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Tcp and udp
TCP guarantees reliable delivery of data packets in the correct order, while UDP does not provide these guarantees. TCP is commonly used for applications that require reliable data transfer like HTTP and FTP. UDP is used for applications that prioritize speed over reliability, such as media streaming, VoIP, and online games. While TCP ensures error-free transmission, it introduces more overhead and latency than UDP. The choice between TCP and UDP depends on an application's requirements for reliability versus speed.
TCP Vs UDP
TCP and UDP are transport layer protocols that package and deliver data between applications. TCP provides reliable, ordered delivery through connection establishment and packet sequencing. UDP provides faster, unreliable datagram delivery without connections. Common applications using TCP include HTTP, FTP, and SMTP. Common UDP applications include DNS, DHCP, and streaming media.
UDP - User Datagram Protocol
Overview of UDP protocol.
UDP (User Datagram Protocol) is a simple extension of the Internet Protocol services. It basically provides simple packet transport service without any quality of service functions.
Unlike TCP, UDP is connection-less and packet-based. Application PDUs (application packets) sent over a UDP socket are delivered to the receiving host application as is without fragmentation.
UDP is mostly used by applications with simple request-response communication patterns like DNS, DHCP, RADIUS, RIP or RPC.
Since UDP does provide any error recovery such as retransmission of lost packets, the application protocols have to take care of these situations.
User datagram protocol (udp)
UDP is a connectionless transport layer protocol that runs over IP. It provides an unreliable best-effort service where packets may be lost, delivered out of order, or duplicated. UDP has a small 8-byte header and is lightweight, with no connection establishment or guarantee of delivery. This makes it fast and low overhead, suitable for real-time applications like streaming media where resending lost packets would cause delay.
User datagram protocol
This document discusses the User Datagram Protocol (UDP) which provides a connectionless mode of communication between applications on hosts in an IP network. It describes the format of UDP packets, how UDP checksums are calculated, and UDP's operation including encapsulation, queuing, and demultiplexing. Examples are provided to illustrate how a UDP control block table and queues are used to handle incoming and outgoing UDP packets. The document also discusses when UDP is an appropriate protocol to use compared to TCP.
Chapter 3 : User Datagram Protocol (UDP)
User Datagram Protocol (UDP) is a connectionless protocol that provides datagram socket services. It is simpler than TCP with less overhead but does not guarantee delivery or order of packets. The Java API provides the DatagramSocket and DatagramPacket classes to send and receive data packets. A MulticastSocket subclass of DatagramSocket allows sending data to multiple recipients by joining them to a multicast group.
Introduction of tcp, ip & udp
This document defines TCP, IP, and UDP. TCP provides reliable, ordered transmission of data and is connection-oriented. It is used for applications like web browsing. IP is connectionless and routes packets to the correct destination. UDP sends short, unreliable datagrams and is used for applications like video games that prioritize speed over reliability. The key difference between TCP and UDP is that TCP provides ordered, error-checked delivery while UDP is faster but unreliable.
Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)
The document discusses the key features and mechanisms of the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP). It begins with an introduction to TCP's main goals of reliable, in-order delivery of data streams between endpoints. It then covers TCP's connection establishment and termination processes, flow and error control techniques using acknowledgments and retransmissions, and congestion control methods like slow start, congestion avoidance, and detection.
Recommended
Tcp and udp
TCP guarantees reliable delivery of data packets in the correct order, while UDP does not provide these guarantees. TCP is commonly used for applications that require reliable data transfer like HTTP and FTP. UDP is used for applications that prioritize speed over reliability, such as media streaming, VoIP, and online games. While TCP ensures error-free transmission, it introduces more overhead and latency than UDP. The choice between TCP and UDP depends on an application's requirements for reliability versus speed.
TCP Vs UDP
TCP and UDP are transport layer protocols that package and deliver data between applications. TCP provides reliable, ordered delivery through connection establishment and packet sequencing. UDP provides faster, unreliable datagram delivery without connections. Common applications using TCP include HTTP, FTP, and SMTP. Common UDP applications include DNS, DHCP, and streaming media.
UDP - User Datagram Protocol
Overview of UDP protocol.
UDP (User Datagram Protocol) is a simple extension of the Internet Protocol services. It basically provides simple packet transport service without any quality of service functions.
Unlike TCP, UDP is connection-less and packet-based. Application PDUs (application packets) sent over a UDP socket are delivered to the receiving host application as is without fragmentation.
UDP is mostly used by applications with simple request-response communication patterns like DNS, DHCP, RADIUS, RIP or RPC.
Since UDP does provide any error recovery such as retransmission of lost packets, the application protocols have to take care of these situations.
User datagram protocol (udp)
UDP is a connectionless transport layer protocol that runs over IP. It provides an unreliable best-effort service where packets may be lost, delivered out of order, or duplicated. UDP has a small 8-byte header and is lightweight, with no connection establishment or guarantee of delivery. This makes it fast and low overhead, suitable for real-time applications like streaming media where resending lost packets would cause delay.
User datagram protocol
This document discusses the User Datagram Protocol (UDP) which provides a connectionless mode of communication between applications on hosts in an IP network. It describes the format of UDP packets, how UDP checksums are calculated, and UDP's operation including encapsulation, queuing, and demultiplexing. Examples are provided to illustrate how a UDP control block table and queues are used to handle incoming and outgoing UDP packets. The document also discusses when UDP is an appropriate protocol to use compared to TCP.
Chapter 3 : User Datagram Protocol (UDP)
User Datagram Protocol (UDP) is a connectionless protocol that provides datagram socket services. It is simpler than TCP with less overhead but does not guarantee delivery or order of packets. The Java API provides the DatagramSocket and DatagramPacket classes to send and receive data packets. A MulticastSocket subclass of DatagramSocket allows sending data to multiple recipients by joining them to a multicast group.
Introduction of tcp, ip & udp
This document defines TCP, IP, and UDP. TCP provides reliable, ordered transmission of data and is connection-oriented. It is used for applications like web browsing. IP is connectionless and routes packets to the correct destination. UDP sends short, unreliable datagrams and is used for applications like video games that prioritize speed over reliability. The key difference between TCP and UDP is that TCP provides ordered, error-checked delivery while UDP is faster but unreliable.
Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)
The document discusses the key features and mechanisms of the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP). It begins with an introduction to TCP's main goals of reliable, in-order delivery of data streams between endpoints. It then covers TCP's connection establishment and termination processes, flow and error control techniques using acknowledgments and retransmissions, and congestion control methods like slow start, congestion avoidance, and detection.
TCP- Transmission Control Protocol
TCP is a connection-oriented, reliable transport protocol that provides stream delivery, connection-oriented, and reliable services. It uses sequence numbers, acknowledgment numbers, and other features like flow control, error control, and congestion control to reliably deliver data between two endpoints. A TCP connection involves three phases - connection establishment using a three-way handshake, reliable data transfer with acknowledgments, and connection termination with another three-way handshake or four-way handshake with half-close option. TCP works well for both low and high-speed networks.
Tcp vs udp difference and comparison diffen
The document compares TCP and UDP protocols. TCP is connection-oriented and ensures reliable, ordered delivery of data. It is slower than UDP but suited for applications requiring high reliability. UDP is connectionless and does not guarantee delivery, order, or error checking. It is faster than TCP but less reliable. Examples of TCP applications include web browsing and file transfer. UDP is commonly used for applications requiring fast transmission like games and streaming media.
User datagram protocol
This document provides an overview of the User Datagram Protocol (UDP). It discusses UDP's attributes that make it suited for certain applications like streaming media. It describes UDP's packet structure including header fields like source/destination ports and checksum. It also compares UDP to the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP), noting that UDP does not guarantee delivery or ordering while TCP provides reliability. The document provides examples of applications that commonly use UDP like DNS and VoIP.
Tcp
This document discusses the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) which provides reliable, connection-oriented data transmission over the internet. TCP establishes a virtual connection between endpoints, ensuring reliable delivery through mechanisms like positive acknowledgement and retransmission. It uses a sliding window algorithm to guarantee reliable and in-order delivery while enforcing flow control between sender and receiver. Key aspects of TCP include connection establishment and termination, port numbers, segments, headers, and addressing end-to-end issues over heterogeneous networks.
TCP - Transmission Control Protocol
This presentation outlines the core functions of TCP - Transmission Control Protocol.
These comprise TCP Connection Control, TCP Flow Control, TCP Error Control, TCP Congestion Control, TCP Options and TCP Timers.
TCP/IP is the Internet core protocol that provides reliable, connection-oriented and stream-based communication service. Most of Internet traffic is carried in TCP connections, so scalability and reliability are crucial for a stable network on a global scale.
Tcp Udp Icmp And The Transport Layer
This document summarizes several internet protocols including IP, TCP, UDP, and ICMP. It describes key aspects of each protocol such as their purpose, packet structure, error handling mechanisms, and how they interact to enable communication over the internet. IP is a connectionless protocol that forwards packets based on destination addresses. TCP and UDP are transport layer protocols, with TCP providing reliable connections and UDP being connectionless. ICMP provides error reporting and control for IP. Port numbers and sockets are used to direct communication to specific applications.
TCP Model
- The TCP/IP model was created by the Department of Defense to provide reliable networking and data integrity during disasters. It is now the predominant networking model used today.
- The TCP/IP model layers correspond to layers in the OSI model. Key protocols at each TCP/IP layer include IP, TCP, UDP, ARP, and Ethernet at the network/data link layers.
- TCP provides reliable, connection-oriented communications using sequence numbers, acknowledgments, and retransmissions. UDP provides simpler, connectionless delivery without guarantees.
TCP/IP Network ppt
The document provides an overview of the TCP/IP model, describing each layer from application to network. The application layer allows programs access to networked services and contains high-level protocols like TCP and UDP. The transport layer handles reliable delivery via protocols like TCP and UDP. The internet layer organizes routing with the IP protocol. The network layer consists of device drivers and network interface cards that communicate with the physical transmission media.
Internet protocol (ip) ppt
IP specifies the format of packets, also called #datagrams, and the addressing scheme. Most networks combine IP with a higher-level protocol called Transmission Control Protocol (TCP), which establishes a virtual connection between a destination and a source.
If you want to purchase the content e-mail me on dulith1989@gmail.com
TCP/IP Basics
TCP/IP is a set of communication protocols used to connect devices on the internet. It includes lower level protocols like IP that handle basic transport of data and higher level protocols like TCP that ensure reliable delivery of data between applications. TCP establishes connections between clients and servers that allow for reliable transmission of data streams. UDP provides a simpler transmission model without ensuring delivery but is useful for applications like broadcasting.
Transport Layer: Protocol UDP dan Protocol TCP
1. Ada 7 lapisan protokol pada arsitektur jaringan OSI dan 5 lapisan pada TCP/IP.
2. UDP dan TCP berada pada Transport Layer. UDP tidak andal sedangkan TCP andal karena memiliki fitur seperti error checking dan flow control.
3. UDP digunakan untuk aplikasi yang tidak membutuhkan keandalan tinggi seperti streaming media, sedangkan TCP digunakan untuk aplikasi yang membutuhkan keandalan tinggi seperti transfer file.
TCP vs UDP / Sumiet23
1) TCP and UDP are the two main Internet protocols for transferring data.
2) TCP is connection-oriented, reliable, and ensures packets are delivered in order. UDP is connectionless and packets may arrive out of order or not at all.
3) TCP is used for applications like web browsing that require reliable data transfer, while UDP is used for real-time applications like streaming video that prioritize speed over reliability.
Transport layer
The document summarizes key aspects of the transport layer. It discusses how the transport layer provides logical communication between application processes running on different hosts by abstracting physical network details. It then describes the services provided by the transport layer including connection-oriented and connectionless services. It also discusses topics like quality of service, transport service primitives, addressing, connection establishment and release, flow control, multiplexing, and crash recovery for the transport layer.
Network Fundamentals: Ch7 - Data Link Layer
Data Link Layer Terms and Services such as frame, node, medium.
Creating a frame.
Data Link Layer sublayers: Logical Link Control and Media Access Control.
Media Access control methods for both of shared and non-sahred media.
Physical Topology: is an arrangement of the nodes and the physical connections between them.
Logical Topology: is the way a network transfers frames from one node to the next.
Data link layer addressing requirements.
Ethernet Protocol for LANs, Point-to-Point Protocol for WANs and Wireless Protocol for LANs.
Data link layer
This presentation covers the design issues of DLL, Error Correction and detection techniques, Sliding window protocols
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The document discusses Telnet, a protocol that allows users to access remote computers. It provides an overview of Telnet's history and requirements, steps for connecting to a remote computer using Telnet, tips for its use, current applications, advantages of accessing systems remotely, and disadvantages of the text-based interface. The presentation concludes with thanks and references.
FTP - File Transfer Protocol
Overview of the FTP protocol.
In the early days of the Internet, applications were mostly restricted to mail transfer (email) and file transfer. FTP (File Transfer Protocol) is one of the first standardized protocols for exchanging binary and text files between hosts.
FTP is rather simple in that it uses a TCP connection for exchanging commands and a data transfer TCP connection for the actual file transfer.
In normal FTP operation, the client opens the control connection to the FTP server while it is up to the server to open data connections for each file transfer. With the upcoming firewalls, this scheme proved to pose a problem since firewalls tend to block incoming TCP connections. Thus a passive mode was defined where the client is responsible to open the data connection to the server.
Networking Standards And Protocols
The document discusses the OSI model, which is a standard framework for network communication. It divides network architecture into seven layers: physical, data link, network, transport, session, presentation, and application. Each layer only communicates with the layers directly above and below it and has a specific set of functions. This layered approach makes networks easier to design, troubleshoot, and maintain when changes are made. The physical layer deals with physical connections and bit transmission. The data link layer organizes bits into frames and controls flow. The network layer decides how data moves between networks. Higher layers ensure reliable and secure delivery of data between applications.
IPv6
Overview of IPv6 protocol along with various transition scenarios for the migration from IPv4 to IPv6
IPv6 is the current and future Internet Protocol standard. As anticipated, IPv4 addresses became exhausted around 2012.
The IP address scarcity is the main driver for IPv6 protocol adoption.
IPv6 defines a much larger address space that should be sufficient for the foreseeable future, even taking into account Internet of Things scenarios with zillions of small devices connected to the Internet.
IPv6 is, however, much more than simply an expansion of the address space. IPv6 defines a clean address architecture with globally aggregatable addresses thus reducing routing table sizes in Internet routers.
IPv6 extension headers provide a standard mechanism for stacking protocols such as IP, IPSec, routing headers and upper layer headers such as TCP.
ICMP (Internet Control Message Protocol) is already defined for IPv4. ICMP was totally revamped for IPv6 and as ICMPv6 provides common functions like IP address and prefix assignment.
Lack of business drivers for migrating to IPv6 is responsible for sluggish adoption of IPv6 in carrier and enterprise networks.
Numerous transition mechanisms were developed to ease the transition from IPv4 to IPv6. Many of these mechanisms are complex and difficult to administer.
The transition mechanisms can be coarsely classified into dual-stack, tunneling and translation mechanisms.
Presentation on Domain Name System
This document provides an overview of the Domain Name System (DNS). It discusses what DNS is, why names are used instead of IP addresses, and the history and development of DNS. It describes the hierarchical name space and domain system. It also explains different DNS record types like A, CNAME, MX, and NS records. The document discusses recursive and iterative queries, legal users of domains, and security issues with the traditional DNS system. It provides an overview of how DNSSEC aims to address some of these security issues through digital signing of DNS records.
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How information systems are built or acquired puts information, which is what they should be about, in a secondary place. Our language adapted accordingly, and we no longer talk about information systems but applications. Applications evolved in a way to break data into diverse fragments, tightly coupled with applications and expensive to integrate. The result is technical debt, which is re-paid by taking even bigger "loans", resulting in an ever-increasing technical debt. Software engineering and procurement practices work in sync with market forces to maintain this trend. This talk demonstrates how natural this situation is. The question is: can something be done to reverse the trend?
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TCP- Transmission Control Protocol
TCP is a connection-oriented, reliable transport protocol that provides stream delivery, connection-oriented, and reliable services. It uses sequence numbers, acknowledgment numbers, and other features like flow control, error control, and congestion control to reliably deliver data between two endpoints. A TCP connection involves three phases - connection establishment using a three-way handshake, reliable data transfer with acknowledgments, and connection termination with another three-way handshake or four-way handshake with half-close option. TCP works well for both low and high-speed networks.
Tcp vs udp difference and comparison diffen
The document compares TCP and UDP protocols. TCP is connection-oriented and ensures reliable, ordered delivery of data. It is slower than UDP but suited for applications requiring high reliability. UDP is connectionless and does not guarantee delivery, order, or error checking. It is faster than TCP but less reliable. Examples of TCP applications include web browsing and file transfer. UDP is commonly used for applications requiring fast transmission like games and streaming media.
User datagram protocol
This document provides an overview of the User Datagram Protocol (UDP). It discusses UDP's attributes that make it suited for certain applications like streaming media. It describes UDP's packet structure including header fields like source/destination ports and checksum. It also compares UDP to the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP), noting that UDP does not guarantee delivery or ordering while TCP provides reliability. The document provides examples of applications that commonly use UDP like DNS and VoIP.
Tcp
This document discusses the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) which provides reliable, connection-oriented data transmission over the internet. TCP establishes a virtual connection between endpoints, ensuring reliable delivery through mechanisms like positive acknowledgement and retransmission. It uses a sliding window algorithm to guarantee reliable and in-order delivery while enforcing flow control between sender and receiver. Key aspects of TCP include connection establishment and termination, port numbers, segments, headers, and addressing end-to-end issues over heterogeneous networks.
TCP - Transmission Control Protocol
This presentation outlines the core functions of TCP - Transmission Control Protocol.
These comprise TCP Connection Control, TCP Flow Control, TCP Error Control, TCP Congestion Control, TCP Options and TCP Timers.
TCP/IP is the Internet core protocol that provides reliable, connection-oriented and stream-based communication service. Most of Internet traffic is carried in TCP connections, so scalability and reliability are crucial for a stable network on a global scale.
Tcp Udp Icmp And The Transport Layer
This document summarizes several internet protocols including IP, TCP, UDP, and ICMP. It describes key aspects of each protocol such as their purpose, packet structure, error handling mechanisms, and how they interact to enable communication over the internet. IP is a connectionless protocol that forwards packets based on destination addresses. TCP and UDP are transport layer protocols, with TCP providing reliable connections and UDP being connectionless. ICMP provides error reporting and control for IP. Port numbers and sockets are used to direct communication to specific applications.
TCP Model
- The TCP/IP model was created by the Department of Defense to provide reliable networking and data integrity during disasters. It is now the predominant networking model used today.
- The TCP/IP model layers correspond to layers in the OSI model. Key protocols at each TCP/IP layer include IP, TCP, UDP, ARP, and Ethernet at the network/data link layers.
- TCP provides reliable, connection-oriented communications using sequence numbers, acknowledgments, and retransmissions. UDP provides simpler, connectionless delivery without guarantees.
TCP/IP Network ppt
The document provides an overview of the TCP/IP model, describing each layer from application to network. The application layer allows programs access to networked services and contains high-level protocols like TCP and UDP. The transport layer handles reliable delivery via protocols like TCP and UDP. The internet layer organizes routing with the IP protocol. The network layer consists of device drivers and network interface cards that communicate with the physical transmission media.
Internet protocol (ip) ppt
IP specifies the format of packets, also called #datagrams, and the addressing scheme. Most networks combine IP with a higher-level protocol called Transmission Control Protocol (TCP), which establishes a virtual connection between a destination and a source.
If you want to purchase the content e-mail me on dulith1989@gmail.com
TCP/IP Basics
TCP/IP is a set of communication protocols used to connect devices on the internet. It includes lower level protocols like IP that handle basic transport of data and higher level protocols like TCP that ensure reliable delivery of data between applications. TCP establishes connections between clients and servers that allow for reliable transmission of data streams. UDP provides a simpler transmission model without ensuring delivery but is useful for applications like broadcasting.
Transport Layer: Protocol UDP dan Protocol TCP
1. Ada 7 lapisan protokol pada arsitektur jaringan OSI dan 5 lapisan pada TCP/IP.
2. UDP dan TCP berada pada Transport Layer. UDP tidak andal sedangkan TCP andal karena memiliki fitur seperti error checking dan flow control.
3. UDP digunakan untuk aplikasi yang tidak membutuhkan keandalan tinggi seperti streaming media, sedangkan TCP digunakan untuk aplikasi yang membutuhkan keandalan tinggi seperti transfer file.
TCP vs UDP / Sumiet23
1) TCP and UDP are the two main Internet protocols for transferring data.
2) TCP is connection-oriented, reliable, and ensures packets are delivered in order. UDP is connectionless and packets may arrive out of order or not at all.
3) TCP is used for applications like web browsing that require reliable data transfer, while UDP is used for real-time applications like streaming video that prioritize speed over reliability.
Transport layer
The document summarizes key aspects of the transport layer. It discusses how the transport layer provides logical communication between application processes running on different hosts by abstracting physical network details. It then describes the services provided by the transport layer including connection-oriented and connectionless services. It also discusses topics like quality of service, transport service primitives, addressing, connection establishment and release, flow control, multiplexing, and crash recovery for the transport layer.
Network Fundamentals: Ch7 - Data Link Layer
Data Link Layer Terms and Services such as frame, node, medium.
Creating a frame.
Data Link Layer sublayers: Logical Link Control and Media Access Control.
Media Access control methods for both of shared and non-sahred media.
Physical Topology: is an arrangement of the nodes and the physical connections between them.
Logical Topology: is the way a network transfers frames from one node to the next.
Data link layer addressing requirements.
Ethernet Protocol for LANs, Point-to-Point Protocol for WANs and Wireless Protocol for LANs.
Data link layer
This presentation covers the design issues of DLL, Error Correction and detection techniques, Sliding window protocols
Presentation on telnet
The document discusses Telnet, a protocol that allows users to access remote computers. It provides an overview of Telnet's history and requirements, steps for connecting to a remote computer using Telnet, tips for its use, current applications, advantages of accessing systems remotely, and disadvantages of the text-based interface. The presentation concludes with thanks and references.
FTP - File Transfer Protocol
Overview of the FTP protocol.
In the early days of the Internet, applications were mostly restricted to mail transfer (email) and file transfer. FTP (File Transfer Protocol) is one of the first standardized protocols for exchanging binary and text files between hosts.
FTP is rather simple in that it uses a TCP connection for exchanging commands and a data transfer TCP connection for the actual file transfer.
In normal FTP operation, the client opens the control connection to the FTP server while it is up to the server to open data connections for each file transfer. With the upcoming firewalls, this scheme proved to pose a problem since firewalls tend to block incoming TCP connections. Thus a passive mode was defined where the client is responsible to open the data connection to the server.
Networking Standards And Protocols
The document discusses the OSI model, which is a standard framework for network communication. It divides network architecture into seven layers: physical, data link, network, transport, session, presentation, and application. Each layer only communicates with the layers directly above and below it and has a specific set of functions. This layered approach makes networks easier to design, troubleshoot, and maintain when changes are made. The physical layer deals with physical connections and bit transmission. The data link layer organizes bits into frames and controls flow. The network layer decides how data moves between networks. Higher layers ensure reliable and secure delivery of data between applications.
IPv6
Overview of IPv6 protocol along with various transition scenarios for the migration from IPv4 to IPv6
IPv6 is the current and future Internet Protocol standard. As anticipated, IPv4 addresses became exhausted around 2012.
The IP address scarcity is the main driver for IPv6 protocol adoption.
IPv6 defines a much larger address space that should be sufficient for the foreseeable future, even taking into account Internet of Things scenarios with zillions of small devices connected to the Internet.
IPv6 is, however, much more than simply an expansion of the address space. IPv6 defines a clean address architecture with globally aggregatable addresses thus reducing routing table sizes in Internet routers.
IPv6 extension headers provide a standard mechanism for stacking protocols such as IP, IPSec, routing headers and upper layer headers such as TCP.
ICMP (Internet Control Message Protocol) is already defined for IPv4. ICMP was totally revamped for IPv6 and as ICMPv6 provides common functions like IP address and prefix assignment.
Lack of business drivers for migrating to IPv6 is responsible for sluggish adoption of IPv6 in carrier and enterprise networks.
Numerous transition mechanisms were developed to ease the transition from IPv4 to IPv6. Many of these mechanisms are complex and difficult to administer.
The transition mechanisms can be coarsely classified into dual-stack, tunneling and translation mechanisms.
Presentation on Domain Name System
This document provides an overview of the Domain Name System (DNS). It discusses what DNS is, why names are used instead of IP addresses, and the history and development of DNS. It describes the hierarchical name space and domain system. It also explains different DNS record types like A, CNAME, MX, and NS records. The document discusses recursive and iterative queries, legal users of domains, and security issues with the traditional DNS system. It provides an overview of how DNSSEC aims to address some of these security issues through digital signing of DNS records.
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Folding is a recent technique for building efficient recursive SNARKs. Several elegant folding protocols have been proposed, such as Nova, Supernova, Hypernova, Protostar, and others. However, all of them rely on an additively homomorphic commitment scheme based on discrete log, and are therefore not post-quantum secure. In this work we present LatticeFold, the first lattice-based folding protocol based on the Module SIS problem. This folding protocol naturally leads to an efficient recursive lattice-based SNARK and an efficient PCD scheme. LatticeFold supports folding low-degree relations, such as R1CS, as well as high-degree relations, such as CCS. The key challenge is to construct a secure folding protocol that works with the Ajtai commitment scheme. The difficulty, is ensuring that extracted witnesses are low norm through many rounds of folding. We present a novel technique using the sumcheck protocol to ensure that extracted witnesses are always low norm no matter how many rounds of folding are used. Our evaluation of the final proof system suggests that it is as performant as Hypernova, while providing post-quantum security.
Paper Link: https://eprint.iacr.org/2024/257
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