bus
39 decreases from 1104 MW to 900 MW.
This document discusses different power distribution systems including radial, ring, and network systems.
It provides details on:
- The permissible voltage ranges for low-voltage customers
- Causes and calculations for voltage drop and power losses
- The reliability and efficiency advantages of ring and network systems over radial systems
- Selection criteria for single-phase versus three-phase distribution based on economic considerations
- Calculating motor performance values like speed and torque given specifications like voltage, frequency, resistance
Optimal placement and sizing of ht shunt capacitors for transmission loss min...IAEME Publication
This document summarizes an article from the International Journal of Electrical Engineering and Technology that proposes a method for optimal placement and sizing of shunt capacitors in the RRVPNL Power Grid transmission network in India. The objectives are to minimize transmission losses and improve the voltage profile in a cost-effective manner. The method formulates the problem using an objective function that considers active power loss reduction and voltage deviation minimization. Power flow is solved iteratively using MATLAB to determine the optimal capacitor locations and sizes that meet the objectives while satisfying voltage constraints. Simulation results found the proposed method effectively restructures capacitor placement in the grid to optimize utilization of capacitors for loss reduction and voltage stability enhancement.
This document presents a voltage stability-based approach for distributed generation (DG) placement in distribution networks. It discusses tools for voltage stability analysis including P-V curves, V-Q curves, modal analysis, and continuous power flow methods. The proposed DG placement algorithm uses modal analysis to identify critical modes and buses, and continuous power flow to determine the most voltage sensitive bus. DGs are then placed at candidate buses to maximize loading and improve voltage stability metrics like voltage security margin, loss reduction, and voltage profile. The method is demonstrated on the 33-bus test system, showing improvements in these indices with DG placement.
A CONTROL APPROACH FOR GRID INTERFACING INVERTER IN 3 PHASE 4 WIRE DISTRIBUT...IJMER
With the increase in load demand, the Renewable Energy Sources (RES) are
increasingly connected in the distribution systems which utilizes power electronic
Converters/Inverters. Nowadays, 3-phase 4-wire distribution power system has been widely used in
residential and office buildings, manufacturing facilities, schools etc This paper presents a novel
control strategy for achieving maximum benefits from the grid-interfacing inverters when installed in
3-phase 4-wire distribution systems. The inverter can thus be utilized as: 1) power converter to inject
power to the grid, and 2) shunt APF to compensate current unbalance, load current harmonics and
load neutral current. All of these functions may be accomplished either individually or
simultaneously. This new control concept is demonstrated with extensive MATLAB/Simulink
simulation studies
Impact of distributed generations on power system protectionAdeen Syed
Distributed generators connected to distribution networks can impact the network's performance and protection schemes. There are several types of distributed generators such as photovoltaic cells, wind turbines, biomass, diesel generators, and micro turbines that can provide power. The connection of distributed generators to distribution networks can increase short circuit currents, impact protection coordination, and cause issues with temporary faults. Protection schemes must be adapted to address these changes to maintain reliability, speed selectivity, and minimize costs when distributed generation is integrated into distribution networks.
A brief and basic presentation of interconnections of pwer system,it covers all the basic aspects of power system interconnection that how systems can be built with interconnections
Optimization Technique for Power Quality Improvement using DSTATCOM Neural Ne...ijtsrd
This document reviews optimization techniques for power quality improvement using DSTATCOM with a neural network approach. It discusses how DSTATCOM and other custom power devices like DVR, UPQC can be used to improve power quality by mitigating issues like voltage sags, swells, harmonics, and reactive power. It also presents the configuration of a DSTATCOM system and a control algorithm using a backpropagation neural network to extract fundamental active and reactive power components and estimate harmonic currents for compensation under nonlinear loads. The proposed neural network control approach for DSTATCOM is aimed to improve power quality by compensating for harmonics, reactive power, and providing zero voltage regulation.
Enhancing Energy Efficiency of Distribution Transformers through Energy Conse...Premier Publishers
This paper describes the various options of energy conservation methods to enhance the energy efficiency of transformers. The energy economics of using low loss core is also studied and given the results in this paper. The load management of distribution transformers have reduced the energy losses considerably in industries. In this paper, a detailed computer based evaluation of energy losses due to off-design operation and size mismatch of transformers, unbalanced secondary load, low power factor on the secondary are discussed for thermal power stations and process industries. Automation of transformer management is described as it can lead to considerable saving in energy. The energy conservation measures for distribution transformers have reduced the transformer losses by 10 – 15 % in industries.
The document discusses techniques for optimal placement of distributed generation (DG) in distribution networks based on voltage stability. It presents modal analysis and continuous power flow methods to evaluate voltage stability and determine the best DG locations. As a case study, these techniques are applied to a 33-bus radial distribution network with 40% DG penetration to minimize losses and improve voltage profiles. Additionally, a reactive power ranking method provides a priority list of DG sites to compensate for reactive power shortages. The techniques ensure DG placement enhances voltage security margin while addressing both long-term and short-term reactive power issues.
Microsoft PowerPoint - Impacts of Distributed Generation (Public Copy)George Sey Jr., PE
Distributed generation can impact local distribution systems in several ways: it can cause overvoltages, voltage fluctuations, and issues related to unintentional islanding when the distributed generation continues to operate after being isolated from the main grid. Proper grounding of distributed generation sources and anti-islanding protection are important to mitigate these impacts. As distributed generation penetration increases, its impacts on distribution systems must be carefully evaluated.
This document discusses predictive direct power control (PDPC) of a grid-connected dual-active bridge multilevel inverter (DABMI) for renewable energy integration. A DABMI topology is proposed that uses two cascaded inverters to generate multilevel output voltages. A PDPC control strategy is adopted to control the real and reactive power injected into the grid. Simulation results show that the proposed DABMI produces lower power ripple and achieves currents with low total harmonic distortion within IEEE standards using PDPC control.
Grid Interconnection of Renewable Energy Sources at the Distribution Level Wi...Pradeep Avanigadda
Renewable energy resources (RES) are being increasingly
connected in distribution systems utilizing power electronic
converters. This paper presents a novel control strategy for
achieving maximum benefits from these grid-interfacing inverters
when installed in 3-phase 4-wire distribution systems. The inverter
is controlled to perform as a multi-function device by incorporating
active power filter functionality. The inverter can thus be
utilized as: 1) power converter to inject power generated from
RES to the grid, and 2) shunt APF to compensate current unbalance,
load current harmonics, load reactive power demand and
load neutral current. All of these functions may be accomplished
either individually or simultaneously. With such a control, the
combination of grid-interfacing inverter and the 3-phase 4-wire
linear/non-linear unbalanced load at point of common coupling
appears as balanced linear load to the grid. This new control
concept is demonstrated with extensive MATLAB/Simulink simulation
studies and validated through digital signal processor-based
laboratory experimental results.
Index Terms—Active power filter
As the rapid development of photovoltaic (PV) technology in recent years with the growth of electricity demand, integration of photovoltaic distributed generation (PVDG) to the distribution system is emerging to fulfil the demand. There are benefits and drawbacks to the distribution system due to the penetration of PVDG. This paper discussed and investigated the impacts of PVDG location and size on distribution power systems. The medium voltage distribution network is connected to the grid with the load being supplied by PVDG. Load flow and short circuit calculation are analyzed by using DigSILENT Power Factory Software. Comparisons have been made between the typical distribution system and the distribution system with the penetration of PVDG. Impacts in which PVDG location and size integrates with distribution system are investigated with the results given from the load flow and short circuit analysis. The results indicate positive impacts on the system interconnected with PVDG such as improving voltage profile, reducing power losses, releasing transmission and distribution grid capacity. It also shows that optimal locations and sizes of DGs are needed to minimize the system’s power losses. On the other hand, it shows that PVDG interconnection to the system can cause reverse power flow at improper DG size and location and increases short circuit level.
IRJET - Introduction of STATCOM in PV Grid SystemIRJET Journal
The document discusses introducing a STATCOM device in a photovoltaic (PV) grid system to improve power quality. A STATCOM, which is a type of Flexible AC Transmission System (FACTS) device, is proposed to be connected at the point of common coupling (PCC) along with a battery energy storage system (BESS). This is aimed to mitigate power quality issues like voltage variations and harmonics that can arise from integrating a intermittent power source like PV into the grid. The STATCOM regulates voltage and provides reactive power support, while the BESS helps maintain real power flow. It is argued this system provides better performance than existing approaches and has smaller size and lower cost.
Flexibility of Power System (Sources of flexibility & flexibility markets)Bilal Amjad
This presentation gives a detail explanation of power system flexibility, flexibility in traditional power system, future flexibility needs and resources and flexibility markets.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
IRJET- Optimization of Loss Reduction using FACTS Device (SVC & STATCOM) ...IRJET Journal
This document discusses optimization of power losses in extra high voltage transmission systems using Flexible AC Transmission System (FACTS) devices like SVC and STATCOM. It analyzes power losses that occur due to line resistance and current flow. FACTS devices can control parameters like line reactance to reduce losses and enhance power transfer capability. The study models and simulates placement of TCSC FACTS devices on IEEE 9-bus, 14-bus and 30-bus test systems. Results show TCSC placement reduces total real power losses by 6.7-17% depending on the test system. Optimal TCSC location is determined as the line with maximum power losses.
Power-Quality Improvement Features In Grid Interconnection of Wind Energy Sou...AM Publications
The increased power demand, the depletion of the fossil fuel resources and the growth of the environmental pollution has led
the world to think seriously of other alternative sources of energy. So renewable energy resources (RES) are being connected to the
distribution systems, mostly done by using power electronic converters. A new control strategy for achieving maximum advantage from
these grid-interfacing inverters which are when installed in 3-phase 4-wire distribution systems is given in this paper. With the inverter
control, the inverter can be used as a multi-function device, which includes the function of: 1) power converter to inject power generated
from RES to the grid, and 2) shunt APF to compensate current unbalance, load current harmonics, load reactive power demand and
load neutral current. These functions of the inverter can be done either individually or simultaneously. The proposed inverter with the
control when connected, helps the 3-phase 4-wire linear/non-linear unbalanced load at point of common coupling appear as balanced
linear load to the grid. With MATLAB/Simulink simulation studies, the proposed control technique is demonstrated and evaluated here.
This document discusses issues related to connecting renewable energy sources to the electric grid. It notes that renewable resources like wind and solar are intermittent and lack flexibility, posing challenges to balancing supply and demand. Various technical issues are explored, such as voltage fluctuations, frequency variation, power quality issues like harmonics. Solutions discussed include using inverters with voltage regulation modes, frequency ride-through systems, and distributing generation sources across three phases. The document advocates for grid-tied renewable systems and the development of new technologies to better integrate intermittent renewables at high penetration levels.
Assessment of Energy Efficiency of a Large Interconnected Distribution System...paperpublications3
Abstract: In a situation, where there is a shortage of power generation or the power stations are operating with a very low reserve margin, as is typically the current position in INDIA, there is a need to operate distribution network at the highest possible efficiency by utilizing network power loss reduction techniques. Such techniques are especially important when contingencies occur as they tend to increase loss, reduce efficiencies and cause power supplies to such networks to increase. This increase can cause the network or multiples of such networks to be load shed, as the power stations do not have the reserve margins to meet this increased demand. An efficiency schedule has been developed for a large ring network that reduces the loss so that its input power can be decreased. In this way, the available power existing due to the contingency can be more evenly spread, and the number of ring main networks to be load shed could be reduced. From the obtained results, the developed efficiency schedule for a large ring main network under contingency conditions was shown to be effective. The efficiency schedule is thus recommended for application in this important field as it will help to prevent load shedding, especially in the situation where power stations are operating with low reserve margins.
TCSC AND SVC OPTIMAL LOCATION TO IMPROVE THE PERFORMANCE OF POWER SYSTEM WITH...eeiej_journal
Wind generation connection to power system affects steady state and transient stability. Furthermore, this
effect increases with the increase of wind penetration in generation capacity. In this paper optimal location
of FACTS devices is carried out to solve the steady state problems of wind penetration. Two case studies
are carried out on modified IEEE39 bus system one with wind reduction to 20% and the second with wind
penetration increase by 50% in the two cases system suffer from outage of one generator with load at bus
39 decreases from 1104 MW to 900 MW.
This document discusses different power distribution systems including radial, ring, and network systems.
It provides details on:
- The permissible voltage ranges for low-voltage customers
- Causes and calculations for voltage drop and power losses
- The reliability and efficiency advantages of ring and network systems over radial systems
- Selection criteria for single-phase versus three-phase distribution based on economic considerations
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Optimal placement and sizing of ht shunt capacitors for transmission loss min...IAEME Publication
This document summarizes an article from the International Journal of Electrical Engineering and Technology that proposes a method for optimal placement and sizing of shunt capacitors in the RRVPNL Power Grid transmission network in India. The objectives are to minimize transmission losses and improve the voltage profile in a cost-effective manner. The method formulates the problem using an objective function that considers active power loss reduction and voltage deviation minimization. Power flow is solved iteratively using MATLAB to determine the optimal capacitor locations and sizes that meet the objectives while satisfying voltage constraints. Simulation results found the proposed method effectively restructures capacitor placement in the grid to optimize utilization of capacitors for loss reduction and voltage stability enhancement.
This power plant is located in Tadali, Chandrapur and is owned by CESC Ltd. It has a total generating capacity of 2 * 300MW. One of the units is scheduled to be commissioned in October 2012. The plant uses coal to generate steam which powers turbines that drive generators to produce electricity. It includes various components like coal conveyors, pulverizers, boilers, condensers, cooling towers and transformers. The document then discusses electricity transmission systems and describes the overhead, underground, bulk power transmission and sub transmission levels in detail. It analyzes losses at different transmission levels and factors affecting losses like resistance, inductance, capacitance and power factor. Finally, it discusses the grid failure that occurred on July
This document provides an overview of electrical systems, including:
1. Electricity is generated at power plants and transmitted through high voltage lines to distributors who step down the voltage for distribution to consumers.
2. Thermal power plants burn coal to heat water and produce steam that spins turbines to generate electricity. Transmission losses are about 17% on average in India.
3. Electricity billing is often based on maximum demand and energy consumption. Utilities charge for demand, active energy, reactive power, and other fees. Analyzing bills can help identify opportunities to reduce costs.
Flexible ac transmission systems (FACTSs) and voltage-source converters, with smart dynamic controllers, are emerging as a stabilization and power filtering equipment to improve the power quality. Also, distributed FACTSs play an important role in improving the power factor, energy utilization, enhancing the power quality, and ensuring efficient energy utilization and energy management in grids. This paper presents a literature survey of FACTS technology tools and applications for power quality and efficient utilization of electric system. There are some drawbacks of FACTS devices. These drawbacks can be fulfilled by using new compound, scalable, light weighted and cost effective devices that are distributed-FACTS (D-FACTS). D-FACTS controllers are distributed version of conventional lumped FACTS controllers and their cost is low due to lower ratings of component and reliability also increases due to redundancy of devices. The Enhanced Power Flow Controller (EPFC) is a D-FACTS controller which is distributed version of thyristor controlled series controller. DPFC controllers are used in series at small distance gap at every 5-10 km distance with transmission line to control the power flow. This paper discusses extensive review of the DPFC controller and its application in modern power system era. Zeba Akram"A comprehensive review on D-FACTS devices" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-3 , April 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd11649.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/11649/a-comprehensive-review-on-d-facts-devices/zeba-akram
1. The document discusses India's electrical power supply system, including generation from coal power plants, transmission through high voltage lines, distribution to consumers, and efficiency losses throughout the system.
2. It then covers electricity billing structures, factors that influence costs, and analyzing bills to identify opportunities to reduce costs through load management and improving power factor.
3. Load management techniques are discussed to help control maximum demand and minimize costs by shifting loads away from peak periods.
A Power quality problem is an occurrence of nonstandard voltage, current or frequency that results in a
failure or a misoperation of end user equipments. Utility distribution networks, sensitive industrial loads and
critical commercial operations suffer from various types of outages and service interruptions which can cost
significant financial losses. With the increase in load demand, the Renewable Energy Sources (RES) are
increasingly connected in the distribution systems which utilizes power electronic Converters/Inverters. This
paper presents a single-stage, three-phase grid connected solar photovoltaic (SPV) system. The proposed system
is dual purpose, as it not only feeds extracted solar energy into the grid but it also helps in improving power
quality in the distribution system. The presented system serves the purpose of maximum power point tracking
(MPPT), feeding SPV energy to the grid, harmonics mitigation of loads connected at point of common coupling
(PCC) and balancing the grid currents. The SPV system uses a three-phase voltage source converter (VSC) for
performing all these functions. An improved linear sinusoidal tracer (ILST)-based control algorithm is proposed
for control of VSC. In the proposed system, a variable dc link voltage is used for MPPT. An instantaneous
compensation technique is used incorporating changes in PV power for fast dynamic response. The SPV system
is first simulated in MATLAB along with Simulink and simpower system toolboxes.
Power Quality Improvement with Multilevel Inverter Based IPQC for MicrogridIJMTST Journal
A micro grid is a hybrid power system consists of several distributed resources and local loads .Now a
days with increasing on a day to day life micro grid plays a vital role in power generation using Renewable
Energy Sources. Usage of power electronic devices in a micro grid results in harmonic generation and leads to
various power quality issues. Inorder to overcome voltage fluctuations and over current a magnetic flux
control based variable reactor is proposed. The performance of IPQC can be verified by using
MATLAB/SIMULINK`
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
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yahoo journals, bing journals, International Journal of Engineering Research and Development, google journals, hard copy of journal
Variable Frequency on Wireless Power Transfer for Pacemaker using Embedded Te...IRJET Journal
This document describes a proposed wireless power transfer system for powering implantable medical devices like pacemakers. It discusses the challenges with using batteries in implants and proposes using inductive coupling between an external coil and implanted coil for contactless power transfer. The system would use a microcontroller to control power transmission frequency and rectifiers to convert the received AC power to DC for use in the implant. Design considerations like coil sizes, capacitors for impedance matching, and efficiency are analyzed. The document outlines the various circuit components that would be needed for the transmitter, receiver, and power regulation components for a wireless power transfer system for medical implants.
IRJET- Analysis of Demand Side Management of Distribution SystemsIRJET Journal
This document analyzes demand side management techniques in distribution systems using an IEEE 33 bus test system in DigSILent PowerFactory software. It implements different demand side management approaches like incorporating distributed energy sources, load shifting, and valley filling. The distributed energy sources used are distributed generators and batteries. Load shifting is done by shifting different percentages of load to off-peak hours. Valley filling is analyzed for different cases. The results of these demand side management techniques are compared to the base IEEE 33 bus system in terms of improvements to voltage profile and losses. The effectiveness of each technique is evaluated based on the losses.
Concept and Viability of High Temperature Superconductor Fault Current Limite...IOSR Journals
This document discusses the concept and viability of using a high temperature superconductor fault current limiter (HTSFCL) for power system protection. It begins with an introduction to the increasing fault current levels in power systems due to rising loads. It then reviews previous fault current limiting methods and outlines the ideal characteristics of a fault current limiter. The document focuses on modeling and simulating an HTSFCL using MATLAB. The HTSFCL design incorporates superconducting and stainless steel layers. Simulation results show the HTSFCL's ability to limit fault currents within a cycle by transitioning from a superconducting to resistive state as temperature rises during a fault.
Adiabatic describe the thermodynamic processes in which there is no energy exchange with the environment, and therefore very less dissipated energy loss. These circuits are low power circuits which use reversible logic to conserve energy. Adiabatic logic works with the concept of switching activities which reduces the power by giving stored energy back to the supply. The main design changes are focused on power clock which plays the vital role in the principle of operation. This has been used because many adiabaticcircuits use a combined power supply and clock, or a power clock (Four Phase).To achieve this, the power supply of adiabatic logic circuits have used time varying voltage charging signal, in contrast to traditional non-adiabatic systems that have generally used constant voltage charging from a fixed-voltage power supply. Thereby the circuit topology and operation of the circuit has been changed so that the source current of CMOS transistor change its direction and goes back to the supply(Recovery) when the power clock falls from VDD to zero. Power efficient blocks can be designed by using adiabatic logic which can be used in combinational and sequential circuits. The simulation of the designs is done using a backend tool called MENTOR GRAPHICS in 130nm technology
IRJET- Design and Analysis of Typical Chemical Industry Electrical Distributi...IRJET Journal
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Energy Efficiency in Electrical Systems.pptxPoojaAnupGarg
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IRJET- Improved Electrical Power Supply to Trans-Amadi Industrial Layout, Por...IRJET Journal
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Minimization of Overall Losses of a Distribution System under Contingency Conditions
1. ISSN 2349-7815
International Journal of Recent Research in Electrical and Electronics Engineering (IJRREEE)
Vol. 1, Issue 3, pp: (17-25), Month: October - December 2014, Available at: www.paperpublications.org
Page | 17
Paper Publications
Minimization of Overall Losses of a
Distribution System under Contingency
Conditions
1
Pragati Priya, 2
L S Titare
1
Department of Electrical Engineering, JEC Jabalpur (M. P.), India
2
Department of Electrical Engineering, JEC Jabalpur (M. P.), India
Abstract: In this paper, a methodology has been proposed to minimize the losses of distribution systems (technical
and non-technical losses) that is an absolutely necessary objective in the sound management of any electrical
utility. The transmission & distribution losses in Indian power system are high. Most of the efforts of power
planners concentrate on augmenting supply by building new power plants. But saving is possible by improving
operating conditions for the distribution network. Due to inadequate planning and methods adopted for load
shifting, some networks are under loaded while others are overloaded. Thus there is some scope for improvement
in operating strategies. Network reconfiguration in distribution system is realized by changing the status of the
sectionalizing switches and is usually done for loss reduction and avoids overloading. In primary distribution
system (11KV), the need for reconfiguration occurs in emergency condition following the fault to isolate faulted
section and in normal condition to reduce system losses or to avoid overloading of network. The main objective of
the paper is to outline a methodology for management of distribution system for loss reduction by network
reconfiguration. The possible techniques used for power loss reduction, which are network reconfiguration and
capacitor addition. Case studies were simulated on an interconnected ring main distribution network.
Keywords: Load flow, Network Reconfiguration, Distribution System and overall Power Loss.
1. INTRODUCTION
Saving electrical power has become a major challenge worldwide. However due to the increase in environmental concerns
the expansion of power stations that use traditional energy resources, such as coal, nuclear, oil etc., are being considered
to be put on hold, forcing existing transmission and/or distribution networks to be used more efficiently [1]. Researchers
have shown that a reduction of power loss in the network is much more beneficial than the increase in generation capacity
[2]. Traditionally, a well designed network serves its purpose best when it is working under normal operating conditions
and power loss are kept at a minimum. Failure of a major component in a ring main network, such as a substation infeed
or main distribution line can cause a network to go into an unacceptable state of operation requiring contingency analysis.
In this contingency state, the network operators must attempt to control the network defensively, that is, to make the input
power to the ring main network as small as possible, by using techniques to decrease losses. This reduction in power
drawn by the ring main network will mean less power needs to be supplied by power stations to this network, making
more available for other networks, despite the contingency being in effect. A schedule of power distribution has to be
developed for a large ring network that reduces the loss. In this way, the available power existing due to the contingency
can be more evenly spread, and the number of ring main networks to be load shed could be reduced. The objective of this
paper is to investigate a large urban network comprising multiple ring main networks for various contingency cases, while
ensuring that network constraints are respected. The developed methodology can be used as guidance by network
operators to enable them to deliver power to loads efficiently under contingency conditions and in so doing to help reduce
the power intake to the ring main network and the impact on generation capacity. This is especially relevant if the overall
2. ISSN 2349-7815
International Journal of Recent Research in Electrical and Electronics Engineering (IJRREEE)
Vol. 1, Issue 3, pp: (17-25), Month: October - December 2014, Available at: www.paperpublications.org
Page | 18
Paper Publications
power system is running with a small reserve margin as this will make extra power available that could help other
networks to continue operating which otherwise may need to be load shed, inconveniencing customers.
2. REACTIVE POWER IN DISTRIBUTION NETWORKS
Most of the electrical loads in distribution networks are inductive in nature. Typical examples are induction motors,
transformers and fluorescent lighting. These loads absorb both reactive and active power. The active power is used by the
load to perform the work, whereas reactive power is used by the load to sustain the electro-magnetic field. The reactive
power is always 90º lagging with respect to active power. The supply of reactive power from the network results in
reduced network efficiency due to:
Increased current for a given load
Higher volt-drop in the network
Increase in losses of transformers and cables
Higher apparent power (S) demand from the supply system
It is therefore necessary to reduce and manage the flow of reactive power to achieve higher efficiency of the electrical
network. The easiest method of reducing and managing reactive power is by power factor improvement through shunt
capacitors.
3. TRANSIENTS AND CAPACITOR SWITCHING
Capacitor switching offers a greater threat due to its generation of transients in distribution networks, every time it is
energized [3]. These transients can be more severe than any other types of transients caused by other equipment such as
energizing lines. When an uncharged capacitor is energized, the system voltage is momentarily pulled down. The voltage
will then rebound and exceed the system voltage by an amount equal to the difference between the system voltage and the
capacitor voltage at the instant of energizing [4]. The overshoot will generate a transient between 1.0 and 2.0 per unit
depending on system damping. Switching capacitors in the network is considered as a normal operation on the utility side;
however it may have a negative effect on the load side [5]. The frequency transients generated can be magnified on the
load side (if the load has low voltage power factor capacitors) and can as well result in nuisance tripping of the power
electronic devices. The primary area of concern is typically how capacitor switching transients affect power quality for
nearby industrial and commercial loads. The safe range determined in the literature is that the peak transient voltage level
should be less than twice the rated voltage.
4. COMPONENTS OF A DISTRIBUTION NETWORK
Underground cables (U/G cables):
U/G cables can be defined as insulated conductors, which are put together and finally provided with a number of layers of
insulation to give proper mechanical support and also for heat dissipation purposes. For U/G cables, heat dissipation is an
issue. The conductors mostly used for U/G cables are usually Aluminum or Copper. Copper is more expensive, but it has
a lower resistance than Aluminum. Copper’s low resistance is generally desirable for power lines to minimize power loss,
but also because the increase of heat in a conductor limits the conductor’s ability to carry current [ 6].
Overhead lines:
An overhead line consists of conductors, insulators, support structures and shield wires. Conductors of overhead
distribution lines typically consist of Aluminum, which is lightweight and inexpensive, and are often reinforced with steel
for strength. One of the most common conductor types is Aluminum Conductor Steel-Reinforced (ACSR), which consists
of layers of Aluminum strands surrounding a central core of steel strands [7]. When working with O/H lines a distinction
is usually drawn between the line lengths as short, medium and long lines. These line lengths have different equivalent
circuits.
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Power transformer:
The transformer is a valuable apparatus in electrical power systems, for it enables one to utilize different voltage levels
across the system for the most economical value [8]. Generation of power by synchronous machines is normally done at a
relatively low voltage, which is most desirable economically. Stepping up of this generated voltage to high voltage is done
through power transformers. This is done to suit the power transmission requirement, to minimize power losses and
increase the transmission capacity of the lines. The transmission voltage level is then stepped down for distribution and
utilization purposes [9].
Circuit breakers and switches:
Circuit breakers (CB) and switches are crucial components in a ring main network. The CB serves as a protective device
that breaks or interrupts overloads and short-circuit currents [10]. Switches are control devices that can be opened or
closed deliberately to make or break a connection. The difference between a CB and a switch is that CBs automatically
interrupt abnormally high currents, whereas switches are designed to be operable under normal currents.
5. OPERATIONAL CONSTRAINTS OF A DISTRIBUTION NETWORK
Indian utilities need to comply and adhere to the minimum standards as set out by the IS standard document. It provides
the following constraints:
Supply frequency standard:
The IS provides that a three-phase voltage shall be supplied at a nominal standard frequency of 50 Hz. The allowed
deviation is ± 3%.
The frequency magnitude must be maintained within the permissible limit:
Voltage regulation:
Voltage regulation is an important operational constraint in a distribution network. Voltage regulation is defined as the
change in voltage at the receiving-end of the line when the load varies from no-load to a specified full-load at a specified
power factor, while the sending-end voltage is held constant [11]. In the ideal case, the voltage level at the load buses
would remain at exactly a pre-set value, but in practice this is not possible due to continuing changes in load and system
configurations. The IS states that, the voltage at the load side must conform to an acceptable value within ± 10 % of
nominal voltage. Thus, if the nominal voltage is 400 V, then the highest voltage should not exceed 440V while the lowest
voltage should not be less than 360 V. The voltage magnitude at each bus must be maintained within its permissible limit
The percentage voltage regulation can be expressed as:
Voltage drop:
According to Indian standard, the maximum volt-drop constraint during full load running condition should not exceed 5%
of the nominal voltage.
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Conductor current carrying capacity:
The U/G cables and O/H lines are limited by their current carrying capacity. Thus,
Where,
IF, and IF,max are the current magnitude and maximum current capacity of U/G cable or O/H line F, respectively.
6. TECHNIQUES USED FOR POWER LOSS REDUCTION
There are energy–efficient techniques available that can reduce or keep distribution power loss down to acceptable levels.
These energy-efficient techniques have the additional benefit of improving the reliability and quality of supply of the
power network [12]. This will also have a dramatic impact on the total amount of generation capacity needed.
The following energy-efficient techniques are used for power loss reduction:
Re-Conductoring
Load Balancing
New Interconnection
Addition Of New Feeders In The Network
Replacement Of Old And Obsolete Equipment
Energy Management Systems (EMS)
Reconfiguring The Network
Capacitor Placement
The following subsections describe some of the above techniques and offer some insights into their effectiveness.
Re-conductring:
Re-conductoring allows the capacity of an existing conductor to be increased by replacing the existing conductors with
larger conductors. The size of the U/G cable is an important element as it determines the current density and the resistance
of the U/G cable. A lower U/G cable size can cause high power loss and high volt-drop in the U/G cable. Hence,
increasing the size of the U/G cable will result in power loss reduction. However, larger-sized cables are expensive and
the installation costs of these U/G cables also are likely to forbid re-conductoring as a feasible means of power loss
reduction. U/G cable upgrade can only be economically justified for older networks that are operating close to their
capacity and / or nearing their life span, where life span is the period of time a cable can operate safely.
Load balancing:
When the loads connected to the three phases of a U/G cable are not balanced, as it is always the case in many distribution
networks, it results in increased current flow causing the U/G cables to overload, and resulting in high power loss in the
system. In this case, the loads should be shifted to the less loaded U/G cables, to reduce the overloading and hence the
imbalance in the system.
Capacitor Addition:
Low PF causes an increase of power loss. The increase in PF is done by adding shunt capacitors in the network, as
discussed. To reduce the power loss in the distribution network effectively, shunt capacitors should be connected in any of
the following parts of the distribution network:
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- Across individual customers;
- At vantage points on 11 kV feeders;
- At distribution transformers; or
- At 11 kV stations.
Replacement of old and obsolete equipment:
This process involves the replacement of old equipment such as transformers, with more efficient ones. The replacement
of old high loss devices with new high efficient devices will improve the efficiency of the whole system. However, higher
efficiency transformers are considered to be very costly.
Reconfiguring the network:
One of the most effective power loss reduction techniques in distribution networks is to include in them N/O switches and
N/C switches. Network reconfiguration is achieved by changing the open/closed status of the switches, circuit breakers
(CBs) and other equipment in the network [13]. The reconfiguration process physically alters the topology of the network
to achieve certain objectives. Under normal operating conditions, the network is reconfigured to transfer away loads from
heavily loaded feeders and to reduce the system loss [14, 17]. Thus, if a network experiences an outage, the network is
reconfigured to restore services, and minimize areas without power, whilst keeping the voltage levels and voltage drops
within the desired percentage limits. Power utilities commonly use network reconfiguration to reduce power loss because
it does not require new equipment. This is the greatest advantage of this method.
Energy Management Systems (EMS):
An energy management system (EMS) is a system of computer-aided tools used by operators of electric utility grids to
monitor, control and optimize the performance of the distribution system. The EMS monitoring and control functions are
referred to as the supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA). This intelligent energy management system is
designed to reduce energy consumption, improve the utilization of the system, increase reliability, and predict electrical
system performance as well as optimize energy usage to reduce costs.
7. CASE STUDY
The first case study assumes a fault on Cable 1A in RM1.
a) Step 1: set the network to its initial condition operations.
b) Step 2: conduct a load flow study on the network. The steady-state results obtained from the load flow studies
conducted are as follows:
RM1 Load bus voltage level results (VI)
Table 1 shows the load bus voltage level results for the normal operation configuration.
Table 1: RM1 load bus voltage levels
Table 1 shows that the voltage levels at all load buses are within the 10% permissible limit
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RM1 Cable loading results (IF):
Table 2 shows the loading of U/G cables. The maximum carrying capacities of the cables
Table 2: RM1 Cable loading of RM1
The results presented in Table 2 show that all the cables are within their current carrying capacities.
The results obtained in Tables 1 and 2 show that during normal operations, the network is in a healthy state.
RM1 Overall power loss
The calculated overall power losses of the original configuration are:
Table 3: RM1 Load bus voltage levels due to removal of Cable 1A
The results depicted in Table 3, shows that the voltage level of the bus loads, LV1, LV2, LV3 and LV6 are below the
permissible 10% limit, with load bus LV2 dropping the highest by 12.25%.
The loading of the U/G cables are depicted in Table 4.
Table 4: RM1 Cable loading due to removal of Cable 1A
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Table 4 shows that the U/G cables 2A, 4A and 7A are overloaded, with cable 7A having the Highest overload percentage.
RM1 Overall power loss:
The new RM1 overall power loss obtained is:
d) Step 4: Observe if there are any busbar voltage violations or overloaded cables; If yes, continue to step 5,
- Voltage constraints violation
Figure 1 show that load buses LV1, LV2, LV3 and LV6 have experienced under voltage.
This can be confirmed in Table 3.
- Cable loading:
Table 4 shows that cables 2A, 4A, and 7A are overloaded.
The answer at step 4 is therefore yes, hence this takes us to step 5 of the developed efficiency plan.
e) Step 5: configure the open and closed switches and add capacitors simultaneously so that optimum voltage levels,
cable loadings, overall power loss and overall efficiency are achieved. Using empirical investigations it is found that for
this contingency case the optimum solution will be to:
Close N/O switch of Cable 8A at station BUSHV6
Open N/C switches of Cable 3A at station BUSHV8
Add 1.2 Mvar capacitor at station BUSHV5
Add 1.5 Mvar capacitor at station BUSHV8
Close N/O switch of Cable 15 at station BUSHV8
Open N/C switch of Cable 4A at station BUSHV8
f) Step 6: Simulate the new configuration and extract the new steady-state Vi, IF, Ploos(overall).
Table 5: Load bus voltage levels for the optimal configuration
Table 5 shows that all the load bus voltage levels are within the permissible limit, with the lowest being LV1 and LV2
with 0.374 kV, and the highest LV4 and LV5 with 0.378 kV.
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Table 6: Cable loadings for the optimal configuration
Table 5.6 shows that all the U/G cables are within their current carrying capacities.
- Overall power losses:
The new overall power losses obtained for RM1:
8. CONCLUSIONS
Power losses in networks are caused by the physical properties of the components in the networks. These losses are
inevitable, but can be reduced to an optimal level. The losses that occur in distribution networks are large enough to make
efforts to reduce them worthwhile. Hence one should try to find ways of minimizing these power losses under normal or
abnormal conditions. Ring main networks are considered to be efficient and believed to have low power losses but this is
a general assumption since how they operate under contingency conditions, in terms of efficiency is found not to be well
known. Thus, the loss of a major component in ring main network tends to increase the power losses causing power
shortage to the network. However, networks can be improved more to work efficiently by using specific techniques to
lower the power losses within them and in so doing decrease the input power drawn, easing any strain on power stations
that may be running with a low reserve margin. An empirical approach is used by network operators as a guideline to
bring about improved network performance and ensure network quality of supply when the system is subjected to
contingencies. It was found that by using opening/closing of switches (network reconfiguration) and capacitor addition,
power loss reduction techniques in networks ensure that network constraints are maintained under contingency conditions.
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