Detail explanation has been given about taphrinomycotina (sub phylum) comes under ascomycota, the way of presentation and explanation easy to understand the classification
This document provides an overview of key features of the ascomycota phylum. It describes their cell walls, hyphae, ability to fuse, and occurrence of dikaryotic cells. It then discusses important aspects of their life cycle including the meiosporangia or ascus, teleomorph and anamorph stages, and types of ascomata. It also details the different types of asci and ascospores as well as methods of asexual reproduction.
It is the biggest subphylum comes under ascomyctoa group of fungi, having light on this group have an ide about ascomycota group of fungi, large number and important fungi of economic importance have been discussed in detail
This document discusses the plant pathogen Phytophthora. It is an oomycete, not a true fungus, that causes many diseases in plants. Phytophthora reproduces both sexually, requiring two mating types, and asexually through sporangia and zoospores. It infects a wide range of hosts and causes symptoms like leaf spots, stem cankers, root rot, and top dieback. Phytophthora spreads through splashing water or movement of infected plants and soil. It is active in wet and warm conditions. Detection methods include ELISA tests, culturing on selective media, and PCR tests for specific species.
Fruiting bodies of Deauteromycetes & Ascomycetesvaishalidandge3
This document discusses different types of fruiting bodies produced by fungi. It describes 5 types of asexual fruiting bodies produced by Deuteromycetes fungi: acervulus, pycnidium, sporodochium, synnema, and sclerotium. It then discusses 5 types of sexual fruiting bodies (ascocarps) produced by Ascomycetes fungi: gymnothecium, cleistothecium, apothecium, perithecium, and pseudothecium. Each structure is defined and examples of fungi that produce that structure are provided. The document aims to describe the key structures used in the identification of fungal pathogens.
Phytoplasma are prokaryotic, cell-wall less bacteria that infect the phloem of plants and are transmitted by insect vectors. They lack the ability to be cultured independently and are pleomorphic, ranging from 0.17-0.25 μm in size. Phytoplasma cause diseases in hundreds of plant species and are characterized by symptoms such as phyllody, yellowing, witches' brooms, and little leaf. They are detected using PCR and fluorescent staining. Major phytoplasma diseases include little leaf disease of brinjal, sesame phyllody, and lethal yellowing of coconut.
Mycology is the study of fungi. Fungi are eukaryotic, heterotrophic organisms that lack chlorophyll. They can be unicellular or multicellular, and their plant body is called a thallus. Fungi reproduce through both asexual and sexual means and can be saprophytic, parasitic, or symbiotic. Common modes of nutrition include absorbing nutrients from dead and decaying organic matter as saprophytes, deriving nutrients from living hosts as parasites using structures called haustoria, and engaging in mutually beneficial relationships with plants or algae in lichens and mycorrhizal associations.
This document discusses black rust of wheat, caused by the fungal pathogen Puccinia graminis tritici. Black rust primarily affects wheat stems, appearing as elongated reddish-brown pustules. It completes its disease cycle on wheat plants and barberry bushes. Symptoms include merging pustules that eventually turn black. Control methods include removing barberry bushes, mixed cropping, chemical fungicides, and developing resistant wheat varieties.
this presentation is about lichen. in these slides we will study about lichen which is a symbiotic association between algae and fungi. it consist of the following studies introduction to lichens, its History, Distribution, External Structure of Thallus (Shapes of Lichens), Internal Structure of Thallus, Classification, Reproduction, Harmful Effects, Economic Importance etc.
This document provides an overview of key features of the ascomycota phylum. It describes their cell walls, hyphae, ability to fuse, and occurrence of dikaryotic cells. It then discusses important aspects of their life cycle including the meiosporangia or ascus, teleomorph and anamorph stages, and types of ascomata. It also details the different types of asci and ascospores as well as methods of asexual reproduction.
It is the biggest subphylum comes under ascomyctoa group of fungi, having light on this group have an ide about ascomycota group of fungi, large number and important fungi of economic importance have been discussed in detail
This document discusses the plant pathogen Phytophthora. It is an oomycete, not a true fungus, that causes many diseases in plants. Phytophthora reproduces both sexually, requiring two mating types, and asexually through sporangia and zoospores. It infects a wide range of hosts and causes symptoms like leaf spots, stem cankers, root rot, and top dieback. Phytophthora spreads through splashing water or movement of infected plants and soil. It is active in wet and warm conditions. Detection methods include ELISA tests, culturing on selective media, and PCR tests for specific species.
Fruiting bodies of Deauteromycetes & Ascomycetesvaishalidandge3
This document discusses different types of fruiting bodies produced by fungi. It describes 5 types of asexual fruiting bodies produced by Deuteromycetes fungi: acervulus, pycnidium, sporodochium, synnema, and sclerotium. It then discusses 5 types of sexual fruiting bodies (ascocarps) produced by Ascomycetes fungi: gymnothecium, cleistothecium, apothecium, perithecium, and pseudothecium. Each structure is defined and examples of fungi that produce that structure are provided. The document aims to describe the key structures used in the identification of fungal pathogens.
Phytoplasma are prokaryotic, cell-wall less bacteria that infect the phloem of plants and are transmitted by insect vectors. They lack the ability to be cultured independently and are pleomorphic, ranging from 0.17-0.25 μm in size. Phytoplasma cause diseases in hundreds of plant species and are characterized by symptoms such as phyllody, yellowing, witches' brooms, and little leaf. They are detected using PCR and fluorescent staining. Major phytoplasma diseases include little leaf disease of brinjal, sesame phyllody, and lethal yellowing of coconut.
Mycology is the study of fungi. Fungi are eukaryotic, heterotrophic organisms that lack chlorophyll. They can be unicellular or multicellular, and their plant body is called a thallus. Fungi reproduce through both asexual and sexual means and can be saprophytic, parasitic, or symbiotic. Common modes of nutrition include absorbing nutrients from dead and decaying organic matter as saprophytes, deriving nutrients from living hosts as parasites using structures called haustoria, and engaging in mutually beneficial relationships with plants or algae in lichens and mycorrhizal associations.
This document discusses black rust of wheat, caused by the fungal pathogen Puccinia graminis tritici. Black rust primarily affects wheat stems, appearing as elongated reddish-brown pustules. It completes its disease cycle on wheat plants and barberry bushes. Symptoms include merging pustules that eventually turn black. Control methods include removing barberry bushes, mixed cropping, chemical fungicides, and developing resistant wheat varieties.
this presentation is about lichen. in these slides we will study about lichen which is a symbiotic association between algae and fungi. it consist of the following studies introduction to lichens, its History, Distribution, External Structure of Thallus (Shapes of Lichens), Internal Structure of Thallus, Classification, Reproduction, Harmful Effects, Economic Importance etc.
Little Leaf of Brinjal is a disease that affects eggplant (Solanum melongena) plants. The disease was first reported in India in 1939, and favors rainy seasons for infection. Symptoms include small, soft, pale green leaves without thorns. The auxiliary and lateral buds are stimulated, shortening the internodes and giving the plant a bushy appearance. Infected plants also become sterile. Control measures include removing and burning infected plants, spraying Metasystox before fruit set to control insect vectors, and spraying the antibiotic Tetracycline to suppress symptoms.
The document discusses various terms used to describe the phenotypic structure of fungi. It defines key terms like mycelium, hyphae, septa, and modifications of mycelium. It describes different types of fungal thalli like holocarpic, eucarpic, ectophytic, endophytic. It also discusses specialized somatic structures produced by fungi for nutrition, survival, and reproduction, including rhizomorphs, sclerotia, stroma, haustoria, and asexual fruiting bodies.
Heterothallic species have sexes that reside in different individuals. . The term is applied particularly to distinguish heterothallic fungi, which require two compatible partners to produce sexual spores, from homothallic ones, which are capable of sexual reproduction from a single organism.
This document summarizes the life cycle of Plasmodiophora brassicae, which causes clubroot disease in cabbage. It has both a haploid and diploid phase. In the haploid phase, resting spores in soil germinate to form zoospores that infect root hairs and develop into gametangia containing gametes. Gametes fuse in pairs during the diploid phase to form zygotes that infect root cells and develop into sporangia, completing the life cycle. The sporangia cause galls or clubs to form on the roots and can remain dormant in soil for years.
Oomycetes, commonly known as water molds, are eukaryotic organisms that are closely related to algae. They include some of the most devastating plant pathogens, causing diseases like late blight of potato and downy mildew of grapevines. Oomycetes reproduce both sexually, through the formation of gametangia and fertilization leading to thick-walled oospores, and asexually via motile zoospores or non-motile sporangia. While they were long classified as fungi, genetic evidence shows they are more closely related to algae and plants. Key differences from true fungi include having cell walls composed of cellulose and lacking chitin.
The document discusses the phylum Basidiomycotina and provides details about three major classes: Uredinomycetes, Ustomycetes, and Basidiomycetes. It focuses on characteristics of rust fungi (order Uredinales) and smut fungi (order Ustilaginales), including that rusts require two hosts to complete their lifecycle and are obligate parasites, while smuts are facultative saprophytes. Specific examples of the rust fungus Puccinia graminis and the smut genus Ustilago are also outlined.
This document discusses the white rust disease that affects plants in the mustard family. It is caused by the fungus Albugo Candida. The disease causes white blister-like lesions on leaves, stems, and flowers. When severe, it can cause distorted growth. The fungus overwinters in soil or infected plant debris as oospores. In spring, the oospores produce zoospores that infect new plants, starting the disease cycle. Secondary infections spread the disease within a growing season. Warm, wet conditions favor disease development. Management includes removing debris, rotating crops, and applying fungicide sprays.
Life cycle of Pythium, Albugo, Erysiphe, Claviceps, Ustilao and Puccinia fungiDr. Rajbir Singh
This document summarizes the life cycles of several fungal plant pathogens. It describes the asexual and sexual reproduction stages of Pythium, Albugo, Erysiphe, Claviceps, Ustilago, and Puccinia fungi. For each fungus, it details the structures involved in reproduction such as sporangia, zoospores, oospores, urediniospores, and teliospores. It also explains how the different spore types disseminate and infect host plants or alternate hosts to complete the life cycles.
Ascomycetes are a large phylum of fungi characterized by producing sexual spores called ascospores within a sac-like structure called an ascus. Common types of ascomycetes include yeasts, powdery mildews, and cup fungi. Ascomycetes can cause food spoilage and plant diseases but also include many edible mushrooms and fungi used to produce antibiotics. The lifecycle of ascomycetes involves both asexual reproduction via conidia and sexual reproduction involving the formation of ascospores within asci.
The oomycetes, also known as water molds, are a diverse group of microorganisms that include many devastating plant pathogens. They can live as saprotrophs breaking down decaying matter or as parasites on plants. The potato blight caused by Phytophthora infestans resulted in the Great Irish Famine of 1845. Oomycetes reproduce both sexually and asexually, with asexual reproduction involving the production of motile zoospores inside sporangia. They include some of the most damaging agricultural parasites and have helped scientists understand the evolution from aquatic to terrestrial lifestyles.
Damping off is a fungal disease that affects seedlings. It is caused by soil-borne fungi like Rhizoctonia, Fusarium, Phytophthora, and Pythium. The disease damages seedlings during or after germination, causing them to rot at the soil line and fall over. Common symptoms include water-soaked lesions, wilting, and discoloration of stems. Pythium is often the causal organism and reproduces both sexually, forming thick-walled oospores, and asexually through sporangia and zoospores. Control methods include soil disinfection, seed treatment, and improving soil drainage and aeration.
Red rot of sugarcane is caused by the fungus Colletotrichum falcatum. It was first reported in 1893 in Java and causes significant losses in sugarcane crops. Symptoms include yellowing of leaves, shriveled canes that are light in weight and easily broken with reddening of the pith. The pathogen survives in plant setts, infected plant debris, and soil. Management strategies include using disease-free setts, hot water or hot air treatment of setts, removing infected plant material, crop rotation, and growing resistant varieties.
* The Gymnosperms originated in the Devonian period of the Palaeozoic Era and formed the supreme vegetation in the Mesozoic Era.
* It was Robert Brown (1827) who first recognised gymnosperms as a separate entity among plant kingdom.
Synchytrium endobioticum is a chytrid fungus that causes potato wart disease. It has a unicellular thallus body that infects potato tubers endobiobically and holocarpically. Reproduction involves the formation of sporangia from the thallus or the fusion of isogametes to form resting sporangia. Potato wart symptoms include cauliflower-like outgrowths on tubers containing resting sporangia. The disease has significant economic impacts on potato cultivation.
This document provides an overview of Myxomycotina (slime molds). It discusses that they are fungus-like organisms characterized by an amoeboid vegetative phase without cell walls. The document outlines the key characteristics and life cycles of the four classes: Acrasiomycetes, Hydromyxomycetes, Myxomycetes, and Plasmodiophoromycetes. It also briefly discusses their economic importance in nutrient cycling and use in laboratory studies due to their protoplasm without cell walls.
Peziza is a genus of cup fungi that grows on the ground, rotting wood, or dung. It produces cup or disc-shaped fruiting bodies called apothecia that can be sessile or stalked, and range in size from 0.5-10 cm in diameter. Peziza contains over 100 species and reproduces both sexually through antheridia and ascogonia fusion or asexually by producing conidia or chlamydospores.
This document provides information about stem rust or black rust of wheat, a fungal disease caused by Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici. It discusses the disease's global and regional distribution, symptoms, effects on plants, disease cycle involving different hosts, and management strategies including the use of resistant varieties and fungicide application. Key points are that it is a major epidemic disease worldwide, especially in South and North India from March to December, and can cause up to 90% yield losses if left uncontrolled.
This document provides an overview of the CRISPR-Cas system including its history, mechanisms, types, applications in plant pathology, and use for genome editing. Some key points covered include:
- CRISPR-Cas is an adaptive immune system found in bacteria that provides resistance to viruses. It was discovered in 1987 and its mechanism of targeting invading DNA was determined in 2005.
- There are six types of CRISPR-Cas systems classified by their effector proteins. Type II uses Cas9 protein and is commonly used for genome editing.
- The CRISPR-Cas9 system involves crRNA guiding Cas9 to cleave invading DNA at specific locations. This has enabled powerful applications like knocking out genes
This document summarizes 15 important diseases that affect rice, including their causal organisms, symptoms, modes of spread, survival methods, and management strategies. The major fungal diseases discussed are blast, brown spot, sheath blight, sheath rot, and stem rot. The major bacterial diseases are bacterial leaf blight and bacterial leaf streak. Viral diseases covered include tungro, grassy stunt, rice dwarf, and yellow dwarf. Other diseases summarized are false smut, udbatta disease, grain discoloration, and rice khaira deficiency. For each disease, the summary provides key details about identification and control.
Little Leaf of Brinjal is a disease that affects eggplant (Solanum melongena) plants. The disease was first reported in India in 1939, and favors rainy seasons for infection. Symptoms include small, soft, pale green leaves without thorns. The auxiliary and lateral buds are stimulated, shortening the internodes and giving the plant a bushy appearance. Infected plants also become sterile. Control measures include removing and burning infected plants, spraying Metasystox before fruit set to control insect vectors, and spraying the antibiotic Tetracycline to suppress symptoms.
The document discusses various terms used to describe the phenotypic structure of fungi. It defines key terms like mycelium, hyphae, septa, and modifications of mycelium. It describes different types of fungal thalli like holocarpic, eucarpic, ectophytic, endophytic. It also discusses specialized somatic structures produced by fungi for nutrition, survival, and reproduction, including rhizomorphs, sclerotia, stroma, haustoria, and asexual fruiting bodies.
Heterothallic species have sexes that reside in different individuals. . The term is applied particularly to distinguish heterothallic fungi, which require two compatible partners to produce sexual spores, from homothallic ones, which are capable of sexual reproduction from a single organism.
This document summarizes the life cycle of Plasmodiophora brassicae, which causes clubroot disease in cabbage. It has both a haploid and diploid phase. In the haploid phase, resting spores in soil germinate to form zoospores that infect root hairs and develop into gametangia containing gametes. Gametes fuse in pairs during the diploid phase to form zygotes that infect root cells and develop into sporangia, completing the life cycle. The sporangia cause galls or clubs to form on the roots and can remain dormant in soil for years.
Oomycetes, commonly known as water molds, are eukaryotic organisms that are closely related to algae. They include some of the most devastating plant pathogens, causing diseases like late blight of potato and downy mildew of grapevines. Oomycetes reproduce both sexually, through the formation of gametangia and fertilization leading to thick-walled oospores, and asexually via motile zoospores or non-motile sporangia. While they were long classified as fungi, genetic evidence shows they are more closely related to algae and plants. Key differences from true fungi include having cell walls composed of cellulose and lacking chitin.
The document discusses the phylum Basidiomycotina and provides details about three major classes: Uredinomycetes, Ustomycetes, and Basidiomycetes. It focuses on characteristics of rust fungi (order Uredinales) and smut fungi (order Ustilaginales), including that rusts require two hosts to complete their lifecycle and are obligate parasites, while smuts are facultative saprophytes. Specific examples of the rust fungus Puccinia graminis and the smut genus Ustilago are also outlined.
This document discusses the white rust disease that affects plants in the mustard family. It is caused by the fungus Albugo Candida. The disease causes white blister-like lesions on leaves, stems, and flowers. When severe, it can cause distorted growth. The fungus overwinters in soil or infected plant debris as oospores. In spring, the oospores produce zoospores that infect new plants, starting the disease cycle. Secondary infections spread the disease within a growing season. Warm, wet conditions favor disease development. Management includes removing debris, rotating crops, and applying fungicide sprays.
Life cycle of Pythium, Albugo, Erysiphe, Claviceps, Ustilao and Puccinia fungiDr. Rajbir Singh
This document summarizes the life cycles of several fungal plant pathogens. It describes the asexual and sexual reproduction stages of Pythium, Albugo, Erysiphe, Claviceps, Ustilago, and Puccinia fungi. For each fungus, it details the structures involved in reproduction such as sporangia, zoospores, oospores, urediniospores, and teliospores. It also explains how the different spore types disseminate and infect host plants or alternate hosts to complete the life cycles.
Ascomycetes are a large phylum of fungi characterized by producing sexual spores called ascospores within a sac-like structure called an ascus. Common types of ascomycetes include yeasts, powdery mildews, and cup fungi. Ascomycetes can cause food spoilage and plant diseases but also include many edible mushrooms and fungi used to produce antibiotics. The lifecycle of ascomycetes involves both asexual reproduction via conidia and sexual reproduction involving the formation of ascospores within asci.
The oomycetes, also known as water molds, are a diverse group of microorganisms that include many devastating plant pathogens. They can live as saprotrophs breaking down decaying matter or as parasites on plants. The potato blight caused by Phytophthora infestans resulted in the Great Irish Famine of 1845. Oomycetes reproduce both sexually and asexually, with asexual reproduction involving the production of motile zoospores inside sporangia. They include some of the most damaging agricultural parasites and have helped scientists understand the evolution from aquatic to terrestrial lifestyles.
Damping off is a fungal disease that affects seedlings. It is caused by soil-borne fungi like Rhizoctonia, Fusarium, Phytophthora, and Pythium. The disease damages seedlings during or after germination, causing them to rot at the soil line and fall over. Common symptoms include water-soaked lesions, wilting, and discoloration of stems. Pythium is often the causal organism and reproduces both sexually, forming thick-walled oospores, and asexually through sporangia and zoospores. Control methods include soil disinfection, seed treatment, and improving soil drainage and aeration.
Red rot of sugarcane is caused by the fungus Colletotrichum falcatum. It was first reported in 1893 in Java and causes significant losses in sugarcane crops. Symptoms include yellowing of leaves, shriveled canes that are light in weight and easily broken with reddening of the pith. The pathogen survives in plant setts, infected plant debris, and soil. Management strategies include using disease-free setts, hot water or hot air treatment of setts, removing infected plant material, crop rotation, and growing resistant varieties.
* The Gymnosperms originated in the Devonian period of the Palaeozoic Era and formed the supreme vegetation in the Mesozoic Era.
* It was Robert Brown (1827) who first recognised gymnosperms as a separate entity among plant kingdom.
Synchytrium endobioticum is a chytrid fungus that causes potato wart disease. It has a unicellular thallus body that infects potato tubers endobiobically and holocarpically. Reproduction involves the formation of sporangia from the thallus or the fusion of isogametes to form resting sporangia. Potato wart symptoms include cauliflower-like outgrowths on tubers containing resting sporangia. The disease has significant economic impacts on potato cultivation.
This document provides an overview of Myxomycotina (slime molds). It discusses that they are fungus-like organisms characterized by an amoeboid vegetative phase without cell walls. The document outlines the key characteristics and life cycles of the four classes: Acrasiomycetes, Hydromyxomycetes, Myxomycetes, and Plasmodiophoromycetes. It also briefly discusses their economic importance in nutrient cycling and use in laboratory studies due to their protoplasm without cell walls.
Peziza is a genus of cup fungi that grows on the ground, rotting wood, or dung. It produces cup or disc-shaped fruiting bodies called apothecia that can be sessile or stalked, and range in size from 0.5-10 cm in diameter. Peziza contains over 100 species and reproduces both sexually through antheridia and ascogonia fusion or asexually by producing conidia or chlamydospores.
This document provides information about stem rust or black rust of wheat, a fungal disease caused by Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici. It discusses the disease's global and regional distribution, symptoms, effects on plants, disease cycle involving different hosts, and management strategies including the use of resistant varieties and fungicide application. Key points are that it is a major epidemic disease worldwide, especially in South and North India from March to December, and can cause up to 90% yield losses if left uncontrolled.
This document provides an overview of the CRISPR-Cas system including its history, mechanisms, types, applications in plant pathology, and use for genome editing. Some key points covered include:
- CRISPR-Cas is an adaptive immune system found in bacteria that provides resistance to viruses. It was discovered in 1987 and its mechanism of targeting invading DNA was determined in 2005.
- There are six types of CRISPR-Cas systems classified by their effector proteins. Type II uses Cas9 protein and is commonly used for genome editing.
- The CRISPR-Cas9 system involves crRNA guiding Cas9 to cleave invading DNA at specific locations. This has enabled powerful applications like knocking out genes
This document summarizes 15 important diseases that affect rice, including their causal organisms, symptoms, modes of spread, survival methods, and management strategies. The major fungal diseases discussed are blast, brown spot, sheath blight, sheath rot, and stem rot. The major bacterial diseases are bacterial leaf blight and bacterial leaf streak. Viral diseases covered include tungro, grassy stunt, rice dwarf, and yellow dwarf. Other diseases summarized are false smut, udbatta disease, grain discoloration, and rice khaira deficiency. For each disease, the summary provides key details about identification and control.
This document discusses breeding crops for improved quality traits like protein and oil content. It covers topics like:
- Quality traits can be morphological, organoleptic, nutritional, or biological.
- Protein efficiency ratio and biological value are measures of protein quality in foods.
- Breeding maize with higher lysine and tryptophan content led to the development of Quality Protein Maize varieties.
- A case study describes using in vitro mutagenesis and selection with hydroxyproline to develop peanut varieties with over 55% oil content in kernels.
- Breeding objectives for sunflower include seed yield, oil content, and modifying oil quality traits like fatty acid composition.
Artifial intellegence in Plant diseases detection and diagnosis N.H. Shankar Reddy
1) Artificial intelligence can help detect and identify plant diseases by analyzing images of infected plants. Advanced techniques like machine learning and deep learning are being used for accurate disease identification.
2) IoT sensors are being used to monitor crop health and send data to the cloud for analysis. This allows early detection of diseases.
3) While AI has benefits like precision and speed, challenges remain in applying these new technologies at large scale in agriculture due to lack of familiarity, data and infrastructure requirements, and uncertainty around external growing conditions.
Managing soil-borne plant pathogens by means of biological agents is become widely popular and practical nowadays to avoid getting problems from synthetic control measures, this ppt clear describes various important bioagents in the management of soil-borne plant pathogens
CRISPR/Cas9 is an advanced genome editing technology that can be used to develop plant disease resistance. It involves a Cas9 enzyme that acts like molecular scissors to cut DNA at specific locations guided by CRISPR RNA. This triggers DNA repair that can introduce changes to genes. Researchers have used CRISPR/Cas9 to develop resistance in plants against viruses, fungi, and bacteria by editing genes involved in host-pathogen interaction and disease susceptibility. It provides a precise and efficient way to edit plant genomes to improve crop resistance compared to previous tools. Scientists continue working to enhance the specificity and control of CRISPR/Cas9 for genome editing applications in agriculture.
This document discusses various phenomic approaches for plant disease detection, including chlorophyll fluorescence imaging, hyperspectral imaging, thermal imaging, and image processing techniques. It provides details on how each approach works, such as using chlorophyll fluorescence to detect changes in photosynthesis before visual disease symptoms appear. The document also discusses the analysis of data collected from these approaches and how they can be used to rapidly screen large numbers of plant varieties for disease resistance and improve over traditional visual ratings.
Role of antimicrobial peptides in plant disease management N.H. Shankar Reddy
It is one of the advanced topics in plant disease management, detailed information about antimicrobial peptides and their role in plant disease management is furnished clearly.
Quarantine regulation and impact of modern detection methods N.H. Shankar Reddy
Detailed descriptions about quarantine and regulations, new laws, and new techniques are using in plant quarantine for the detection of plant pathogens are described
This document discusses bacteriophages and prions. It defines bacteriophage as a virus that infects bacteria, and notes their discovery by Twort and d'Herelle. It describes the structure of bacteriophages like T4, including their DNA-containing heads and helical tails. The document outlines the lytic and lysogenic life cycles of bacteriophages and how they can be used to control plant diseases. Finally, it defines prions as infectious particles composed of misfolded protein that can induce normal proteins to take the same misfolded shape, and lists some animal diseases caused by prions.
Cross protection occurs when infection of a plant with a mild or attenuated virus strain protects the plant from later infection by a more severe strain of the same virus. This was first demonstrated in 1929 with tobacco mosaic virus. It has since been used successfully to control diseases caused by citrus tristeza virus and papaya ringspot virus. There are two main mechanisms of cross protection - coat protein-mediated resistance, which involves blocking virus uncoating or replication, and RNA-mediated resistance, where excess mild strain RNA hybridizes to block replication of the challenge virus. While cross protection has proven effective for some diseases, there are also limitations such as yield loss, incomplete protection, and genetic instability of the protector virus.
Thermotherapy, tissue culture, chemotherapy, and electrotherapy are methods used to produce disease-free planting materials. Thermotherapy involves growing plants at high temperatures of 30-40°C for 2-3 months to eliminate viruses. Tissue culture techniques like callus culture, meristem tip culture, and protoplast culture can also produce virus-free plants. Chemotherapy uses antiviral chemicals or growth promoters during meristem tip culture. Electrotherapy applies electrical pulses to eliminate viruses. The document provides details on each method and examples of viruses eliminated from crops like banana, potato, and citrus using these approaches.
This document discusses antiviral principles (AVP) found in certain plant leaves and extracts. AVPs are compounds that have inhibitory effects against viruses. The document provides details on preparing an AVP extract from sorghum leaves and using it to manage pathogens. It explains that AVP extracts from various plants like sorghum, prosopis, and bougainvillea have been shown to effectively reduce different viruses in crops like groundnuts, tomatoes, and sunflowers. The mechanism of action of AVPs is that they contain proteins that interfere with viral replication and movement between host cells.
This document summarizes conventional and biotechnological approaches for managing viral plant diseases. Conventional approaches include using virus-free planting materials, cultural practices, vector management, heat therapy, meristem tip culture, and barrier crops. Biotechnological approaches involve pathogen-derived resistance through expression of viral coat proteins or RNA interference mechanisms to inhibit viral genes. The document provides examples and details of various conventional and biotechnological techniques for eliminating viruses from infected plants.
This document summarizes the movement and physiology of virus-infected plants. It discusses three types of virus movement: intracellular, intercellular, and long-distance. Intracellular movement relies on the endoplasmic reticulum and cytoskeleton, while intercellular movement occurs through plasmodesmata connecting adjacent cells. Long-distance movement involves viruses entering the vascular system and moving systemically through the plant. It also examines effects on the infected plant's photosynthesis, respiration, membrane permeability, translocation, and transcription/translation, such as reduced chlorophyll and sucrose content as well as increased respiration and permeability.
Virus infection and replication occurs in several steps:
1. The virus attaches to and enters the host plant cells, usually through wounds caused by vectors like insects or mechanical damage.
2. Once inside the cell, the viral genome is released from its protein coat through uncoating.
3. The viral genome then hijacks the host cell machinery to replicate, transcribe mRNA, and translate proteins.
New viral genomes and capsids are assembled and the mature virions are released to infect new cells.
This document discusses the origin and evolution of viruses. It begins by defining key terms like isolate, variant, and strain. It then presents three main hypotheses for the origin of viruses: 1) the virus first hypothesis which proposes viruses evolved independently from self-replicating RNA, 2) the reduction hypothesis which suggests viruses originated from reduced cellular organisms, and 3) the escape hypothesis where genetic material escaped cellular control and became parasitic. The document also discusses types of virus variation like mutation, hybridization, and pseudorecombination, as well as microevolution and macroevolution. It provides an example of how plant viruses can overcome Muller's Ratchet, which is the loss of critical functions in a population.
This document discusses techniques for serologically detecting plant viruses. It begins by defining serology and its use in agriculture for detecting pathogens with variable or latent symptoms. It then describes the basics of antigen-antibody reactions and the types of antigens, antibodies, and reactions. The rest of the document focuses on specific serological tests used in plant virology, including liquid phase tests like precipitation, agglutination, and immunodiffusion assays as well as solid phase tests like ELISA, SDS-PAGE, ISEM, western blotting, and dot/tissue immunobinding assays. These tests allow detection of plant viruses through the reaction of viral coat proteins or antigens with specific antibodies.
Monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies can be produced through different methods. Monoclonal antibodies are produced using hybridoma technology, which involves fusing myeloma cells with antibody-producing B cells to create immortal hybridoma cell lines. Kohler and Milstein developed this technique in 1975. Polyclonal antibodies involve immunizing an animal to produce a mixture of antibodies against various epitopes of an antigen. Monoclonal antibodies are highly specific to a single epitope, while polyclonal antibodies detect multiple epitopes but with less specificity. Monoclonal antibodies provide an unlimited supply of consistent, specific antibodies and are widely used in research and therapeutic applications.
ESA/ACT Science Coffee: Diego Blas - Gravitational wave detection with orbita...Advanced-Concepts-Team
Presentation in the Science Coffee of the Advanced Concepts Team of the European Space Agency on the 07.06.2024.
Speaker: Diego Blas (IFAE/ICREA)
Title: Gravitational wave detection with orbital motion of Moon and artificial
Abstract:
In this talk I will describe some recent ideas to find gravitational waves from supermassive black holes or of primordial origin by studying their secular effect on the orbital motion of the Moon or satellites that are laser ranged.
hematic appreciation test is a psychological assessment tool used to measure an individual's appreciation and understanding of specific themes or topics. This test helps to evaluate an individual's ability to connect different ideas and concepts within a given theme, as well as their overall comprehension and interpretation skills. The results of the test can provide valuable insights into an individual's cognitive abilities, creativity, and critical thinking skills
The cost of acquiring information by natural selectionCarl Bergstrom
This is a short talk that I gave at the Banff International Research Station workshop on Modeling and Theory in Population Biology. The idea is to try to understand how the burden of natural selection relates to the amount of information that selection puts into the genome.
It's based on the first part of this research paper:
The cost of information acquisition by natural selection
Ryan Seamus McGee, Olivia Kosterlitz, Artem Kaznatcheev, Benjamin Kerr, Carl T. Bergstrom
bioRxiv 2022.07.02.498577; doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2022.07.02.498577
Authoring a personal GPT for your research and practice: How we created the Q...Leonel Morgado
Thematic analysis in qualitative research is a time-consuming and systematic task, typically done using teams. Team members must ground their activities on common understandings of the major concepts underlying the thematic analysis, and define criteria for its development. However, conceptual misunderstandings, equivocations, and lack of adherence to criteria are challenges to the quality and speed of this process. Given the distributed and uncertain nature of this process, we wondered if the tasks in thematic analysis could be supported by readily available artificial intelligence chatbots. Our early efforts point to potential benefits: not just saving time in the coding process but better adherence to criteria and grounding, by increasing triangulation between humans and artificial intelligence. This tutorial will provide a description and demonstration of the process we followed, as two academic researchers, to develop a custom ChatGPT to assist with qualitative coding in the thematic data analysis process of immersive learning accounts in a survey of the academic literature: QUAL-E Immersive Learning Thematic Analysis Helper. In the hands-on time, participants will try out QUAL-E and develop their ideas for their own qualitative coding ChatGPT. Participants that have the paid ChatGPT Plus subscription can create a draft of their assistants. The organizers will provide course materials and slide deck that participants will be able to utilize to continue development of their custom GPT. The paid subscription to ChatGPT Plus is not required to participate in this workshop, just for trying out personal GPTs during it.
PPT on Direct Seeded Rice presented at the three-day 'Training and Validation Workshop on Modules of Climate Smart Agriculture (CSA) Technologies in South Asia' workshop on April 22, 2024.
The binding of cosmological structures by massless topological defectsSérgio Sacani
Assuming spherical symmetry and weak field, it is shown that if one solves the Poisson equation or the Einstein field
equations sourced by a topological defect, i.e. a singularity of a very specific form, the result is a localized gravitational
field capable of driving flat rotation (i.e. Keplerian circular orbits at a constant speed for all radii) of test masses on a thin
spherical shell without any underlying mass. Moreover, a large-scale structure which exploits this solution by assembling
concentrically a number of such topological defects can establish a flat stellar or galactic rotation curve, and can also deflect
light in the same manner as an equipotential (isothermal) sphere. Thus, the need for dark matter or modified gravity theory is
mitigated, at least in part.
Current Ms word generated power point presentation covers major details about the micronuclei test. It's significance and assays to conduct it. It is used to detect the micronuclei formation inside the cells of nearly every multicellular organism. It's formation takes place during chromosomal sepration at metaphase.
Describing and Interpreting an Immersive Learning Case with the Immersion Cub...Leonel Morgado
Current descriptions of immersive learning cases are often difficult or impossible to compare. This is due to a myriad of different options on what details to include, which aspects are relevant, and on the descriptive approaches employed. Also, these aspects often combine very specific details with more general guidelines or indicate intents and rationales without clarifying their implementation. In this paper we provide a method to describe immersive learning cases that is structured to enable comparisons, yet flexible enough to allow researchers and practitioners to decide which aspects to include. This method leverages a taxonomy that classifies educational aspects at three levels (uses, practices, and strategies) and then utilizes two frameworks, the Immersive Learning Brain and the Immersion Cube, to enable a structured description and interpretation of immersive learning cases. The method is then demonstrated on a published immersive learning case on training for wind turbine maintenance using virtual reality. Applying the method results in a structured artifact, the Immersive Learning Case Sheet, that tags the case with its proximal uses, practices, and strategies, and refines the free text case description to ensure that matching details are included. This contribution is thus a case description method in support of future comparative research of immersive learning cases. We then discuss how the resulting description and interpretation can be leveraged to change immersion learning cases, by enriching them (considering low-effort changes or additions) or innovating (exploring more challenging avenues of transformation). The method holds significant promise to support better-grounded research in immersive learning.
3. Taphriniales
• Ascospores are not borne on the ascocarp and they mmultiply by
budding
• Eg – Peach leaf curl – Taphrina deformans
4.
5. Protomycetaceae
• The diploid mycelium grows intercellularly and form a thick walled
resting spores, which germinate to form a vesicle called syn ascus or
compound ascus with numerous number of ascospores
• Eg – Protomyces, Protomycopsis, Burenia and Volkartia