1) An ice age occurs when global temperatures are low for a long period of time, causing glaciers to form and expand.
2) We are currently in an interglacial period of the Quaternary Ice Age, between major ice ages. During interglacials, temperatures rise enough to cause glacier recession but at least one major ice sheet remains.
3) There have been at least five major ice ages over the past million years, as shown by fluctuations in global temperature graphs. The most recent ice age peaked between 110,000-70,000 years ago and lasted until around 12,000 years ago.
This topic is all about Glaciation. This includes; the causes of glaciation, the origin of glaciers, formation, primary types, movement, the erosional, transportation and depositional mechanisms. This also includes the common landforms brought by glaciers.
A "lunar eclipse" and a "solar eclipse" refer to events involving three celestial bodies: the Sun ("solar"), the moon ("lunar"), and the Earth. A lunar eclipse occurs when the Earth passes between the Moon and the Sun, and the Earth's shadow obscures the moon or a portion of it. A solar eclipse occurs when the Moon passes between the Earth and the Sun, blocking all or a portion of the Sun.
Bowen’s Reaction Series
ROCKS:
There are three kinds of rocks, that are defined on the basis of how they formed.
Igneous Rocks:
are formed from the solidification of molten rock or magma.
Sedimentary Rocks:
form through when materials at the earth's surface (sediments) are buried and hardened (lithified).
Metamorphic Rocks:
are formed when older rocks are changed by heat and pressure without being melted.
This topic is all about Glaciation. This includes; the causes of glaciation, the origin of glaciers, formation, primary types, movement, the erosional, transportation and depositional mechanisms. This also includes the common landforms brought by glaciers.
A "lunar eclipse" and a "solar eclipse" refer to events involving three celestial bodies: the Sun ("solar"), the moon ("lunar"), and the Earth. A lunar eclipse occurs when the Earth passes between the Moon and the Sun, and the Earth's shadow obscures the moon or a portion of it. A solar eclipse occurs when the Moon passes between the Earth and the Sun, blocking all or a portion of the Sun.
Bowen’s Reaction Series
ROCKS:
There are three kinds of rocks, that are defined on the basis of how they formed.
Igneous Rocks:
are formed from the solidification of molten rock or magma.
Sedimentary Rocks:
form through when materials at the earth's surface (sediments) are buried and hardened (lithified).
Metamorphic Rocks:
are formed when older rocks are changed by heat and pressure without being melted.
write one page of this articleAre we due for another ice agejameywaughj
write one page of this article
Are we due for another ice age?
Based on previous cycles the Earth is probably due to go into an ice age about now. In fact, conditions were starting to line up for a new ice age at least 6,000 years ago.
"If you look at what was happening prior to the industrial revolution, summers were actually getting colder in the northern hemisphere. They've been getting colder for at least the last 6,000 years, so we were definitely on that trend," Dr Phipps said.
But that trend has now been comprehensively reversed because of greenhouse gas emissions, according to Dr Phipps.
"There's no chance of us going into an ice age now because the greenhouse gases we've put into the atmosphere during the industrial era have warmed the earth."
Although scientists cannot say we have definitely prevented the next ice age, it's certainly accepted that humans have had a significant part to play.
Humans could have just walked from New Guinea to the Australian mainland.Dr Steven Phipps, University of Tasmania.
"There is actually a hypothesis that it's not just industrial society but ever since humans began practicing large scale farming at least 5,000 years ago, such as methane emissions from rice paddies," Dr Phipps said.
"So it's possibly not just greenhouse gas emissions over the last 200 years that's stopped us going into an ice age, but it's actually greenhouse gas emissions for the last 5,000 years that have collectively helped to steer us away from the next ice age."
What would happen if there was an ice age today?
We may have delayed the onset of the next ice age for now, but if another one came it would have pretty big consequences for human civilisation.
Besides the fact it would be an awful lot colder, huge regions where hundreds of millions of people live would become completely uninhabitable. They'd be covered in thick ice sheets and subject to an inhospitable climate.
"Assuming it was similar to the last one, then north America would be covered in ice, the whole of northern Europe, the whole of northern Asia would be covered in ice," Dr Phipps said.
There would be a lot less agricultural land available, so it would be very difficult to support the human population, Dr Phipps warned.
And the physical shape of the continents would look completely different across the whole planet.
A huge drop in sea level of up to 120 metres would close down marine channels - the Mediterranean Sea, Torres Strait, Bass Strait and Bering Strait - and create new areas of land that could be used for habitation or agriculture.
Ocean ports would no longer be on the ocean, and anyone wanting water views would need to relocate large distances.
What we have the last ice age to thank for...
Ice ages have had an absolutely enormous impact on human evolution.
During the last ice age, which ran from about 110,000 years ago to 10,000 years ago, the lower sea levels allowed humans to move out across the entire world.
"There was no Berin ...
Human civilization has existed for a very short time on Earth. If we take the existence of Earth as equivalent to one year in time. Then human civilisation only appears on the last second of the last hour of the last day in the Earth’s year. Human has been fighting each other since the beginning of history. In the last century, we had two World Wars, when millions were killed. But I am the luck generation that miraculously never experienced wars, although the drums of wars are never too far away. We have arsenals of weapons that could destroy the world many times over. In my life time, I have also seen many of our children, marrying people of different races too. Our greatest enemy is ourselves. If we can survive this, there is the whole universe to explore. Finally, just remind ourselves that the longest Ice Age on Earth lasted for well over 1 billion years long and our civilisation is only 10,000 years old. 16 Jan 2022.
ZGB - The Role of Generative AI in Government transformation.pdfSaeed Al Dhaheri
This keynote was presented during the the 7th edition of the UAE Hackathon 2024. It highlights the role of AI and Generative AI in addressing government transformation to achieve zero government bureaucracy
Understanding the Challenges of Street ChildrenSERUDS INDIA
By raising awareness, providing support, advocating for change, and offering assistance to children in need, individuals can play a crucial role in improving the lives of street children and helping them realize their full potential
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Jennifer Schaus and Associates hosts a complimentary webinar series on The FAR in 2024. Join the webinars on Wednesdays and Fridays at noon, eastern.
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Many ways to support street children.pptxSERUDS INDIA
By raising awareness, providing support, advocating for change, and offering assistance to children in need, individuals can play a crucial role in improving the lives of street children and helping them realize their full potential
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What is the point of small housing associations.pptxPaul Smith
Given the small scale of housing associations and their relative high cost per home what is the point of them and how do we justify their continued existance
Jennifer Schaus and Associates hosts a complimentary webinar series on The FAR in 2024. Join the webinars on Wednesdays and Fridays at noon, eastern.
Recordings are on YouTube and the company website.
https://www.youtube.com/@jenniferschaus/videos
2. What Is an Ice Age?
Since Earth began, global temperatures have gone up and down. This can
be caused by a number of things including Earth’s orbit and tilt,
volcanoes, ocean currents and the movement of tectonic plates on the
surface of the planet.
An ice age is when temperatures all over the
world are low and stay low for a long time.
Glaciers are formed in an ice age and
continually expand during this time.
3. Where Are We Now?
We are currently in an ‘interglacial period’.
During interglacial
periods, there is still at
least one major ice sheet
(big expanse of ice);
currently we have two:
one in the Antarctic and
one in Greenland.
Greenland Ice Sheet
Antarctic
Ice Sheet
As temperatures finally rise again (after several thousands of years)
glaciers start to recede and we see the start of what is called an
interglacial period.
4. Five or More Ice Ages
Over the past million years, there have been many epochs (smaller ages) of
glacial expansion but there have been at least five major ice ages.
This graph shows the average global temperature fluctuating over millions
of years. We are in an interglacial period of the Quaternary Ice Age right
now.
5. How Does an Ice Age Start?
An ice age starts when glaciers are
growing. This happens when the
global temperatures cool, which
means that places like Canada end
up really cold.
The fact that a lot of water is trapped in
glaciers at this time also makes sea levels drop.
Snow falls but doesn’t melt. More
snow falls on top of it and the
underneath snow turns to ice. As
this cycle continues, a glacier is
formed and the weight of it makes
it start to move forward.
6. The Most Recent Ice Age
Look at the map on the next page to see the ice sheets and spot
where the extra land has appeared.
At the height of the Ice Age, there were huge sheets of ice, some
up to 4km thick, across Canada, Northern Europe, Russia, parts
of Asia and South America – around one third of earth.
The fact that so much water was tied up in ice, meant the
oceans were a lot lower than they are today, about 120m
lower. This led to some interesting changes, with land
appearing that had previously been underwater.
The time we refer to now as ‘the Ice Age’ was the most recent ice age
that started between 110,000 and 70,000 years ago and lasted until
around 12,000 years ago. This was also the earliest and longest part of
the Stone Age.
8. Who or What Were Around?
Humans were around in the last ice age
and made good use of the extra land that
appeared to migrate to different places in
the world. These humans, who survived
the Ice Age and are our ancestors, were
Homo sapiens.
Along with Homo sapiens,
there were various plants
and animals, including
many giant animals
called megafauna.
Megafauna existed in the Ice Age. These were large animals
where an adult weighed over 44kg. Megafauna included the
woolly mammoth, sabre-toothed cats, giants sloths and a
huge armadillo-type creature called a glyptodon.
9. Did Homo Sapiens Survive?
Even though the conditions were extremely
harsh, Homo sapiens survived. Those early
humans were able to hunt animals for
food and also use tools for survival. These
included tools made from stone.
They were also able to make tools from
bones which included early needles that
they used to sew furs together to make
warm clothes.
Due to the low ocean levels, the land
bridges that appeared made it possible for
Homo sapiens to migrate to other
countries without boats or transport and
follow better conditions.
10. What about the Megafauna?
Many of the megafauna became extinct during the Ice Age due to the
extremely harsh conditions and some hunting by Homo sapiens.
Glyptodon
Woolly
Mammoth
Megatherium
Mastodon
Sabre-Toothed Cat
Smaller plants and animals were able to survive in warmer places, such as
near volcanoes. Here are some of the large animals you may have seen
roaming earth during the Ice Age that aren’t around anymore.
11. Evidence of the Ice Age
In the UK, we can still see evidence of the Ice Age all around us. We know
that a U-shaped valley was made a long time ago by a glacier (V-shaped
valleys have been made by rivers).
Scientists have also drilled
down into ice and the earth
to find evidence of the Ice
Age. They have uncovered
animals and plants that no
longer exist in the ice and as
fossils. Just drilling deep
down into ice can reveal the
amount of greenhouse gases
around at a particular time!
12. Ice Age Facts
A hunter from the Ice Age, called
Otzi the Ice Man, was found in
melting ice in Italy in 1991.
In the Ice Age, one
third of the earth
was covered in ice.
Sea level history
can be seen in
coral reefs today.
There has been a
more recent cold
time called the Little
Ice Age, between
1300 and 1870,
where people could
actually skate on
the ice on the River
Thames!
The beginning of
farming by humans
was the beginning of a
significant rise in
greenhouse gases.
