4. 17 millions barrels of oil per year 1 millions cars in a year
What happens to plastic after we use it ??
Leo Baekeland
1863–1944
In 1909
Received John Scott Medal award in 1910
Inventions improved the "comfort, welfare, and happiness of human kind" in a significant way
5. 전남도에 따르면 우리나라 해양 쓰레기는 2015년 기준으로 16만t으로 추정된다. 이
가운데 24%인 3만8000톤이 전남 지역 해양으로 몰려들어 오염을 일으키고 있는
것으로 관측됐다.
http://www.newsis.com/ar_detail/view.html?ar_id=NISX20160322_0013974720&cID=1
0201&pID=10200
Renewable Resources - Polymers
Polymers
Renewable
Resources
6. industrial waste Vegetable biomass refineries Animal biomass
Renewable Resources - Polymers
Renewable Resources
Water Bio
Solar Wind
Earth
Primary
Secondary
Polymers
Renewable
Resources
Hydro power
Tidal energy
Wave energy
Solar energy
Ecology
survivor
Biomass
Bio-fuels
Hydrocarbon
Plants
Animals
Wind energy
Powering
Cargo ships
Electricity
Chitosan
Proteins
Gelatin
Leather
Resins
Fats
Wood
Cellulose
Lignin
Hemicellulose
Starch
Oils
Rosin
Alginates
Terpenes
Poly isoprene
Paper industry
Constriction
industry
Leather industry
Chemical waste
Solid waste
Toxic and
Hazardous waste
7. Renewable Resources - Polymers
Polymers
Renewable
Resources
• Carbon dioxide and water are used in photosynthesis to grow plants
• The plants are harvested and processed to make chemicals
(monomers and polymers)
• The plant material may be fermented to produce monomers (Ex.
Plant derived sugar to lactic acid)
• Chemicals may be extracted from the plant to make monomers (Ex.
Modified soybean oil used in polyurethane foam) or Polymers (Natural
rubber)
• The renewable chemicals are converted to plastic products
Compost:
• Some sustainable polymer can be composted in addition to being
recycle or incinerated to recover their energy content
• Compositing produces carbon dioxide water and organic matter
which is used to regenerate the renewable resources feedstock
8. Renewable Resources - Polymers
Compost
Polyurethane production from Soybean oil
Starch Polymer production
Lactic acid from Sugar cane
Polymers
Renewable
Resources
11. • Sustainable polymers produced from terpenes and terpenoids
• Upcycling of carbon dioxide into sustainable polymers of high value
Renewable Resources - Polymers
13. Any hair like raw material directly obtainable from an animal,
vegetable or mineral source and convertible into nonwoven fabrics
such as felt or paper or after spinning into yarns into woven cloth.
Flax Fibers
Renewable Resources - Polymers
Woolly sheep
Swiss lake dwellers
15. Chemical composition of Natural Fibers
Wool
Polymer = Polypeptide chains (forming the protein keratin)
Monomer = amino acids (one of which is cysteine (contains
sulfur))
Silk
Polymer = Protein
Monomer = amino acids (But less of a variety than wool)
Cotton
Polymer = Cellulose (plant)
Monomer = Glucose
Linen
Polymer = Cellulose (Flax plant) Longer chains than cotton
which make it brittle
Monomer = Glucose
Wool Silk Cotton
Polymers
Renewable
Resources
17. Abundantly available organic compounds on the earth
Cellulose
Chitin (Chitosan)
Lignin
1
2
2
Key information of Natural Fibers
α 1,4 linkages
Starch b 1,4 linkages
Cellulose
19. Cashew nut shell liquid (CNSL) is a dark brown viscous liquid present inside a
soft honeycomb structure of the cashew nutshell and is a very important
agricultural byproduct of cashew nut and cashew apple production, produced
by the cashew nut tree (Anacardium occidentale).
The shell of the nut is approximately 1/8 inch thick. Cashew nut shell liquid is
the pericarp fluid of the cashew nut. Natural CNSL is a mixture of phenolic
compounds with aliphatic side chains, and these are 70% anacardic acid, 5%
cardanol, and 18% cardol.
Several methods can extract CNSL: hot oil process, solvent extraction,
mechanical extraction, vacuum distillation, or supercritical fluids processes:
mainly hot-oil and the local roasting in which the CNSL flows out from the
shell.
CNSL is typically treated with high temperatures, which decarboxylates
anacardic acid, yielding cardanol; additional distillation of CNSL removes cardol
leaving cardanol as the primary component in CNSL
Polymers
Renewable
Resources
Key information of Cashew nut shell
Cashew nut
shell liquid
20. Cardanol is an industrial grade yellow oil obtained by vacuum distillation of ‘cashew nut
shell liquid’(CNSL), the international name for the alkyl phenolic oil
CNSL derived from the most diffused roasted mechanical processes of the cashew
industry represents nearly 25% of the total nut weight, and its production worldwide
(Africa, Asia and South America being the main producer areas) is estimated to be about
300,000 tons per year
Improved flexibility and reduced brittleness
Solubility in Organic solvents
Improved processability
Low fade characteristics for friction
Resistance to cold wear
Good electrical resistance
Better water repellence
Improved alkali and acid resistance
Compatibility with other polymers
Antimicrobial properties
Termite and inset resistance
Structural feature for transformation into high
performance polymers
Low cost phenol
Versatility in polymerization and chemical modification
Possibility for development of high performance
polymers
Property advantage over phenolics in certain
applications such as impact resistance, flexibility, faster
heat dissipation.
Key information of Cashew nut shell
Polymers
Renewable
Resources
Advantage of CNSL based polymers
Industrial significance of CNSL
Extraction of Cardanol from CNSL
Mechanical properties of CSNL resin composites
23. Examples of carbohydrate derived monomers : 3-(1,2-3,4-
tetraoxobutyldi-isopropylidene)dioxane-2,5-dione (a), 1,2-o-
isopropylidene-[D]-xylofuranose-3,5-cyclic carbonate (b), and 1,4-
dioxane-2,5-diones
featuring pendant carboxyl groups (P = protecting group, x=1,
R=CH2COOP; x=1, R=H; x=2, R=CH3,
Carbohydrates (cellulose and hemicellulose) and lignin are the dominant components of
lignocellulosic biomass.
Carbohydrates are the most industrially-used biomass component.
Furanyl compounds can be derived from carbohydrates and can serve as common
building blocks for making polymers.
For example, cellulose and hemicellulose can be hydrolyzed into sugars, and the sugars
converted into 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) and furfural.
HMF and furfural can be used as synthons for the preparation of a number of building
block molecules, which have been studied for free radical, cationic, and anionic
initiation polymerization compared thermosets from furanyl-based and phenyl-based
diepoxy monomers and demonstrated that furan-based polymers exhibit improved glass
transition temperature and glassy modulus compared to their phenolic analogues.
Therefore, furan-based molecules are viable building blocks for the preparation of
highperformance epoxy resins
Carbohydrate derived monomers
Polymers
Renewable
Resources
25. Biodegradable materials
Coffee cups from Coffee grounds
Biodegradable polymers
Almost all biodegradable materials are made of polymers
Polymers
Renewable
Resources
26. Jacques E.
Brandenberger
Brandenberger succeeded in
producing the first biodegradable
plastic from the plant-derived
structural polysaccharide cellulose.
Cellophane
1908
Ironically, at that time Cellophane's inherent biodegradability hampered its suitability for
certain applications and it was quickly superseded by more conventional and durable plastics.
Biodegradable polymers
Aliphatic Aromatic
Polybutylene
succinate
Poly carprolactone
Polyhydroxyalkanoates
Polylactic acid
Polybutylene
succinate
Adipate
Poly hydroxylbutyrate
Polyhydroxyvalerate
Modified
Polyethylene terephthalate Acetylamino acetic acid
Polybutylene adipate terephthalate
Poly(tetramethylene adipate terephthalate)
Naturally produced - Renewable
Synthetic – Non-Renewable
Synthetic - Renewable
Biodegradable polymers
27. Biodegradable polymers
Most Polymers are not biodegradable
Conventional polyethylene products can take longer
than 100 years to degrade!
Since only ~14% of plastic water bottles are recycled, a new plastic resin
derived from corn byproducts (PLA) is now being used for plastic bottles.
PLA is a renewable natural resource that is commercially compost able in ~75 days and
require 30% less energy & 50% less CO2 to produce than conventional plastic.
Some Biodegradable polymers
Polymers
Renewable
Resources
28. Biodegradable polymers
Symphony Environmental has produced new additive technology to reduce the
plastic to carbon dioxide and water in just a few weeks.
Biodegradable items refer to just any material which breaks down
and decomposes in the environment, Compostable goods are
specifically organic matter which breaks down, the end product
having many beneficial uses which include fertilizing and
improving soil health.
29. Improvements for Biodegradability
Inducing Biodegradability in Polymers
Grafting Crosslinking
Reinforcing Blending
Grafting
In the 1980s and 1990s, researchers hit on the process of grafting, whereby two polymeric
components are chemically and physically joined. Grafting allows a composite material
made from two or more different components to function as a single material. In this way,
researchers hope that the good physical properties of a synthetic polymer can be conferred
on a biodegradable partner.
Grafting allows a composite material made from two or more different components to function as a single
material. The goal is to combine the good physical properties of a synthetic polymer with a biodegradable
partner.
