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This document discusses several urban land use models from the mid-20th century, including Mann's concentric circles and sector model from the 1950s-1970s that was based on British cities like Sheffield. It also examines Mann's model limitations of not accounting for physical landscapes or multiple urban centers, and Robson's 1976 air pollution model. The document analyzes how earlier models do not anticipate modern reurbanization or regeneration of old industrial areas.
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The document discusses several urban models:
1) Burgess' model depicts concentric circles representing zones in a city from the inner city to outer suburbs.
2) Hoyt's model shows wedges extending from the city center representing transportation routes that influence development.
3) The Harris and Ullman model proposes that cities form around multiple centers rather than just one central business district.
4) Mann's model combines aspects of Burgess' concentric circles and Hoyt's wedges to depict urban development patterns influenced by both transportation routes and prevailing winds.
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- The Harris and Ullman Multiple Nuclei Model from the 1940s which argued that cities had lost a single dominant CBD and instead had multiple disconnected activity centers.
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The document discusses several urban morphology models:
1) Burgess' concentric zone model which depicts a city growing outward from the central business district in concentric rings with different land uses and building types.
2) Hoyt's sector model where cities grow in wedge-shaped sectors driven by the location of industries.
3) A LEDC model where housing quality decreases with distance from the central business district unlike in MEDCs.
It also briefly covers bid rent theory which explains how land uses result from economic competition for accessible locations.
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The document discusses urban land use and settlement patterns. It introduces the Burgess model, which describes the different zones in a typical city from the central business district (CBD) moving outward. The zones include the CBD, inner city, inner suburbs, outer suburbs, and rural-urban fringe. Land use and building types change across these zones, with denser development and taller buildings closer to the CBD and less dense, lower buildings further out. Population, economic activity, and land values also decrease with distance from the city center.
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1) High rise buildings are located in city centers because land is most expensive in the central business district (CBD) and building vertically maximizes profits from limited land.
2) Early urban models show concentric zones of land use radiating from the CBD based on decreasing economic rent, with more complex factors like transport routes and topography adding complexity.
3) The sector model recognizes that transport lines influence land use patterns, forming wedges of similar uses radiating from roads rather than perfect circles.
Models of Urban Growth
The Hoyt model is a modification of the concentric zone model that proposes cities grow in sectors or "wedges" along transportation routes like roads, railways, or rivers. Land use remains consistent within each sector, so wealthy areas remain wealthy as poorer uses like industry are located farther from residential zones. While the Hoyt model explains growth patterns in some older cities, it does not account for factors like private automobile use, edge cities, or changes to downtown business districts over time. Physical geography and leapfrog development can also impact sector growth.
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The document summarizes several models of urban growth:
1) The Burgess zone model from the 1920s which depicted concentric rings around a city center driven by competition for land. It showed lower income groups further from the center.
2) Hoyt's sector model from the 1930s which accounted for growth along transportation corridors like railroads. It depicted wedges extending from the city center.
3) The multi-nucleated model of Harris and Ullman which proposed multiple centers of growth around places like stations and industrial complexes rather than just one center. It accommodated changes like suburbanization better.
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The document discusses several urban models:
1) Burgess' model depicts concentric circles representing zones in a city from the inner city to outer suburbs.
2) Hoyt's model shows wedges extending from the city center representing transportation routes that influence development.
3) The Harris and Ullman model proposes that cities form around multiple centers rather than just one central business district.
4) Mann's model combines aspects of Burgess' concentric circles and Hoyt's wedges to depict urban development patterns influenced by both transportation routes and prevailing winds.
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Ebenezer Howard's 1898 work contrasted rural and urban life, proposing "Garden Cities" that incorporated the best of both, such as Letchworth (1903) and Welwyn Garden City (1920). While well-intentioned, garden cities often functioned merely as dormitories for larger cities and did not fully achieve their egalitarian vision. Bid rent theory shows how much different sectors are willing to pay for land in various locations, with retail highest in the city center and residential uses on the outskirts. Variations of this model account for factors like transportation intersections and suburban centers.
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The document discusses three classic urban land models:
- The Burgess Concentric Zone Model from the 1920s which depicted Chicago as having 5 concentric zones moving from the inner city to outer suburbs.
- The Hoyt Sector Model from the 1930s which showed urban growth in pie-shaped sectors extending from the CBD along transportation routes.
- The Harris and Ullman Multiple Nuclei Model from the 1940s which argued that cities had lost a single dominant CBD and instead had multiple disconnected activity centers.
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The document discusses several urban morphology models:
1) Burgess' concentric zone model which depicts a city growing outward from the central business district in concentric rings with different land uses and building types.
2) Hoyt's sector model where cities grow in wedge-shaped sectors driven by the location of industries.
3) A LEDC model where housing quality decreases with distance from the central business district unlike in MEDCs.
It also briefly covers bid rent theory which explains how land uses result from economic competition for accessible locations.
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The document discusses urban land use and settlement patterns. It introduces the Burgess model, which describes the different zones in a typical city from the central business district (CBD) moving outward. The zones include the CBD, inner city, inner suburbs, outer suburbs, and rural-urban fringe. Land use and building types change across these zones, with denser development and taller buildings closer to the CBD and less dense, lower buildings further out. Population, economic activity, and land values also decrease with distance from the city center.
Models Of Urban Land Use
1) High rise buildings are located in city centers because land is most expensive in the central business district (CBD) and building vertically maximizes profits from limited land.
2) Early urban models show concentric zones of land use radiating from the CBD based on decreasing economic rent, with more complex factors like transport routes and topography adding complexity.
3) The sector model recognizes that transport lines influence land use patterns, forming wedges of similar uses radiating from roads rather than perfect circles.
Models of Urban Growth
The Hoyt model is a modification of the concentric zone model that proposes cities grow in sectors or "wedges" along transportation routes like roads, railways, or rivers. Land use remains consistent within each sector, so wealthy areas remain wealthy as poorer uses like industry are located farther from residential zones. While the Hoyt model explains growth patterns in some older cities, it does not account for factors like private automobile use, edge cities, or changes to downtown business districts over time. Physical geography and leapfrog development can also impact sector growth.
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The document summarizes several models of urban growth:
1) The Burgess zone model from the 1920s which depicted concentric rings around a city center driven by competition for land. It showed lower income groups further from the center.
2) Hoyt's sector model from the 1930s which accounted for growth along transportation corridors like railroads. It depicted wedges extending from the city center.
3) The multi-nucleated model of Harris and Ullman which proposed multiple centers of growth around places like stations and industrial complexes rather than just one center. It accommodated changes like suburbanization better.
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The document summarizes four models of urban structure developed in the early-to-mid 20th century:
1) Burgess's Concentric Zone Model (1923) proposed that cities grow outward from the central business district (CBD) in concentric rings based on social class.
2) Hoyt's Sector Model (1939) argued that neighborhoods develop along transportation corridors rather than distance from the CBD.
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The document discusses three urban land use models:
1) Burgess's concentric zone model which views cities as consisting of nested rings extending from the CBD including zones of transition, working people, wealthy homeowners, and commuters.
2) Hoyt's sector model which proposes cities grow in wedge-shaped sectors extending from industry centers.
3) Harris and Ullman's multiple nuclei model which sees cities developing from several activity nodes rather than just the CBD, with nodes clustering similar uses and repelling others.
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The document describes Burgess's concentric zone model from 1924 and Hoyt's sector model from 1939. Burgess's model divided a city into 5 zones reflecting land use and socioeconomic status, with the central business district at the center and residential and industrial zones radiating outwards. Hoyt's model accounted for transportation networks and depicted zones in wedge-shaped sectors. Both models aimed to explain urban land use patterns but had limitations as they did not consider changes over time or mass transportation.
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1) Burgess's Concentric Zone Model (1923) proposed that cities grow outward from the central business district (CBD) in concentric rings based on social class.
2) Hoyt's Sector Model (1939) argued that neighborhoods develop along transportation corridors rather than distance from the CBD.
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The document discusses three urban land use models:
1) Burgess's concentric zone model which views cities as consisting of nested rings extending from the CBD including zones of transition, working people, wealthy homeowners, and commuters.
2) Hoyt's sector model which proposes cities grow in wedge-shaped sectors extending from industry centers.
3) Harris and Ullman's multiple nuclei model which sees cities developing from several activity nodes rather than just the CBD, with nodes clustering similar uses and repelling others.
The Burgess Model
The Burgess model describes the patterns of land use in cities with concentric zones expanding outward from the center. The center zone (CBD) is the oldest part of the city containing commercial areas. The transition zone immediately outside the CBD is mixed-use and undergoing renewal. The inner city zone further out typically contains older terraced housing and some industry. The inner and outer suburbs zones contain newer housing, parks, and other amenities spreading to the edges of the city. The model assumes socio-economic status decreases with distance from the CBD.
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The ‘Multiple Nuclei Model’ was given by C.D Harris and Edward L. Ullman in
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T1 w9
Bid-rent theory graphically shows the different amounts that various land users are willing and able to pay for locations with good access to the central business district (CBD). Commerce, especially large department stores, is willing to pay the highest rent to locate in the CBD due to the large population and customer turnover. Industry is willing to pay to locate on the outskirts of the CBD for more land and access to markets and infrastructure. Further from the CBD, land becomes less attractive to industry and more affordable for households, resulting in dense inner cities and sparse suburbs. This explains one pattern of urban land use but is an oversimplification and exceptions exist.
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The document describes three models of urban land use: Burgess's 1924 model of Chicago which had 5 socioeconomic zones radiating from the city center; Hoyt's 1939 sector model based on 142 US cities which arranged zones in wedge-shaped sectors along transport lines; and the functional zone model which arranges zones from the CBD to outer suburbs based on housing type and infrastructure. The models attempt to explain typical land use patterns in cities but have limitations as they do not account for variations between individual cities.
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The document describes Burgess's concentric zone model from 1924 and Hoyt's sector model from 1939. Burgess's model divided a city into 5 zones reflecting land use and socioeconomic status, with the central business district at the center and residential and industrial zones radiating outwards. Hoyt's model accounted for transportation networks and depicted zones in wedge-shaped sectors. Both models aimed to explain urban land use patterns but had limitations as they did not consider changes over time or mass transportation.
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This document discusses two urban models: the Burgess model and the multiple nuclei model.
The Burgess model proposes that urban areas develop in concentric zones radiating out from the central business district. It defines five zones - the CBD, a transition zone, an inner city zone, outer suburbs, and a commuter zone.
The multiple nuclei model was developed in response to the limitations of the Burgess model. It proposes that cities grow around multiple centers or nuclei, rather than a single center. Each nucleus develops its own surrounding zones of residential, commercial and industrial uses. The model assumes even distribution of resources and transportation costs.
The document outlines the key assumptions and zones of each model, and notes some
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This is my first presentation so i am very nurvaus . so i am request to all person watch my presentation,,,Thank You.......
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1) Von Thunen's agricultural land use model from 1826 hypothesized concentric rings of agriculture around a central city, with different crops in each ring based on transport costs.
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3) Hoyt's sector model answered limitations of the concentric zone model by depicting pie-shaped zones extending from the central business district along transport routes.
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Natural factors affect devt
Uneven development across nations may be influenced by natural factors. Differences in geography, climate and natural resources impact countries' economic trajectories and living standards in ways that are hard to overcome. While development challenges exist, understanding nature's role could help address imbalances more effectively.
Composite indicators
The document discusses the limitations of using only economic or social indicators to assess a country's level of development. It introduces the Human Development Index (HDI), which considers economic, health and education factors. While HDI takes a more comprehensive approach, it may not fully capture a country's situation due to unreliable data, large informal economies, lack of incorporation of human rights, and other important aspects of well-being. Alternative indicators like GNH try to include additional factors, but do not address more pressing livelihood needs. An accurate portrayal of development is complex with no perfect measure.
Social indicators
This document discusses several social indicators that can be used to measure how well people live in a country, including health, life expectancy, infant mortality rate, access to clean water and sanitation, education, and adult literacy rate. Generally, more developed countries have higher life expectancies and lower infant mortality as people have better access to healthcare. Access to clean water and sanitation facilities is also important for public health. Education levels are commonly measured by literacy rates, with more developed nations typically having higher rates.
Economic indicators
This document discusses various economic indicators used to measure and analyze economies. It outlines indicators for measuring overall wealth like GDP and income per capita. It also discusses employment rate, economic structure by primary/secondary/tertiary sectors, and trends in developing countries towards more tertiary sector jobs in services and how this impacts standards of living and employment opportunities locally and through outsourcing. Tables show shifts away from primary towards tertiary industries as countries develop.
Devt 2
This document outlines a 5 stage model of economic development: Stage 1 represents a traditional society, Stage 2 involves preconditions for rapid growth, Stage 3 is a period of take-off into self-sustaining growth, Stage 4 is a drive towards maturity, and Stage 5 is an age of mass consumption.
Devt 1
The document discusses what development means. It defines development as enlarging people's choices and allowing them to enjoy a free, healthy life in a safe environment. Specifically, development aims to improve outcomes like access to knowledge, nutrition, health services, secure livelihoods, security from crime and violence, leisure time, freedoms, and community participation, rather than just focusing on income and growth figures. The objective of development is to create conditions where people can live long, healthy, and creative lives.
T2W5
This document discusses hunger and poverty in Singapore. It notes that over 120,000 households rely on supplemental food rations from the government or volunteers. Income inequality is rising, with Singapore having the highest Gini coefficient among developed countries. Those most at risk of hunger live in older HDB estates, one-room flats, or low-cost rental units. Common causes of hunger include unstable or low incomes and an unwillingness to accept help due to stigma. Several formal groups and informal volunteer initiatives work to address hunger by providing meals or distributing unsold food. The document encourages continuing the legacy of one volunteer who started a food sharing movement before passing away.
Oeq
The document discusses whether genetically modified foods (GMFs) can solve world hunger and malnutrition. It provides examples of how GMFs could increase food supply and nutrient intake, such as through pest-resistant and longer-lasting crops. However, it also notes risks like allergic reactions and the potential for GMF crops to be used for other purposes instead of feeding the hungry. The document considers both sides of the issue without making a clear conclusion.
T1W3-4
This document discusses Thomas Malthus's theory of population growth and its relationship to resource availability. It also discusses the Demographic Transition Theory and Esther Boserup's response to Malthus. Malthus argued that population grows geometrically while resources grow arithmetically, leading to population exceeding carrying capacity. Boserup countered that population pressure stimulates technological innovation to increase yields. The document also notes debates between anti-populationists concerned with limits and pronatalists who argue resources will become more abundant through technology.
T1W2
Malthus theorized that population grows geometrically while food production increases arithmetically, leading to population exceeding the food supply. He argued this would result in famine, disease, or war that lower the population through "positive checks" until it is again supported by the food supply. While Malthus' ideas supported limiting population growth, his theory is debated as it did not account for technological advances increasing food production. Modern debates discuss whether concerns over food supply are still relevant given globalization and technological changes in agriculture.
Close devt gap
National strategies like improving education, job creation, and population control helped Singapore narrow its development gap. These strategies were generally effective for Singapore by creating jobs, improving skills, and optimizing population. However, overreliance on any strategy can be ineffective. International cooperation through organizations like the World Bank and agreements like the UNMDGs also aimed to reduce disparities with aid, expertise sharing, and agreements, but corruption and unsustainable resource use sometimes limited aid's effectiveness. Overall, a balanced set of national development strategies combined with responsible international cooperation can help close the gap, but sustainability is important.
Dtm
As a population transitions from high birth/death rates to lower rates (demographic transition), its pyramid shape changes from wide at the base to more rectangular. As birth rates decline, the base narrows, resulting in a "bulge" in working age groups. With increased lifespans, the top of the pyramid expands as more people survive to older ages. Migration impacts can thin or expand different age groups. Ultimately, as replacement-level fertility is sustained, the pyramid becomes more rectangular with similar numbers in each age group.
Pop & devt
A large population can be both advantageous and disadvantageous for a country's development, bringing economic growth through more workers and consumers but also social challenges around resources, employment, and political stability. Specific country examples should be discussed and a conclusion made about whether large populations are on balance more a boon or bane.
Uneven devt ec
Karl Gunnar Myrdal was a Swedish economist who received the Nobel Prize in economics. He developed the theory of cumulative causation to explain economic development and disparities between regions. The theory posits that spread effects from developed core regions to poorer periphery regions are typically weaker than the backwash effects, which drain resources from the periphery. This leads to divergence and perpetuation of underdevelopment over time through a circular process where poverty begets more poverty. Myrdal argued for government intervention and policies to promote balanced regional development through spread effects in order to break this cycle.
Politics & devt
A document discusses the relationship between a country's development, corruption, and political instability. It poses questions about whether corruption or a country's form of government has a greater impact on development, defined as economic growth. Students are instructed to work in pairs and read assigned articles on the influence of political leaders or governance models on development. They will then discuss their findings and argue which factor - leaders or governance - has a greater effect on a nation's economic development.
Nature & devt
Uneven development across regions is a complex issue with no single cause. Natural factors like climate and geography have historically influenced where populations settled and economic activity occurred. However, with globalization and advances in transportation/technology, the impact of natural advantages or disadvantages has lessened, though nature still provides resources that drive some local economies.
T2 w4
Squatter settlements, also known as slums, are informal settlements that lack basic services and legal rights. They are typically located on the outskirts of urban areas. Issues associated with squatter settlements include loss of agricultural land, environmental hazards from waste and overcrowding, spread of diseases due to lack of sanitation, and barriers to education and gender equality without proper facilities. However, slums also provide important economic functions by employing many residents and contributing to local economies through informal businesses. Redevelopment efforts aim to address issues but must consider impacts to livelihoods.
T2 w2
The document discusses waste generation and management. It notes that China generates the largest volume of municipal solid waste globally, estimated at 1.3 billion tonnes per year. Improper waste disposal can cause groundwater pollution and loss of biodiversity by leakage from landfills. It also explores how waste impacts society through widening social distances and inequality, as well as economic costs of waste management. Singapore relies on incineration and landfills for waste disposal but questions whether this system is sustainable.
T1 w10
Traffic congestion can negatively impact nature, society, individual well-being, and the economy. It can lead to the clearing of nature spaces to build more transport infrastructure, resulting in the loss of biodiversity and threatened species. Traffic congestion also causes air pollution exposure, which poses health risks, especially for vulnerable groups. Additionally, traffic congestion causes disruptions to daily life through commuting delays. It contributes to the loss of productive hours and long term economic productivity.
T3 w3
Human settlements can range in size from small hamlets of under 100 people to massive megacities of millions. Settlement types are classified based on population size, with hamlets having under 100 people, villages 100-1,000, towns 1,000-20,000, cities over 100,000, and megacities or conurbations having populations of several million people made up of multiple interconnected cities. The location and layout of settlements is influenced by factors like access to resources, defense needs, and transportation routes. Settlement functions have also expanded over time from just farming to include residences, administration, industry, commerce, services, and tourism.
More from yahui_tan (20)
T3 w9a
- 1. Urban Landuse Models - Based on British experience
- 2. Classic industrial city 1850s (Source: Konx and Pinch 2000 – Urban Social Geography)
- 5. Mann’s Concentric Circles and Sector Model
- 6. Mann’s Model •A British Urban Land Use Model. •A combination of the ideas of Burgess and Hoyt with both concentric rings and sectors. •Based on Sheffield, Nottingham and Huddersfield. •The role of the prevailing wind is important.
- 7. Mann’s Model – Limitations and Advantages •Once again there is no reference to the physical landscape. •No acknowledgement of the multiple centres in Harris and Ullman’s model. •Does not forsee the advent of reurbanisation that is happening today with the regeneration of decaying old industrial centres. BUT •Takes in the role of council estates in the suburbs. •Notes the influence of environmental factors. •Makes a model more specific to the UK .
- 8. ROBSON’S MODEL Robson, Arthur J. “Two Models of Urban Air Pollution” Journal of Urban Economics, Vol. 3 Issue 3 (July, 1976) pp. 264 - 284