Tachymetry Lesson 7 practice & error
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This document discusses stadia tachymetry field practice and accuracy. It describes using stadia tachymetry to conduct topographic surveys in open areas with few hard levels. The document outlines sources of error in stadia distance and height measurements including errors from staff holding, reading intercepts, instrument constants, refraction, and vertical angles. Accuracy of distance is +/- 100mm at 20m and +/- 300mm at 150m, while height accuracy is within 0.01% of sighting distance when angles are less than 10 degrees.
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This document provides information about tacheometry, which is a method of surveying that determines horizontal and vertical distances from instrumental observations. It discusses how tacheometry can be used when obstacles make traditional surveying difficult. The key aspects covered include:
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This document provides details of a fieldwork report for a traverse survey conducted by a group of quantity surveying students. It includes:
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- Description of the equipment used including a theodolite, tripod, plumb bob and level rod.
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Tacheometric surveying is a method of surveying that uses optical instruments to rapidly measure horizontal and vertical distances between points. It is well-suited for difficult terrain where direct measurements with tapes or chains are impossible. A tacheometer, which is a theodolite fitted with a stadia diaphragm, is used to measure the angle subtended by a known distance on a stadia rod or staff at a point. This allows the horizontal distance and elevation of points to be calculated trigonometrically without direct measurement. Common tacheometric methods include fixed hair stadia, subtense, and tangential systems. Field procedures involve establishing instrument stations along a traverse and taking angular and stadia rod readings
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DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY
INTERNATIONAL ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY ISLAMABAD
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1. There are two primary divisions of surveying: plane surveying which treats the earth's surface as flat, and geodetic surveying which takes the curvature of the earth into account over large areas greater than 1000 km^2.
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3. Chain surveying involves measuring the sides of a network of triangles to map an area without taking angular measurements. It is suitable for small, level, and open areas but not for large, undulating
Mag36
Magnetic surveys involve sampling magnetic fields on a grid with parallel lines and a sampling interval. The sampling interval must be small enough to capture the shortest significant spatial variations, including those from shallow magnetic sources. Raising the magnetometer above the ground reduces anomalies from shallow sources relative to deeper ones. Time variations in the magnetic field must also be removed if they are comparable to anticipated anomalies. This can be done by returning to a base station periodically or using a base station to subtract time variations from airborne readings. Gradiometers measure field gradients by taking the difference between two magnetometers separated by a small distance, which helps remove uniform time variations. After processing, the magnetic data is often transformed, such as by reducing it to the pole to
Tacheometric-Surveying.ppt
Tacheometric surveying is a method that determines horizontal and vertical distances optically rather than using a tape or chain. It uses a theodolite fitted with a stadia diaphragm containing hairs to rapidly measure distances. There are different systems, including the stadia system which uses fixed or movable hairs, and the tangential system. Formulas are used to calculate distances and elevations based on staff intercept readings and vertical angles observed. The constants of the instrument such as the multiplying constant and additive constant must also be determined.
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Ms 1341-p touze-final
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Testing of bored_pile_inclination
The document describes a new system called the BIT (Borehole Inclination Tester) for testing the inclination of bored piles. It consists of sensors mounted on a drilling bucket or access tube that can measure the pile's inclination at various depths. Finite element modeling showed that even small deviations from verticality can cause excessive stresses in piles. While specifications limit maximum inclination, existing testing methods have drawbacks. The BIT addresses these by providing a portable, automated system for measuring inclination during drilling and after completion. Initial field tests demonstrate its viability for quickly checking pile alignment compliance with specifications.
Ss report 1
The students conducted a leveling fieldwork at Taylor's University to determine the reduced levels of checkpoints. They took backsight, intersight and foresight readings and calculated the reduced levels using rise and fall and height of collimation methods. An error of 30mm was found upon closing the level loop. As this was within the acceptable error of 39.799mm, the work was accurate. The error was distributed equally among setups to adjust the final reduced levels. The experience provided hands-on training in using leveling instruments and fostered teamwork skills essential for their future careers.
Lecture 2 errors and uncertainty
Errors and Uncertainty are parts of surveying. These slides start first by defining scale and measurements, then show how to determine the uncertainty in measurements. For making these slides I used some books as well; Surveying_Engineering Surveying 6th edition, Surveying Problem Solving, & Surevying_Elemntary Surveying an introduction to Geomatics_Paul R. Wolf.
Frank smith final presentation
Presentation by the author of the CompNet Least Square Adjustment Software on the optimal setup and conditions in order to produce the most accurate resection traverse.
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The document discusses triangulation survey methods. It covers topics like the selection of suitable triangulation stations based on criteria like intervisibility, erection of different types of signals and towers to mark stations, measurement of base lines and angles, and computations to determine coordinate positions. It also describes techniques to check for line of sight obstructions between stations and the concept of phase error associated with some opaque signals.
LAB MANUAL contouring by indirect method . dce: fet: iiui
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This document analyzes recent changes in underground mine surveying techniques in Western Australia, specifically the increased use of "wall station traversing". This technique uses wall-mounted survey points rather than roof-mounted points, allowing easier installation and access. The document compares error propagation between classical traversing and wall station traversing. It finds that wall station traversing can achieve similar accuracy to classical traversing if survey geometry is optimized, including using acute resection triangles and additional observations between instrument stations. Properly configured, wall station traversing is a viable alternative to classical traversing for underground mine surveying.
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LAB MANUAL contouring by indirect method . dce: fet: iiui
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Recent changes in underground traversing techniques in western australia
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Tutorial circular curve
356° 20’ 40”
δ7
2180
20.000
00 57’ 18”
357° 14’ 00”
δ8
2200
20.000
00 57’ 18”
358° 07’ 20”
δ9
2220
20.000
00 57’ 18”
358° 60’ 40”
T2
2235.506
15.506
00 44’ 25”
359° 12’ 1”
Σ = 192.684
Σ = 90 12’ 1”
354° 29’ 40”
Topic 4 curve lesson 2
Circular curves are used to connect two straight sections of roads, railways, or other infrastructure. There are several common methods for setting out circular curves in the field, including using offsets from the tangent line, offsets from the long chord line, or using deflection angles. Field work involves using tools like optical squares and tapes to accurately mark the curve based on the chosen setting out method. Practical exercises and field work provide opportunities to apply these techniques hands-on.
Topic 4 - Curve
This document discusses curves used in construction. It begins by stating the learning objectives, which are to explain concepts of curves, identify terminology, differentiate between circular, transition, and vertical curves, explain setting out methods, and calculate setting out of different curve types. It then provides brief descriptions of different curve types - circular curves have constant radius, transition curves connect straight lines of different slopes, and vertical curves connect horizontal alignments of different elevations. The document further explains purposes, geometries, and setting out methods for horizontal, vertical, and transition curves. It concludes by discussing types of circular curves that can have single, changing, or double radii.
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The document provides examples and explanations of calculating areas and volumes of various shapes using mathematical formulas. It includes tutorials on calculating the area of triangles, rectangles, trapezoids, and irregular shapes using trapezoid and Simpson's rules. It also provides example questions on calculating areas and volumes based on given dimensions and offset data.
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The document provides information on calculating area and volume for engineering projects. It discusses several methods for calculating the area of regular and irregular shapes, including using mathematical equations, coordinates, planimeters, trapezoidal rule, mid-ordinate rule, and Simpson's rule. It also outlines various approaches to calculating volumes based on cross-sections, spot levels, and contour lines, including end area method, mean area method, and prismoidal formula. Examples are provided to demonstrate calculating area and volume using these different techniques.
Tachymetry lesson 6 substance system
The substance system is a form of tangential measurement where the measured base is held horizontally using a specially made substance bar supported on a tripod with precisely spaced targets. The central target is placed midway between the end targets for measuring traverse angles and sighting with the auxiliary base method. The key formula for the substance system calculates the horizontal distance from the half angle of sighting and the known length of the substance bar, and additional formulas are provided to calculate vertical components and reduced staff heights.
Tachymetry lesson 5 tangent system
This document provides instruction on using the tangential tachymetry system to calculate horizontal distances, vertical distances, and reduced levels between stations. It includes the key formulas and principles, such as using the staff intercept (s) and vertical angles (θ and β) to calculate the horizontal distance (H). It also provides examples of field book layout and calculations. The goal is to use vertical angles and stadia readings to determine horizontal distances, vertical distances, and reduced levels between stations to map topographical features and surfaces.
Tachymetry lesson 4 normal staff
This document provides principles and an example calculation for determining horizontal distance, vertical distance, and difference in height using incline sights with the staff normal method in tachymetry. The key principles are that horizontal distance is calculated using trigonometry with the staff intercept, instrument height, and zenith angle, vertical distance also uses trigonometry with the staff intercept and zenith angle, and difference in height considers the instrument height, vertical distance, and the center hair reading. An example calculation demonstrates applying these principles and formulas to find horizontal distance, vertical distance, and difference in height at a staff station given instrument data, staff readings, and angles.
Tachymetry lesson 2 zenith angle
This document discusses how to assign zenith angles when using an inclinometer or staff. It provides examples of calculating the zenith angle for both left and right faces when the vertical angle is measured. Positive zenith angles indicate elevation, while negative zenith angles represent depression. Formulas are given for determining the zenith angle based on whether it is on the left or right face and if the measured vertical angle is greater or less than 90 or 2700.
Topic 3 mass haul diagram
The document discusses mass haul diagrams (MHD), which are used to compare earthwork distribution costs for construction projects. MHDs graphically represent cumulative earthwork volumes along a linear profile. Peaks indicate transitions between cuts and fills, and balanced sections are bounded by points intersecting the x-axis. MHDs can identify where cuts and fills balance, quantities of material movement, and if borrow or waste is required. Construction of MHDs involves plotting cumulative earthwork values along the y-axis by stationing along the x-axis. Analysis of MHDs determines balanced sections and their average haul distances to estimate transportation costs.
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The document provides details on calculating earthwork volumes and costs for a road construction project based on a mass haul diagram (MHD). Key information from the MHD includes:
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Total estimated cost of earthwork is RM176,375.
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Tachymetry Lesson 7 practice & error
- 1. TACHYMETRY LESSON 6 STADIA FIELD PRACTICE & ACCURACY OF STADIA OBSERVATION
- 2. STADIA FIELD PRACTICE •Stadia tachymetry is mainly used in surveying details in selected areas . •Adequate horizontal and vertical control, supplied by traversing and leveling is required to orientate the survey and to provide station levels. It is best suited to open ground where few hard levels are required.
- 3. STADIA FIELD WORK Figure below shows an area which needs topographic survey. There are some object illustrated in that figure, such as station (A), building(B), road(C), fence(D) and drainage(E). 2 1 3 4
- 4. ACCURACY OF STADIA OBSERVATION 1 2 Accuracy of distance measurement: Using an ordinary levelling staff with 10 mm divisions practical accuracies approximate to the following: Distance Accuracy 20 m ±100mm 100 m ±200mm 150 m ±300mm Accuracy of height measurement : Provided that the staff is held vertically with reasonable care and angles of sighting are less than 10˚, then heights should be accurate to within 0.01 per cent of the sighting distance.
- 5. Accuracy of tachymetry work 1 2
- 6. • The error of careless staff holding can be resolved by using staff bubbles when implementing field observation. • Error in reading the stadia intercept, which is immediately multiplied by 100(K1), thereby making it significant. This source of error will increase with the length of sight. The obvious solution is to limit the length of sight to ensure a good resolution of the graduations. • Error in the determination of the instrument constants K1 and K2, resulting in an error in distance directly proportional to the error in the constant K1 and directly as the error in K2. • Effect of differential refraction on the stadia intercepts. This is minimized by keeping the lower reading 1 to 1.5m above the ground. • Random error in the measurement of the vertical angle. This has a negligible effect on the staff intercept and consequently on the horizontal distance.
- 7. The main sources of error in elevation are errors in vertical angles and additional errors rising from errors in the computed distance.