Paper presented by Joseph. M. Kungu (National Livestock Research Resources Institute, Uganda), Michel M. Dione (ILRI), Francis Ejobi (Makerere University), Michael Ocaido(Makerere University), and Delia Grace (ILRI) at the Joint International Conference of the Association of Institutions for Tropical Veterinary Medicine and the Society of Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Berlin, 4–8 September 2016
The Role of the Veterinarian in One Health ProgramDr. Fakhar
Today’s veterinarians are the only doctors educated to protect the health of both animals and people. They work hard to address the health and needs of every species of animal and they also play a critical role in environmental protection, food safety, animal welfare and public health.
Presented By:
Dr. Fakhar-e-Alam Kulyar
DVM, M.Phil CMS
University of Agriculture Faisalabad
Contact: fakharealam786@hotmail.com
Epidemiology of chlamydiosis in animals in India- Temporal and spatial distr...Bhoj Raj Singh
Chlamydiosis is an important zoonosis widely reported in India from different parts. Most of the outbreaks/ cases in animals are from Northern Parts of India.
The Role of the Veterinarian in One Health ProgramDr. Fakhar
Today’s veterinarians are the only doctors educated to protect the health of both animals and people. They work hard to address the health and needs of every species of animal and they also play a critical role in environmental protection, food safety, animal welfare and public health.
Presented By:
Dr. Fakhar-e-Alam Kulyar
DVM, M.Phil CMS
University of Agriculture Faisalabad
Contact: fakharealam786@hotmail.com
Epidemiology of chlamydiosis in animals in India- Temporal and spatial distr...Bhoj Raj Singh
Chlamydiosis is an important zoonosis widely reported in India from different parts. Most of the outbreaks/ cases in animals are from Northern Parts of India.
Challenges in goat farming in india - Goat Farming ConsultancyIbne Ali
Purpose of this presentation is to aware entrepreneurs to invest wisely after taking account of the challenges in goat farming. These challenges are not unbeatable but proper management practices and right feeding will improve profits many times. Goat farming consultacy is available for entrepreneurs who want to establish new state of art goat farms. Existing goat farmers can also consult to improve their practices.
Mastitis disease effects on cheese making via influence on time of milk clotting by rennet, softness of clotting, more leak of whey and developed of acidity.
Mithun (Bos frontalis) is a unique large bovine species that is genetically different from cattle and buffalo with diploid chromosome number 58. It is endemic to four northeastern states viz., Arunachal Pradesh, Manipur, Mizoranm and Nagaland. Mithun is reared mainly for meat purposes. Though it gives 1 - 1.5 liters of high-quality milk. Due to continuous efforts of ICAR-NRC on Mithun, Medziphema, Nagaland, this unique species is getting popularized. More and more framers are adopting a semi-intensive rearing model developed by ICAR-NRC on Mithun. If reared scientifically on a commercial scale, Mithun husbandry can fetch good income for the farmers and help in doubling farmers' income.
Importance of Vitamins and Minerals for Dairy Cattle. The article written by Mr. Rakesh Kumar, Marketing Director, Growel Agrovet Private Limited, has been published in Dairy Planner magazine, March – 2021 edition.
Harmful Natural Constituents Present in Livestock Feed Stuffs
Anti-nutritional factor and their classification-
Definition: Anti-nutritional factor may be defined as those substances in the diet which by themselves or their metabolic products arising in the system interfere with the feed utilization, reduced production or affects the health of the animals.
Classification of Anti-Nutritive substances:-
Toxic substances of natural origin can be classified based on their chemical properties and on the basis of their effect on utilization of nutrients
(A. ) According to their Chemical Properties:-
Group 1 Proteins 1. Protease inhibitor
2. Haemagglutinins(Lectins)
Group п Glycosides 1. Saponins
2. Cyanogens
3.Glucosinolates(Goitrogens) or Thioglucosides
Group ш Phenols 1. Gossypol
2. Tannins
Group IV Miscellaneous 1. Anti-metals
2. Anti-vitamins
( B). Effect on Nutrient utilization
(1.) Substances depressing digestion or metabolic utilization of proteins.
(2). Substances reducing solubility or interfering with the utilization of minerals.
(3). Substances increasing the requirements of certain vitamins.
(4). Substances with a negative effect on the digestion of Carbohydrates
a. Protease inhibitor (Trypsin and Chymotrypsin inhibitor)
b.Haemagglutinins (Lectins)
c. Saponins
d.Polyphenolic compnents
a. Phytic acid
b. Oxalic acid
c.Glucosinolates (Thioglucosides)
d. Gossypol
a. Anti- vitamin A,D,E,K.
b. Anti-vitamin B1, B6, B12 and nicotinic acid
a. Amylase inhibitor
b. Phenolic compounds
c. Flatulance factor
Brief Description of Anti-nutritional or Toxic Factors:-
Group-I. Proteins
1. Protease Inhibitors
Substances that have the ability to inhibit the proteolytic activity of certain digestive enzymes. e. g. Legume seeds: Soybean, kidney bean, mung bean.
Protease inhibitors are concentrated in the outer part of the cotyledon mass.
Protease inhibitors are two types. a. Kunitz inhibitor (inhibits only trypsin) and b. Bowman - birk inhibitor (inhibits trypsin and chymotrypsin).
The inhibitory substances are mostly heat labile and thus proper heat treatment inactivates the protease inhibitors
Young Chicken fed raw soybean developed hypertrophy of pancreas
The trypsin inhibitor activity of solvent extracted SBM was destroyed by exposure to steam for 60 minutes or by autoclaving under the following conditions.
5 psi for 45 min, 10 psi for 30 min and 15 psi for 20 min duration.
2. Haemagglutinins (Lectins):-
Soyabean, Castor bean (ricin) and other legume seeds contain Haemagglutinins.
These are found in both plant and animal tissue.
These substances are able to combine with the glycoprotein components of red blood cells (RBC) causing agglutination of the cells.
Ricin is extremely toxic.
Brucellosis in ruminants in two counties of Yunnan, China and the use of an i...ILRI
Poster prepared by Fred Unger, Yang Shibao, Li Wengui, Yang Xiangdong and Yang Guorong for the Tropentag 2016 Conference on Solidarity in a Competing World—Fair Use of Resources, Vienna, Austria, 19–21 September 2016
Challenges in goat farming in india - Goat Farming ConsultancyIbne Ali
Purpose of this presentation is to aware entrepreneurs to invest wisely after taking account of the challenges in goat farming. These challenges are not unbeatable but proper management practices and right feeding will improve profits many times. Goat farming consultacy is available for entrepreneurs who want to establish new state of art goat farms. Existing goat farmers can also consult to improve their practices.
Mastitis disease effects on cheese making via influence on time of milk clotting by rennet, softness of clotting, more leak of whey and developed of acidity.
Mithun (Bos frontalis) is a unique large bovine species that is genetically different from cattle and buffalo with diploid chromosome number 58. It is endemic to four northeastern states viz., Arunachal Pradesh, Manipur, Mizoranm and Nagaland. Mithun is reared mainly for meat purposes. Though it gives 1 - 1.5 liters of high-quality milk. Due to continuous efforts of ICAR-NRC on Mithun, Medziphema, Nagaland, this unique species is getting popularized. More and more framers are adopting a semi-intensive rearing model developed by ICAR-NRC on Mithun. If reared scientifically on a commercial scale, Mithun husbandry can fetch good income for the farmers and help in doubling farmers' income.
Importance of Vitamins and Minerals for Dairy Cattle. The article written by Mr. Rakesh Kumar, Marketing Director, Growel Agrovet Private Limited, has been published in Dairy Planner magazine, March – 2021 edition.
Harmful Natural Constituents Present in Livestock Feed Stuffs
Anti-nutritional factor and their classification-
Definition: Anti-nutritional factor may be defined as those substances in the diet which by themselves or their metabolic products arising in the system interfere with the feed utilization, reduced production or affects the health of the animals.
Classification of Anti-Nutritive substances:-
Toxic substances of natural origin can be classified based on their chemical properties and on the basis of their effect on utilization of nutrients
(A. ) According to their Chemical Properties:-
Group 1 Proteins 1. Protease inhibitor
2. Haemagglutinins(Lectins)
Group п Glycosides 1. Saponins
2. Cyanogens
3.Glucosinolates(Goitrogens) or Thioglucosides
Group ш Phenols 1. Gossypol
2. Tannins
Group IV Miscellaneous 1. Anti-metals
2. Anti-vitamins
( B). Effect on Nutrient utilization
(1.) Substances depressing digestion or metabolic utilization of proteins.
(2). Substances reducing solubility or interfering with the utilization of minerals.
(3). Substances increasing the requirements of certain vitamins.
(4). Substances with a negative effect on the digestion of Carbohydrates
a. Protease inhibitor (Trypsin and Chymotrypsin inhibitor)
b.Haemagglutinins (Lectins)
c. Saponins
d.Polyphenolic compnents
a. Phytic acid
b. Oxalic acid
c.Glucosinolates (Thioglucosides)
d. Gossypol
a. Anti- vitamin A,D,E,K.
b. Anti-vitamin B1, B6, B12 and nicotinic acid
a. Amylase inhibitor
b. Phenolic compounds
c. Flatulance factor
Brief Description of Anti-nutritional or Toxic Factors:-
Group-I. Proteins
1. Protease Inhibitors
Substances that have the ability to inhibit the proteolytic activity of certain digestive enzymes. e. g. Legume seeds: Soybean, kidney bean, mung bean.
Protease inhibitors are concentrated in the outer part of the cotyledon mass.
Protease inhibitors are two types. a. Kunitz inhibitor (inhibits only trypsin) and b. Bowman - birk inhibitor (inhibits trypsin and chymotrypsin).
The inhibitory substances are mostly heat labile and thus proper heat treatment inactivates the protease inhibitors
Young Chicken fed raw soybean developed hypertrophy of pancreas
The trypsin inhibitor activity of solvent extracted SBM was destroyed by exposure to steam for 60 minutes or by autoclaving under the following conditions.
5 psi for 45 min, 10 psi for 30 min and 15 psi for 20 min duration.
2. Haemagglutinins (Lectins):-
Soyabean, Castor bean (ricin) and other legume seeds contain Haemagglutinins.
These are found in both plant and animal tissue.
These substances are able to combine with the glycoprotein components of red blood cells (RBC) causing agglutination of the cells.
Ricin is extremely toxic.
Brucellosis in ruminants in two counties of Yunnan, China and the use of an i...ILRI
Poster prepared by Fred Unger, Yang Shibao, Li Wengui, Yang Xiangdong and Yang Guorong for the Tropentag 2016 Conference on Solidarity in a Competing World—Fair Use of Resources, Vienna, Austria, 19–21 September 2016
Risk Factors Associated with Porcine Cysticercosis Prevalence in Smallholder ...ESAP
Presentation by E.C. Kimbi1, S.M. Thamsborg, F.P. Lekule, J. Mlangwa and E. Komba at the 5th All Africa conference on animal production, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 25-28 October 2010.
Taeniasis is the intestinal infection with adult tapeworms. It is a mild disease, but of significant public health importance as it plays a crucial role in the transmission of cysticercosis, a serious health implication of taeniasis in men. Cysticercosis is the infection with the larval stages (cysticerci) of the tapeworm inside the body, cysticerci can develop in a number of tissues, those that are located in the central nervous system cause neurocysticercosis, the most severe form of this disease. Other health implications of this endemic disease are appendicitis, dizziness, constipation, and diarrhoea. This endemic and neglected tropical disease can be diagnosed by direct faecal smear, brine floatation techniques, cellophane tape technique, biopsy of subcutaneous nodules, x-ray, CT scan or MRI are used to diagnose the brain type of cysticercosis and ophthalmoscope examination for the ocular form. However, there are several treatment options for the disease, ranging from anti-helminthic therapies, surgery and lifestyle modification programmes.
Presentation by Delia Grace at the first United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) Science-Policy Forum ahead of the Second Session of the United Nations Environment Assembly (UNEA-2), Nairobi, Kenya, 20 May 2016.
Diseases of economic and zoonotic importance in pig farming in Uganda: Contro...ILRI
Presented by Zachary Nsadha at the Workshop on In-depth smallholder pig value chain assessment and preliminary identification of best-bet interventions, Kampala, 9-11 April 2013
Animal source food: hazards don’t always translate into risksFrancois Stepman
Presentation by Bassirou Bonfoh, Director Swiss Centre for Scientific Research in Ivory Coast, Director of the One Africa Initiative. 29 March 2017. Liege, Belgium. Theme: A One Health approach for the dairy chain development in Sub Saharan Africa (Une approche One Health pour le développement de la filière laitière en Afrique subsaharienne)
Foodborne hazards in the scientific literature: Results of a systematic liter...ILRI
Presentation by Silvia Alonso, Michael Ocaido, Maud Carron, Kristina Roesel and Delia Grace at the Regional Conference on Zoonotic Diseases in Eastern Africa, Naivasha, Kenya, 9–12 March 2015.
Microbial contaminations in milk and identification of selected pathogenic ba...ILRI
Presentation by Fortunate Shija at the first international One Health conference of One Health Central and Eastern Africa (OHCEA), Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 23-27 September 2013.
Bacteriuria in Pregnant and Non Pregnant Women in Benghazi Acomparative StudyIOSRJPBS
Background: Bacteriuria is associated with significant maternal and foetal risks. However, its prevalence is not well known in our community. Objectives: Determine the prevalence and predictors of bacteriuria in women of the Benghazi, Libya as well as the antibiotic sensitivity patterns of bacterial isolates. Methods: Across-sectional study was carried out amongst pregnant and non pregnant women attending many poly clinics in Benghazi. We recruited 120 consenting women (60 pregnant and 60 non pregnant) for the study. Demographic and clinical data were collected using structured questionnaire. Clean catch midstream urine was collected from each participant. Samples were examined biochemically, microscopically and by culture. Significant bacteriuria was defined as the presence of 105 bacteria per ml of cultured urine. Identification and susceptibility of isolates was performed using API (BioMerieux, France Company) . Results: Significant bacteriuria was found in the urine of 13.3 % (16) of all women with prevalence of 16.7% in pregnant women. Asymptomatic bacteriuria was detected in 8.3 % (10). The most frequent isolates were Staphylococcus aureus(31.2%),Escherichia coli (25%), Staphylococcus saprophyticus (18.9%), and were sensitive to gentamycin (GN) 87.5%, azithromycin (AZM)75%, and the less effective antibiotics were cephalexine (CL) and ampicillin(AMP) Conclusion: Bacteriuria is frequent in women particularly pregnant women suggesting the need for routine screening by urine culture,which would allow early treatment to avoid the complications. In addition, urinary tract infections appears to be multifactorial.
Biosecurity measures in meat and milk value chains: A study in Bura sub-count...ILRI
Presented by Simon Nyokabi, Regina Birner, Johanna Lindahl and Bernard Bett at the 5th Leverhulme Centre for Integrative Research on Agriculture and Health (LCIRAH) Annual Research Conference, London, UK, 3-4 June 2015.
Stakeholders’ knowledge, attitude and perceptions on the control of Taenia so...ILRI
Presentation by Nicholas Ngwili, Lian Thomas, Samuel Githigia, Nancy Johnson, Raphael Wahome and Kristina Roesel at the 16th International Symposium of Veterinary Epidemiology and Economics, Halifax, Canada, 11 August 2022.
More pork and less parasites: A farm to fork approach for assessment and mana...ILRI
Presentation by Kristina Roesel, Peter-Henning Clausen, Reinhard Fries, Maximilian Baumann, Karsten Noeckler and Delia Grace at a parasitological colloquium held at Free University Berlin, Germany, 18 October 2013.
Food safety assessment and challenges along small-scale pig systems in VietnamILRI
Presentation by Fred Unger, Hung Nguyen-Viet, Sinh Dang-Xuan, Phuc Pham-Duc, Pham Van Hung, Lucila Lapar, Karen Marshall, Duong Van Nhiem, Kohei Makita and Delia Grace at the first joint conference of the Association of Institutions for Tropical Veterinary Medicine and the Society of Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Berlin, Germany, 4–8 September 2016.
Serological prevalence and factors associated with human trichinellosis and c...ILRI
Poster by Luong Nguyen-Thanh, Meghan Cook, Sinh Dang-Xuan, Phuc Pham-Duc, Hung Nguyen-Viet, Anne Mayer-Scholl, Diana Meemken and Fred Unger presented at a regional symposium on research into smallholder pig production, health and pork safety, Hanoi, Vietnam, 27–29 March 2019.
Vaccines and diagnostics—The case for regional One Health centres of excellence ILRI
Presented Delia Grace, Phil Toye, Shirley Tarawali and Vish Nene at the Workshop on One Health Colloquium: Sustainable Livestock and Disease Control—Exploring the Links to Climate Change, Improving Human Nutrition and the Refugee Crisis, London, 31 May–1 June 2016
Listeria monocytogenes: An emerging foodborne pathogen in Ghana? ILRI
Presentation by K. Tano-Debrah, F.K. Saalia, B. Bediako-Amoa, J. Appiah, E. Dogbe and K. Bomfeh at the University of Ghana's College of Health Sciences annual scientific conference on the increasing burden of non-communicable diseases in Ghana held at Accra, Ghana on 21-23 September 2011.
Traditional milk fermentation as a potential tool for sustainable improvement...ExternalEvents
Traditional milk fermentation as a potential tool for sustainable improvement of food safety presentation by Kohei Makita, Rakuno Gakuen University, Ebetsu, Japan
Investigation of the food value chain of ready-to-eat chicken and the associa...ILRI
Presented by James Oguttu, Cheryl McCrindle, Kohei Makita and Delia Grace at the 2013 Conference of Researchers and Workers in Animal Diseases (CRWAD), Chicago, Illinois, 8-10 December 2013.
Risk based approach to food safety research: application to pork value chains...ILRI
Poster prepared by Hung Nguyen-Viet, Sinh Dang-Xuan, Tran Thi Tuyet Hanh, Pham Duc Phuc, Delia Grace, Fred Unger and Kohei Makita for the 5th Leverhulme Centre for Integrative Research on Agriculture and Health (LCIRAH) Annual Research Conference, London, UK, 3-4 June 2015.
Smallholder dairy farming in Tanzania: Farming practices, animal health and p...ILRI
Poster prepared by Silvia Alonso, Phil Toye, George Msalya, Delia Grace and Fred Unger for the 6th All Africa Conference on Animal Agriculture, Nairobi, Kenya, 27-30 October 2014.
Bovine mastitis has a negative impact through economic losses in the dairy sector across the globe. A cross sectional study was carried out from September 2015 to July 2016 to determine the prevalence of bovine mastitis, associated risk factors and isolation of major causative bacteria in lactating dairy cows in selected districts of central highland of Ethiopia. A total of 304 lactating cows selected randomly from five districts were screened by California Mastitis Test (CMT) for subclinical mastitis. Based on CMT result and clinical examination, over all prevalence of mastitis at cow level was 70.62% (214/304).
Two hundred fourteen milk samples collected from CMT positive cows were cultured for isolation of major causative bacteria. From 214 milk samples,187 were culture positive and the most prevalent isolates were Staphylococcus aureus 42.25% (79/187) followed by Streptococcus agalactiae 14.43%
(27/187). Other bacterial isolates were included Coagulase Negative Staphylococcus species 12.83% (24/187), Streptococcus dysgalactiae 5.88% (11/187), Escherichia coli 13.38% (25/187) and Entrococcus feacalis 11.23% (21/187) were also isolated. Moreover, age, parity number, visible teat abnormalities,husbandry practice, barn fl oor status and milking hygiene were considered as risk factors for the occurrence of bovine mastitis and they were found significantly associated with the occurrence of mastitis (p < 0.05). The findings of this study warrants the need for strategic approach including dairy extension that focus on enhancing dairy farmers’ awareness and practice of hygienic milking, regular screening for subclinical mastitis, dry cow therapy and culling of chronically infected cows.
Presentation by Delia Grace, Bernard Bett, Christine Atherstone, Fred Unger, Hung Nguyen-Viet and Sinh Dang-Xuan at the Australian Veterinary Association Annual Conference, Perth, Australia, 5–10 May 2019.
Small ruminant keepers’ knowledge, attitudes and practices towards peste des ...ILRI
Presentation by Guy Ilboudo, Abel Sènabgè Biguezoton, Cheick Abou Kounta Sidibé, Modou Moustapha Lo, Zoë Campbell and Michel Dione at the 6th Peste des Petits Ruminants Global Research and Expertise Networks (PPR-GREN) annual meeting, Bengaluru, India, 28–30 November 2023.
Small ruminant keepers’ knowledge, attitudes and practices towards peste des ...ILRI
Poster by Guy Ilboudo, Abel Sènabgè Biguezoton, Cheick Abou Kounta Sidibé, Modou Moustapha Lo, Zoë Campbell and Michel Dione presented at the 6th Peste des Petits Ruminants Global Research and Expertise Networks (PPR-GREN) annual meeting, Bengaluru, India, 29 November 2023.
A training, certification and marketing scheme for informal dairy vendors in ...ILRI
Presentation by Silvia Alonso, Jef L. Leroy, Emmanuel Muunda, Moira Donahue Angel, Emily Kilonzi, Giordano Palloni, Gideon Kiarie, Paula Dominguez-Salas and Delia Grace at the Micronutrient Forum 6th Global Conference, The Hague, Netherlands, 16 October 2023.
Milk safety and child nutrition impacts of the MoreMilk training, certificati...ILRI
Poster by Silvia Alonso, Emmanuel Muunda, Moira Donahue Angel, Emily Kilonzi, Giordano Palloni, Gideon Kiarie, Paula Dominguez-Salas, Delia Grace and Jef L. Leroy presented at the Micronutrient Forum 6th Global Conference, The Hague, Netherlands, 16 October 2023.
Food safety research in low- and middle-income countriesILRI
Presentation by Hung Nguyen-Viet at the first technical meeting to launch the Food Safety Working Group under the One Health Partnership framework, Hanoi, Vietnam, 28 September 2023
Presentation by Hung Nguyen-Viet at the first technical meeting to launch the Food Safety Working Group under the One Health Partnership framework, Hanoi, Vietnam, 28 September 2023
Reservoirs of pathogenic Leptospira species in UgandaILRI
Presentation by Lordrick Alinaitwe, Martin Wainaina, Salome Dürr, Clovice Kankya, Velma Kivali, James Bugeza, Martin Richter, Kristina Roesel, Annie Cook and Anne Mayer-Scholl at the University of Bern Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences Symposium, Bern, Switzerland, 29 June 2023.
Assessing meat microbiological safety and associated handling practices in bu...ILRI
Presentation by Patricia Koech, Winnie Ogutu, Linnet Ochieng, Delia Grace, George Gitao, Lily Bebora, Max Korir, Florence Mutua and Arshnee Moodley at the 8th All Africa Conference on Animal Agriculture, Gaborone, Botswana, 26–29 September 2023.
Ecological factors associated with abundance and distribution of mosquito vec...ILRI
Poster by Max Korir, Joel Lutomiah and Bernard Bett presented the 8th All Africa Conference on Animal Agriculture, Gaborone, Botswana, 26–29 September 2023.
Practices and drivers of antibiotic use in Kenyan smallholder dairy farmsILRI
Poster by Lydiah Kisoo, Dishon M. Muloi, Walter Oguta, Daisy Ronoh, Lynn Kirwa, James Akoko, Eric Fèvre, Arshnee Moodley and Lillian Wambua presented at Tropentag 2023, Berlin, Germany, 20–22 September 2023.
Introduction:
RNA interference (RNAi) or Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS) is an important biological process for modulating eukaryotic gene expression.
It is highly conserved process of posttranscriptional gene silencing by which double stranded RNA (dsRNA) causes sequence-specific degradation of mRNA sequences.
dsRNA-induced gene silencing (RNAi) is reported in a wide range of eukaryotes ranging from worms, insects, mammals and plants.
This process mediates resistance to both endogenous parasitic and exogenous pathogenic nucleic acids, and regulates the expression of protein-coding genes.
What are small ncRNAs?
micro RNA (miRNA)
short interfering RNA (siRNA)
Properties of small non-coding RNA:
Involved in silencing mRNA transcripts.
Called “small” because they are usually only about 21-24 nucleotides long.
Synthesized by first cutting up longer precursor sequences (like the 61nt one that Lee discovered).
Silence an mRNA by base pairing with some sequence on the mRNA.
Discovery of siRNA?
The first small RNA:
In 1993 Rosalind Lee (Victor Ambros lab) was studying a non- coding gene in C. elegans, lin-4, that was involved in silencing of another gene, lin-14, at the appropriate time in the
development of the worm C. elegans.
Two small transcripts of lin-4 (22nt and 61nt) were found to be complementary to a sequence in the 3' UTR of lin-14.
Because lin-4 encoded no protein, she deduced that it must be these transcripts that are causing the silencing by RNA-RNA interactions.
Types of RNAi ( non coding RNA)
MiRNA
Length (23-25 nt)
Trans acting
Binds with target MRNA in mismatch
Translation inhibition
Si RNA
Length 21 nt.
Cis acting
Bind with target Mrna in perfect complementary sequence
Piwi-RNA
Length ; 25 to 36 nt.
Expressed in Germ Cells
Regulates trnasposomes activity
MECHANISM OF RNAI:
First the double-stranded RNA teams up with a protein complex named Dicer, which cuts the long RNA into short pieces.
Then another protein complex called RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex) discards one of the two RNA strands.
The RISC-docked, single-stranded RNA then pairs with the homologous mRNA and destroys it.
THE RISC COMPLEX:
RISC is large(>500kD) RNA multi- protein Binding complex which triggers MRNA degradation in response to MRNA
Unwinding of double stranded Si RNA by ATP independent Helicase
Active component of RISC is Ago proteins( ENDONUCLEASE) which cleave target MRNA.
DICER: endonuclease (RNase Family III)
Argonaute: Central Component of the RNA-Induced Silencing Complex (RISC)
One strand of the dsRNA produced by Dicer is retained in the RISC complex in association with Argonaute
ARGONAUTE PROTEIN :
1.PAZ(PIWI/Argonaute/ Zwille)- Recognition of target MRNA
2.PIWI (p-element induced wimpy Testis)- breaks Phosphodiester bond of mRNA.)RNAse H activity.
MiRNA:
The Double-stranded RNAs are naturally produced in eukaryotic cells during development, and they have a key role in regulating gene expression .
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
This pdf is about the Schizophrenia.
For more details visit on YouTube; @SELF-EXPLANATORY;
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCAiarMZDNhe1A3Rnpr_WkzA/videos
Thanks...!
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
A brief information about the SCOP protein database used in bioinformatics.
The Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) database is a comprehensive and authoritative resource for the structural and evolutionary relationships of proteins. It provides a detailed and curated classification of protein structures, grouping them into families, superfamilies, and folds based on their structural and sequence similarities.
Taenia solium cysticercosis: Risk factors, perceptions and practices in smallholder pig production systems in Uganda
1. Taenia solium cysticercosis: Risk factors,
perceptions and practices in smallholder pig
production systems in Uganda
Joseph. M. Kungu, Michel M. Dione, Francis Ejobi, Michael Ocaido,
Delia Grace
AITVM/STVM Conference, Berlin, 4-8 September 2016
2. Background
Pigs are “living banks”
More than 1.1 million households
Backyard production, mainly managed by
women and children
Tethering & scavenging are common
Limited access to technical services and
information
Poor slaughtering and waste management
practices
3. Objective of the study
Given the high potential for occurence of T. solium
cysticercosis in Ugandan pig production systems:
Objective: to determine the risk factors for
occurrence of T. solium cysticercosis as well as
perceptions and practices of farmers regarding the
disease
5. Study sites
Masaka, Mukono and Kamuli districts
High pig density, high poverty levels
Poor pig management systems
6. Methodology
Sample collection: Blood and serum
Household survey: semi-structured
questionnaire
Laboratory analysis: HP10 and
B158C11A10/B60H8A4 antigen ELISA
Statistical analysis: Logistic regression to
measure associations of predisposing
factors with the infection and performance
scores to assess perceptions and practices
of farmers regarding taeniosis, human
cysticercosis and porcine cysticercosis.
7. Results: Serology
District
Production System (positive / total samples)
Rural Urban Overall
Kamuli (55/408) 13.5% --- (55/408) 13.5%
Masaka (20/243) 8.2% (24/132) 18.2% (44/375) 11.7%
Mukono (25/276) 9.1% (20/126) 15.9% (45/402) 11.2%
Overall (100/927) 10.8% (44/258) 17.1% (144/1185) 12.2%
Antigen sero-prevalence results from parallel interpretation of
the two ELISA tests (ApDia, HP10) (Kungu et al., 2016)
8. Results: Risk factors
• Improved breed
• Poor farmer knowledge about T. solium cysticercosis
transmission cycle
• Dirty sources of water
• Absence of latrines
9. Results: risk factors
Up to 54.6% of the farmers
interviewed had clean water
near the latrines designated for
washing hands
Of these, 41.9% used water
with soap to wash hands after
latrine use
10. Results: knowledge about T. solium
Farmers were mostly aware about taeniosis (63.0%; CI95:60.0-
65.8);
Only 3/1096 (0.3%; CI95=0.1-0.8) had knowledge on all three
conditions (taeniosis, human cysticercosis and porcine
cysticercosis).
11. Conclusions
Predisposing factors to the maintenance of
taeniosis- T. solium cysticercosis cycle exist
Farmers lack knowledge and capacites to
combat the disease in pigs and humans
12. Recommendations
Improve pig management and husbandry practices
Sensitize and educate farmers and other value chain
actors on the control of T. solium cysticercosis
“One health Approach“ is needed to achieve
efficient and sustainable control of T. solium
cystricercosis
13. This work was financed by
German Academic Exchange Services (DAAD) and International Fund for
Agricultural Development (IFAD)
It was implemented in partnership with the National Livestock Research
Resources Institute (NALIRI), Uganda; College of Veterinary Medicine Animal
Resources and Biosecurity (COVAB), Makerere University
It contributed to the CGIAR Research Programs on
Livestock and Fish and Agriculture for Nutrition and Health
We thank all donors that globally support our work through their contributions
to the CGIAR system
14. This presentation is licensed for use under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Licence.
better lives through livestock
ilri.org