Synthesis Of Lidocaine Lab Report

Synthesis Of Lidocaine Lab Report
Introduction
Purpose
The purpose of this experiment is to synthesize Lidocaine.
History
Lidocaine, or xylocaine, is a type of medication used to numb the tissue in certain areas and it can also treat ventricular tachycardia. It was first
synthesized by the Swedish chemist Nils Löfgren in 1943. Its' characteristics were discovered in 1946 and it went on sale in 1948 to become one of the
most effective and safe medicines.
Theory
Like seen in the following picture of the mechanism for the reaction of this experiment, the electrons of the nitrogen within the 2,6–Dimethylaniline
attack the carbonyl carbon from the chloroacetyl chloride. Bringing the electrons of the double bond up followed by dropping the same down, which is
going to kick the chlorine ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Data and calculations
Chemical Mass or Volume
2,6–dimethylanine 2.9 grams
2–N–(2,6–dimethylphenyl)acetamide
"Lidocaine" 0.74 grams
Glacial acetic 15 mL
Chloroacetyl chloride 2.0 mL
Toluene 25 mL
3M HCl 20 mL
3M NaOH –
Half–saturated sodium acetate (aq) 25 mL
2.9 g dimethylaniline (1 mole)/(121.18 g) x (1 mole)/(1 mole) x (234.34 g)/(1 mole)=5.6 g lidocaine
Percent yield:
(Mass of purified product)/(theoritical yield) x 100=%Y
(0.74 g of purified product)/(5.6 g theoretical) x100=13.2% yield
IR and NMR spectra
NMR spectrum of the product: IR spectrum of intermediate:
IR spectrum of the
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Synthesis Of Heterocycles Lab Report
Synthesis of heterocycles 4 and 9a,b To a solution of isothiocyanate 2 (0.68 g, 2 mmol) in dichloromethane (10 mL), a propriate amine (2 mmol) was
added with stirring. The mixture was stirred for 1–3 hours and then the solvent was removed under reduced pressure giving compounds 4 and 9a,b.
Diethyl 2–(2–(ethoxycarbonyl)hydrazinecarbothioamido)–4,5–dihydrothieno–[2,3–c]pyridine–3,6(7H)–dicarboxylate (4) Colorless crystals from
methanol (0.61 g, 69 %). M.p. 197–198 oC. 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO, ppm): δ 1.16 (t, 6H, J¬ = 7.1 Hz, 2COOCH¬2¬CH¬3), 1.32 (t, 3H, J ¬= 7.1
Hz, COOCH¬2¬CH¬3), 2.79 (t, 2H, J¬ = 5.6 Hz, H–4), 3.61 ( t, 2H, J = 5.1 Hz, H–5), 4.16 (q, 4H, J¬ = 7.0 Hz, 2COOCH¬2¬CH¬3), 4.30 (q, 2H, J¬ =
7.0 Hz, COOCH¬2¬CH¬3), 4.48 (s, 2H, H–7). ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
M.p. 294–295 oC. 1H NMR (300 MHz, DMSO, ppm): δ 1.22 (t, 3H, J¬ = 7.1 Hz, COOCH¬2¬CH¬3), 2.85 (t, 2H, J¬ = 5.6 Hz, H–5), 3.56 (s, 3H,
¬CH¬3), 3.62 ( t, 2H, J = 5.1 Hz, H–6), 4.09 (q, 2H, J¬ = 7.0 Hz, COOCH¬2¬CH¬3), 4.53 (s, 2H, H–8). 7.13 (s, 1H, NH2), 13.55 (s, 1H, NH). 13C
NMR (75 MHz, DMSO, ppm): δ 14.3 (CH3), 25.0 (C–5), 36.2 (CH3), ¬40.1 (C–6), 42.6 (C–8), 60.9 (CH2, carbamate), 119.2 (C–4a), 126.3 (C–4b),
129.0 (C–8a), 154.6 (C–9a), 156.3 (C–2), 157.8 (C=O), 163.3 (C=O, carbamate). Anal. Calcd for C13H17N5O3S (323.37): C, 48.28; H, 5.30; N,
21.66; Found: C, 48.10; H, 5.13; N,

Designing A New Methodology For C Bond Formation
The biaryl scaffold has received increased attention as a privileged structure by the Pharmaceutical industry.16 Over the last two decades, methods for
preparing biaryls have relied predominantly on cross–coupling. The power of this method was recognized and won a Nobel Prize in Chemistry in the
2010, one of the biaryl compounds–biphenyl is shown in (Figure 8). Figure 8. Structure of Biaryl 1.5 Tellurium Chemistry Tellurium is a metalloid
belonging to group VI in the periodic table. It has many applications in organic synthesis, alloys in machining process, and improves fabrication
properties. Organotellurium compounds have much wide range of applications in metallurgy, agrochemical industry and material science.17 1.6
Research Objective The main aim of our research is to develop a new methodology for C–C bond formation by using diaryl, divinyl and dialkyl
tellurides as starting materials. We are going to explore if these tellurium–containing compounds will undergo detelluration (removal of tellurium)
reaction under palladium catalyst to give the biaryl, bivinyl or other C–C bond forming products. 2. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 2.1 Synthesis of
diaryl tellurides The symmetrical diaryl telluride was prepared using aryl iodide and elemental tellurium as the starting material with the aid of KOH as
a base in the solvent of dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO). The

Stem Bark Essay
Phytochemical investigation of stem bark of Myrica esculenta Buch.–Ham. syn. M. nagi Hook.f. (Myricaceae) led to the isolation of four taraxerane–
type triterpenoids characterized as 3β, 28, 30–trihydroxytaraxara–23–oic acid (1), 3β,28–dihydroxytaraxerane (2), 3β,30–dihydroxy– taraxerane–23–
oic acid (3) and 3β, 12α, 28, 30–tetrahydroxytaraxeran–23–oic acid (4) which were elucidated using spectroscopic and chromatographic analysis.
Keywords: Myrica esculenta, Myricaceae, pentacyclic triterpenoids, phytochemical studies
Complementary and alternative medicine is one of the ways for treatment of the disease, which include herbal and traditional formulations. Various
medicinal herbs and herbal products have been evaluated scientifically ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
[4 – 7]
The present paper describes the isolation and structure elucidation of taraxerane–type pentacyclic triterpenoids from the stem bark of M. esculenta
collected from Mandi, Himachal Pradesh, India.
Melting points were determined on a Perfit melting apparatus (Ambala, Haryana, India) and are uncurrected. UV spectra were measured with a Lambda
Bio 20 spectrophotometer (Perkin–Elmer–Rotkreuz, Switzerland) in methanol. Infra red spectra were recorded on Shimadzu FTIR 5000 (FTS 135,
Japan) spectrophotometer using KBr pellets; γmax values are given in cm–1. 1H and 13C NMR spectra were screened on advance DRX 400, Bruker
spectrospin 400 and 100 MHz instrument in 5 mm spinning tubes at 27 ºC, respectively (Karlesruthe, Germany) using TMS as an internal standard.
Mass spectra were scanned by effecting FAB ionization at 70 eV on a JEOL–JMS–DX 303 spectrometer (Japan) equipped with direct inlet probe
system. Column chromatography was performed on silica gel (60–120 mesh; Qualigen, Mumbai, India). TLC was run on silica gel G (Qualigen). Spots
were visualised by exposing to iodine vapours, UV radiation, and spraying with ceric sulphate solution.
The stem bark of Myrica esculenta Buch.–Ham., syn. M. nagi Hook.f. (Myricaceae) was collected from the provinces around Sunder Nagar, Dist.
Mandi,

Physics Of A Magritek Nmr Spectrometer
A Magritek NMR spectrometer along with MNOVA software was used to obtain the 1H NMR spectrum by inserting an epi tube containing CDCl3
solvent with 60mg of dissolved 4–bromo–N– 4–(chlorophenyl)methylene]–benzenamine from the purest sample obtained from the reaction using
molecular sieves into the spectrometer. Once the tube was inserted, proton protocol was selected with parameters of CDCl3 as the solvent and it
underwent a quickscan to acquire the spectrum. When the scan was completed the spectrum was transferred to the MNOVA software for process, label,
integrate, and summarized the collected peaks. The IR spectrum was obtained using a different machine since the Magritek NMR spectrometer used
only produced 1H and 13C NMR spectrums from samples placed in an epi tube. The IR spectrum was recorded using a Nicolet iS5 FT–IR spectrometer
and OMNIC software. A small about of sample was placed on the ATR crystal and pressure was applied to allow for the clearest spectrum possible.
Infrared light was emitted by the pressure device to penetrate the sample and produced the necessary peaks to identify the structure. First, the
background without the crystal being in contact with any pressure or sample was collected, but not saved to the spectrum; hence, only the spectrum of
the sample itself was displayed for the sample's spectrum. When the actual sample's spectrum was collected, the peaks were found by the OMNIC
software by choosing the button "find peaks." The only IR spectrum

Physics : Nuclear Magnetic Resonance
Introduction
Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and imaging are very useful tools that have practical applications for several different fields.
Chemists can use NMR spectroscopy to determine the structure and composition of organic molecules. NMR imaging is used in the field of medicine to
view detailed cross–sectional slices of the human body. NMR is used by the petroleum industry as well as the pharmaceutical industry. This report
examines how NMR spectroscopy is used to determine the structure of an unknown organic molecule.
Methods
This methods section will explain the theory behind NMR spectroscopy. NMR spectroscopy is achieved by using electromagnetic fields to manipulate
the spin of protons or nuclei within a molecule1. The state of spin describes the proton's or nuclei's orientation in space2. In 1H and 13C atoms the
nuclei spin behaves like small magnets. In a 1H atom a proton can possess one of two spin states, –1/2 or +1/2. Normally the spin orientation of nuclei
is random but because the nuclei have a magnetic moment the spin can be quantized by an external magnetic field2. In the presence of a very strong
magnet, 1–20 tesla, the protons will align themselves with or against the magnetic field depending on their spin state1. The magnetic field produces a
measurable difference in energy between the two spin states. With no magnetic field present the energy difference between the two spin states is zero.
The energy difference between the two spin states

Cycloaddition Lab Report
Experiment 1: Mechanism of Nitrile Oxide and Alkene Cycloaddition 1. Purpose: to clarify the mechanism for the cycloaddition reaction between
benzonitrile oxide and an alkene, and to test the regiochemistry of the reaction between benzonitrile oxide and styrene. 2. Plan: Each student in a group
of three will work to create a reaction with the Benzonitrile Oxide with, cis–stilbene, trans–stilbene, or styrene in an Erlenmyer flask. With this
Reaction solution thin layer chromatography will be performed using each reaction solution. The different reactions will then be compared by running
co–spot TLC's. An NMR of the crude products from each reaction will be taken.
3. References:
* Chemistry 173Q Organic Chemistry Lab: ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
(4:10 – 4:30) Find Rf values and diagram each TLC plate in lab notebook. (4:30 – 4:45)
–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
Diagram 1: Vacuum Filtration Diagram 3: Thin Layer Chromatography
Diagram 2: Rotary Evaporator
Maria Mo February 8, 2016
Experiment 1: Mechanism of Nitrile Oxide and Alkene Cycloaddition 6. Purpose: to clarify the mechanism for the cycloaddition reaction between
benzonitrile oxide and an alkene, and to test the regiochemistry of the reaction between benzonitrile oxide and styrene; to purify the crude product of
either trans–stilbene, cis–stilbene, or styrene reaction.
7. Plan: Each student in a group of three will work to purify the product of the reaction with cis–stilbene, trans–stilbene, or styrene. The crude products
will be purified through recrystallization. This purification process will be performed several times. When the recrystallization is complete, a vacuum
filtration will be executed to filter out the crystals. An NMR spectrum will be taken of the recrystallized product.
8. References:
* Chemistry 173Q Organic Chemistry Lab: Laboratory Manual Notes * Mohrig, Jerry R., Christina Noring Hammond, and Paul F. Schatz.
Techniques in Organic Chemistry. 3rd ed. N.p.: n.p., 2010. Print.
Pre–Lab 2
Set Up: 2:00 – 2:10
Clean Up: 4:45 – 5:00
In the round bottom flask containing the recrystallized crude

The Synthesis Of 13 Butadienes
CHAPTER TWO RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
2.1 Synthesis of 1,3–butadienes
Dienes can be synthesised from aldehydes and ketones using the Wittig reaction. The Wittig reaction facilitates the synthesis of new carbon–carbon
double bonds at specific locations in aldehydes and ketones (Bernard & Ford, 1983). The overall reaction mechanism is shown in Figure 1.
Protocols for synthesising 1,3–butadienes from aldehydes and ketones have been established in the literature. The synthesis protocol proposed by
Greatrex et al. (2014) was used and reactions using several aldehydes (cinnamaldehyde, piperonaldehyde, and 2–chloro–benzaldehyde) were
successfully performed to synthesise the required butadienes 1, 2, and 3, Scheme 2.
The general approach involved transforming the aldehydes at the site of the carbonyl group. Use of an appropriate triphenylphosphonium halide
(methyl for cinnamaldehyde, and allyl for piperonal and 2–chloro–benzaldehyde) afforded the correct 1,3–butadiene. Deprotonation of the
triphenylphosphonium halide was achieved using potassium tert–butoxide reacted under an atmosphere of nitrogen. An observable colour change was
observed on addition of the triphenylphosphonium halide to the solvent, and subsequently on the addition of an aldehyde. Reactions were followed by
thin liquid chromatography (TLC), and the butadienes were purified via chromatography (1 and 2 via column chromatography, and 3 via dry flash
chromatography). Both the e– and z– isomers of the butadienes

Making Differences Matter
Harvard Business Review September, 1996 / October, 1996 HEADLINE: MAKING DIFFERENCES MATTER: A NEW PARADIGM FOR
MANAGING DIVERSITY BYLINE: by David A. Thomas and Robin J. Ely; David A. Thomas is an associate professor at the Harvard Business
School in Boston, Massachusetts. Robin J. Ely is an associate professor at Columbia University 's School of International and Public Affairs in New
York City. Their research and teaching focus on the influence of race, gender, and ethnicity on career dynamics and organizational effectiveness.
ABSTRACT: MAKING DIFFERENCES MATTER: A NEW PARADIGM FOR MANAGING DIVERSITY DAVID A. THOMAS and ROBIN J. ELY
Diversity efforts in the workplace have been undertaken with great goodwill, but, ironically, they often ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Most people assume that workplace diversity is about increasing racial, national, gender, or class representation –– in other words, recruiting and
retaining more people from traditionally underrepresented "identity groups." Taking this commonly held assumption as a starting point, we set out six
years ago to investigate its link to organizational effectiveness. We soon found that thinking of diversity simply in terms of identity–group
representation inhibited effectiveness. Organizations usually take one of two paths in managing diversity. In the name of equality and fairness, they
encourage (and expect) women and people of color to blend in. Or they set them apart in jobs that relate specifically to their backgrounds, assigning
them, for example, to areas that require them to interface with clients or customers of the same identity group. African American M.B.A. 's often find
themselves marketing products to innercity communities; Hispanics frequently market to Hispanics or work for Latin American subsidiaries. In those
kinds of cases, companies are operating on the assumption that the main virtue identity groups have to offer is a knowledge of their own people. This
assumption is limited –– and limiting –– and detrimental to diversity efforts. What we suggest here is that diversity goes beyond increasing the number
of different identity–group affiliations on the payroll to recognizing that such an effort is merely the first step in managing a diverse workforce for the

Qualitative Analysis Lab
Qualitative Analysis Lab Report
Organic Chemistry Laboratory II
ABSTRACT: The purpose of this lab was to separate and purify two unknown compounds, one solid and one liquid, from an ethereal solution using the
techniques of chemically active extraction, vacuum filtration, simple distillation, and recrystallization. Then identifying information was compiled
about these unknowns by obtaining experimental melting/boiling point ranges, and analyzing IR and proton/carbon NMR spectrums It was determined
that the unknown solid's identity was m–nitrobenzoic acid and the unknown liquid's identity was 4,4–dimethyl–2–pentanone. The calculated percent
recovery for the purified crystals was 20.75%
INTRODUCTION: 2 The goal of this lab was to isolate ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Vacuum filtration is able to separate the solid from the liquid. For a diagram of the set up of vacuum filtration see the figure below:
Figure #2: The set up for a vacuum filtration apparatus.5
The liquid unknown can be purified through the technique of simple distillation. Simple distillation is used to purify a compound that is almost pure
already. It takes advantage of the fact that liquids have varying boiling points, and in this lab can be used to evaporate off the organic solvent (which
has a very low boiling point) that was still in the organic layer with the neutral component, leaving the neutral component by itself. In simple
distillation vapor rises from the distillation flask and comes into contact with a thermometer that records its temperature and gives a starting point for
the liquids boiling point range. The vapor passes through a condenser, which turns it back into a liquid and it is collected in the receiving flask. To see a
diagram of a simple distillation apparatus set up see the figure below:
Figure #3: The set up for a simple distillation apparatus.3
The next techniques in this lab were identification tactics to determine the identities of these purified, unknown compounds. One was already
mentioned, which is recording the boiling point range of the unknown liquid. This range can be compared with literature values to confirm the identity
of the unknowns once other

The Reaction Of A Fischer Esterification Reaction
In this experiment, a Fischer Esterification reaction was performed with two unknown compounds. The unknown compounds, Acid 2 and Alcohol D,
were identified by using the knowledge of the reaction that took place, and the identity of the product that was synthesized. The identification of the
product resulted from analysis of IR and NMR spectra. For this experiment, Alcohol D and Acid 2 reacted in the presence of concentrated sulfuric acid,
resulting in a colorless solution with brown layer on top. After washes with sodium bicarbonate and brine, the pale–yellow liquid product was dried and
then distilled. Distillation resulted in two colorless fractions, the second of which had a boiling point of 69–70 ˚C. This boiling point is unrealistic for
any compound obtained in this experiment, so it was not used in identifying the product. After distillation, both fractions were spectroscopically
analyzed. The IR and NMR spectra obtained for both fraction were identical, meaning both fractions contained exactly the same substance. Both
fractions also smelled the same, like piña colada, therefore confirming this conclusion. This outcome also meant that the amount of product synthesized
was 5.7393 g. For the identification of the product, IR, 13C NMR and 1H NMR spectra were examined, and the product was found to be butyl
propionate. In the IR spectrum, RM–11–Bi, five key peaks are observed. These peaks are sp3 hybridized carbons at 2961 cm–1 and 2877 cm–1, an
ester at 1737 cm–1, a

Impact Of Nursing Professionals On The Workplace
Impacts on Nursing Professionals Health in the Workplace Nursing is a physically and psychologically demanding profession that can lead to injury
and accidents in the workplace. Some of these injuries result in worker compensation claims due to the disabling nature of the injury. "Overexertion
injuries cost America $13.6 billion in 2010 (nominal) compared to $10.0 billion in 1998 despite much research on safer handling practices during this
period" (Marucci–Wellman et al., 2015, p. 57) Nurses can experience injuries when they need to lift a patient and there is no proper assistance or lifting
equipment. Many nurses work rotating shift schedules that disturb sleep patterns increasing the potential for accidents or injury. The number one cause
of claims comes from lifting or moving a patient. There have been few attempts to address these issues that impact nursing professionals in the hospital
setting. There are a variety of health issues that arise for nursing professionals, there are issues where it is hard for them to get proper nutrition during
the demands of their shift routine. "Nursing is associated with a wide variety of hazards, including biological, chemical, and physical hazards that may
cause occupational illness, as well as ergonomic and psychological hazards due to the demanding nature of the profession." (Jordan, Nowrouzi–Kia,
Gohar, & Nowrouzi, 2015, p. 1) The number one cause of debilitating work injuries is often due to back, shoulder, and joint pain from

Phosphonium Saltss Reaction Lab Report
Synthesis of tetrakis (pyrrolidino) phosphonium tetrafluoroborate (Py4P1+BF4–), tetrakis (piperidino) phosphonium tetrafluoroborate (Pi4P1+BF4–),
and tetrakis (morpholino) phosphonium tetrafluoroborate (Mo4P1+BF4–).
Stoichiometric pyrrolidino, piperidino, and morpholino were reacted with PCl5 in absolute CH2Cl2 or chlorobenzene at various temperatures. After the
completion of the reactions, NH4BF4/H2O was added at room temperature. The resulting products were washed with solvents, and the white solids
thus obtained were isolated by filtration and dried in vacuum. The reactions with three phosphonium salts are shown by Equations (2), (3), and (4). 1H–
NMR (Py4P1+BF4–, 400MHz, CDCl3, 30 °C, TMS): δ = 1.94 ppm (m. 16H. NCH2CH2), 3.21 ppm (m, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The catalysts were mixed with a KBr salt pellet. FTIR spectra were generated from 32 scans in the wavenumber range 4000–400 cm–1 at a resolution
of 4 cm–1.
2.4.2 NMR
1H NMR and 13C NMR spectra were recorded using a Bruker Biospin AG, Magnet System 400 MHz/54 mm spectrometers at 25 °C, using
chloroform–d (CDCl3) as the solvent and trimethylsilane as the internal standard.
2.4.3 Gel Permeation Chromatography (GPC)
GPC Measurements were performed using a Waters 1515 Isocratic HPLC using tetrahydrofuran (THF) as an eluent at 35 °C, at a flow rate of 1.0
mL/min. The polymers were dissolved in THF at a concentration of 6 mg/mL. The system was calibrated using a series of monodisperse linear PPO
standards with molecular weights in the range 200–12000 g/mol.
2.4.4 Electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI–MS)
ESI–MS Measurements were performed using a Micromass LCTTM Liquid Chromatography/Time–of–Flight Mass Spectrometer equipped with a
Waters 600 Liquid Chromatography System.
2.4.5 The degree of unsaturation (C=C)
The degree of unsaturation was calculated by 1H–NMR. 1H–NMR (PPO, 400 MHz, CDCl3, TMS): δ = 1.12 ppm (m. CH3), 3.20–3.80 ppm (CH2,
CH), 3.13 ppm (CH2CHOH), 3.90 ppm (CH2CHOH), 5.14 ppm (CH2=CH–CH2), 5.27 ppm (CH2=CH–CH2), 5.87 ppm (CH2=CH–CH2) (Figure

Ultrasound Accelerated Syntheis of Novel Benzimidazole...
Objective: Present research work is carried out for rapid development of some biological active new heterocyclic moieties. Method: A novel series of
3–substituted–1–[1–(toluene–4–sulfonyl)–1H–benzoimidazol–2–yl]–propen–1–one (3a–3j) were synthesized by tosylation of benzimidazole chalcones
(2a–2j) using ultrasound in lesser time with higher yields. All the synthesized compounds were characterized by Elemental analysis, IR spectra, 1H,
13C NMR and Mass spectroscopy. The newly synthesized compounds were screened for their α–glucosidases and antibacterial activity. Result:
Biological evaluation of the compounds (3a–3j) revealed that most of them are good α–glucosidases inhibitors and possess significant antimicrobial
activity compared to their respective standards. Discussion: Amongst (3a–3j), compound 3h showed moderate inhibition of glucoamylase and
compound 3j with compelling inhibition of α–amylase. Compound 3g and 3e displayed excellent antibacterial activity against all tested strains and
admirable antifungal activity against Candida albicans respectively. INTRODUCTION Glycosidases play an essential role in numerous biological
recognition processes and their function or dysfunction has been implicated in a number of different disease states, leading to an interest in the
screening of different glycosidases inhibitors (Naoki et al., 2000; Terry et al., 2003). α–Glucosidases (EC 3.2.1.20) constitute a group of exo–acting
glycoside hydrolases of diverse specificity that

Synthesis Essay : 25 Di ( 2h 1
ABSTRACT
The titled 2,5–Di(2H–1–benzo/naphthopyran–2–one–4–yl)thiazolo[5,4–d]thiazole have been synthesized from formylcoumarins and rubeanic acid.
Compounds characterized on the basis of IR, 1H NMR and mass spectrometric data. Some of the compounds evaluated for antimicrobial activity
against E. Coli and S. Typhi.
Key Words: Rubeanic acid, thiazolo[5,4–d]thiazoles and antimicrobial activity.
INTRODUCTION
Benzothiazoles are heterocyclic compounds with multiple application and although they have been known from long ago to be biologically active.1–3
Recently, Racane et al4 have described the synthesis of bis–subsituted amidinobenzothiazoles as potential anti–HIV agents.
The condensation of dithio–oxamide with aromatic aldehyde was described by Ephraim.5 More recently, Johnson and Ketcham6 studied the reaction
and established the structure of the resulting parent heterocycles as thiazolo[5,4–d]thiazoles.
Taking the advantage of thiazole as biological active, we also have attempted to explore the possibility of generation of antimicrobial activity in 2–(2H–
1–benzopyran–2–one–4–yl)thiazolo[5,4–d]thiazoles 7–12, 16–18. These compounds were synthesized from formylcoumarins7 and rubeanic acid
depicted in Scheme I and elemental analysis of synthesized compounds is summarized in Table I.
EXPERIMENTAL
Rubeanic acid was purchased from sigma aldrich chemical company. 1H NMR spectra were recorded on a Mercury (300 MHz) spectrometer with TMS
as internal standard. Mass spectra

Paradigm Shift Example
Philosophy of Science Mid–term Essay Professor: Dr. Herman C.D.G. de Regt By: V. V. Budiman ANR: 238183 Word count: 1264 Disciplines, or the
so–called rules in determining what science is and what is not has made it difficult for economics to be considered as science. But how reliable are the
rules in determining what is science and what is not? If one is forced to use verifiability or falsifiability, then one can conclude that International
Business Administration (IBA) is indeed not science. On the other hand, the theories proposed by Thomas Kuhn, which was more of a historian of
science than a philosopher of science, can oppose the criteria that considered economics as a non–science. In this essay, the philosophy of Kuhn will be
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In 2003, Concorde was retired. The main reason is because it is very inefficient in terms of gasoline, distance and passengers, and the profit was little.
The second era, which involves Boeing 777–300ER, was very different compared to Concorde's era. The main focuses of airplane performance are
great range, higher number of passengers, passenger comfort and higher fuel efficiency. Boeing tried to make the airplane more efficient because
gasoline nowadays are more expensive per gallons, which is $3.48 per gallon, while usage of cars, boats or airplanes are higher than the past.
Therefore, it created an airplane that is not only fuel efficient, but can travel a great distance. At the period when the Concorde was made, traveling by
plane was not something that was considered affordable. Consequently the number of passengers was limited, thus making airplane manufactures
unpressured to make bigger planes. However, progressing into the 1990s, air travel became cheaper and accessible for more people, requiring airline
companies to carry more people on existing routes. Consequently aircraft manufacturers are forced to create larger capacity airplanes. Based on this
new paradigm and demands from airline companies, the Boeing 777 was conceived. The new airliner permits approximately three times of the capacity
of the Concorde while allowing much greater

Behavior Paradigms
Rationalist vs. Behavioralist Paradigm Problems 1. During the last five years, your instructor has discussed the emerging field of behavioral finance
with many colleagues. The most common reaction has been for those colleagues to smile and say, "Behavioral finance? That's an oxymoron."
Oxymoron is defined as a combination of contradictory or incongruous words (e.g. cruel kindness). Explain this reaction using a) the concept of
paradigm and b) attributes of the behavioral and rational paradigms. a) According to the concept of a paradigm, someone in finance would operate on a
set of principles that their work is based upon. It is the method by which they analyze their data. Under this philosophy the statement is considered an ...
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Kuhn has been even more distressed by those who admiringly misinterpret him. "I've often said that I am much fonder of my critiques than my fans,"
he comments. In the 1960s his work was seized on by radicals opposed to science and its offspring, technology, and indeed to any "cognitive authority
that might distort "pure experience." Kuhn recalls students telling him, "Oh, thank you, Mr. Kuhn, for telling us about paradigms. Now that we know
about them, we can get rid of them." a) How would Kuhn address the criticism that he is claiming science to be nothing more than "power politics" or
"mob psychology? b) He described it this way because sometimes scientists or people of science follow the convention of multiple people with valid
theories. They follow what was tested or theorized and expand their research from that. It is similar to politics in that there is one individual that
attempts to persuade the many to follow them and that their ideas are the truth through experimentation. He would address the criticism by reminding
those that he still believes in science and that the idea of a paradigm is not completely a bad thing, for if you can identify it you can strive to get rid of it
and progress in your thinking. b) Did the 60s radicals rid the world of paradigms? Why or why not? No, the concept

Rl Wolfe: Implementing Self-Directed Teams Essay
4063
REV: DECEMBER 15, 2009
DAVID A. GARVIN ELIZABETH COLLINS
RL Wolfe: Implementing Self–Directed Teams
On a clear day in May 2007, John Amasi looked down on the city of Corpus Christi, Texas, as his plane approached the airport. As director of
Production and Engineering at RL Wolfe–a $350M privately held plastic pipe manufacturer headquartered in Houston, Texas–he was looking forward
to visiting the company's plant in the city. Four years previously, in 2003, when RL Wolfe had purchased Moon Plastics–a small, familyowned custom
plastics manufacturer in Corpus Christi–Amasi had seen an opportunity to implement self–directed teams (SDTs) at the new plant. He had been
interested in SDTs for several years, since taking a business ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Background: Plastic Pipe Manufacturing at the Corpus Christi Plant
The new plant used plastics extrusion to produce high–density polyethylene (PE) pipes primarily for the natural gas and oil industries. Lightweight,
noncorrosive, chemically inert, and available in long runs, plastic pipe was the preferred method of distributing natural gas and oil in many parts of the
world. PE pipe was easy to handle: a 500–ft length of 1–inch pipe weighed approximately 100 pounds. To create extruded plastic pipe, raw
thermoplastic beads (or resin) were loaded in a hopper and mixed with additives such as colorants and IV inhibitors. The hopper fed a highly automated
extrusion manufacturing line composed of an extruder for melting and mixing the raw materials, a die that determined the ultimate shape and diameter
of the pipe, a vacuum tank for sizing and cooling, and cooling tanks. At the end of the extrusion line, the pipe was moved to a finishing line where
identification marks were added. Stacked lengths and spools of pipe were moved to an inspection area, where the outer diameter, pipe thickness, and
other quality parameters were confirmed. Finally, the pipes were packaged and prepared for shipment to customers. Workers also performed quality
inspections on raw materials. The plant established its own procedures for testing incoming resin based on melt index, density, tensile

FT-Ir Advantages
The measured signal is digitized and sent to the computer where the Fourier transformation takes place. The final infrared spectrum is then presented to
the user for interpretation. A background spectrum must also be measured with no sample in the beam. This can be compared to the measurement with
the sample in the beam to determine the "percent transmittance." This technique results in a spectrum which has all of the instrumental characteristics
removed [195]. Some of the major advantages of FT–IR over the dispersive technique include: Speed: Because all of the frequencies are measured
simultaneously, most measurements by FT–IR are made in a matter of seconds rather than several minutes. This is referred to as the Felgett Advantage.
Sensitivity: The detectors employed are much more sensitive. The optical throughput is much higher (referred to as the Jacquinot Advantage) results in
lower noise levels and the fast scans. Mechanical Simplicity: The moving mirror in the interferometer is the only continuously moving part in the
instrument. Internally Calibrated: These instruments employ a helium–neon laser as an internal wavelength calibration standard (referred to as the
Connes Advantage). These instruments are self–calibrating and never need to be calibrated by the user. These advantages make extremely accurate
measurements and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This energy is at a specific resonance frequency which depends on the strength of the magnetic field and the magnetic properties of the isotope of the
atoms. NMR allows the observation of specific quantum mechanical magnetic properties of the atomic nucleus. Many scientific techniques exploit
NMR phenomena to study molecular physics, crystals and non–crystalline materials [197]. It is also routinely used in advanced medical imaging
techniques, such as in MRI. The principle of NMR usually involves two sequential

Diels Alder Reaction
The Diels–Alder Reaction is an addition reaction between a 1,3–diene and a dienophile. In this reaction, furan, the diene, reacted with maleic
anhydride, the dienophile, to form exo–7–oxabicyclo[2.2.1]hept–anhydride, the adduct. The adduct was recovered via vacuum filtration, and the
melting point, 1H–NMR and 12C–NMR Spectroscopy was obtained. This Diels–Alder Reaction yielded an exo adduct as opposed to an endo product.
In more detail, the Diels–Alder reaction is the reaction in which the dienophile adds to the alkenes on the diene. The reaction forms a new 6–membered
ring and new C–C sigma bonds. The reaction involves breaking 3 pi bonds, and forming 2 new C–C sigma bonds and one new C=C double bond. The
reaction is concerted, meaning all ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The 13C NMR Spectrum reveals the chemical environments of the C–H bonds. In this experiment, the carbons were assigned a number, from C1 to C4.
C4 appeared the most downfield because it was the most deshielded because it is double bonded directly to an O and thus the O pulls the most on
electron density. C3 is the most upfield because it is not bonded directly to any electron withdrawing groups or electronegative atom. C1 is the second
most deshielded because this carbon is involved in a double bond which draws electron density. C2 appears second most upfield because this carbon is
single bonded to an oxygen, but it is not as electron pulling as C4 or C1 that is double

Dehydration Of Cyclohexanol Lab Report
Clay–catalyzed dehydration of cyclohexanol
The product collected from the first experiment was a colorless low viscosity liquid. The theoretical yield of this experiment (Figure 1.) was calculated
to be 100.2 mmol (8.221 g). The actual yield of product collected was 11.28 mmol (0.9273 g) which gave an 11.31% yield. The ¹H NMR spectrum of
the cyclohexene product (see Appendix A) displayed two resonance signals at (in ppm): δ = 7.04 (s, 4H), 3.75 (s, 4H), 3.02 (s, 2H).
Table 1. Data collected from 1H NMR of dehydrated cyclohexene
Product: Cyclohexene
Theoretical Yield (mmol) 100
Actual Yield (mmol) 11.28
Percent Yield (%) 11.28 %
1H NMR Spectroscopy
Proton(s) δ (ppm)
A 5.67
B 1.96
C 1.67
A brief analysis of the 1H NMR spectrum indicated ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Water typically appears at 1.56 (δ, ppm) meaning that the odd appearance of the peaks were due to the overlay of water's solvent peak. This conclusion
was further confirmed by analyzing the integration ratio of the peaks. The ratio was found to be 2:10 rather than 2:8 this means that two extra protons
were accounted for within the two up field peaks, these protons most likely belonged to water. The expected product, cyclohexene, had in fact been
formed however; the product was contaminated with trace amounts of water. This outcome most likely resulted because the cyclohexene was not dried
after it was distilled. The reaction mixture may have been distilled for too long, thus allowing water vapors to distill into the receiving flask. For future
experiments, it would be imperative to dry collected products thoroughly to ensure their purity.
Bromination of cyclohexene
The theoretical yield of the bromination of cyclohexene (Figure. 2) was calculated to produce 12.2 mmol (2.93 g) of trans–1,2–dibromocyclohexane.
The actual yield of product collected was 0.308 mmol (0.0739 g) which resulted in a 2.50% yield of a colorless product. The ¹H NMR spectrum of the
trans–1, 2–dibromocyclohexane product (see Appendix B) indicated six resonance signals at (in ppm) δ = 5.82 (t, 2H), 5.75 (t, 2H), 3.94 (m, 8H), 3.76
(s, 6H), 3.63 (d, 2H), 3.32 (m,

Research Paper On Pyrrolo
5.1. Introduction to Pyrrolo[1,2–a]quinoline
The chemistry of fused nitrogen heterocycles is very important because of their occurrence in numerous natural products and their versatile applications
in the pharmaceutical industry and materials science 1. Among various synthetic approaches for fused nitrogen heterocycles, pyrrolo[1,2–a]quinolines
and their oxidized and reduced forms are widespread among natural products and biologically active pharmaceuticals 2. Moreover, the skeleton of
pyrrolo[1,2–a]quinoline exists in many biologically active natural alkaloids such as gephyrotoxin (Fig. 5.1), which is a substituted
perhydropyrrolo[1,2–a]quinoline that was isolated by Daly and co–workers in 1977 from secretions of the frog Dendrobates histrionics 3 Moreover, the
isolation of gephyrotoxin a natural alkaloid with pyrrolo[1,2a]quinoline skeleton, which was subjected to numerous studies to investigate its biological
activity and has been a target for total synthesis 4.
Scheme 1. A few examples of pyrrolo[1,2–a]quinoline–containing natural products and pharmaceuticals.
Pyrrolo[1,2–a]quinoline (Fig 5.2) and synthesis of its derivatives were reviewed in 2003 by El–Sayed and El–Sayed 5. In literature, new methods or the
An efficient method for the synthesis of fourteen novel diversified pyrrolo[1,2–a]quinoline derivatives has been described using 4–(1,3–dioxolan–2–
yl)quinoline and different phenacyl bromides in acetone and followed by reacting with different acetylenes in DMF/K2CO3. The structure of the newly
synthesized compounds was determined by IR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR, mass spectrometry and elemental analysis. The in vitro antioxidant activity
revealed that, among all the tested compounds 5n has exhibited maximum scavenging activity with ABTS. The compound 5b has showed good
antiproliferative activity as good inhibitor of EGFR tyrosine

The Reduction Of 4 Tert ¬¨ -butylcyclohaxanone
In this experiment, the reduction of 4–tert¬–butylcyclohaxanone was performed using sodium borohydride. To complete this reduction, 0.5010 g of 4–
tert¬–butylcyclohaxanone was added to 6.0 mL of methanol and heated until the ketone dissolved completely. Next, 0.0510 g of sodium borohydride
was added to the solution. At this time, bubbles formed and an exothermic reaction took place. After the solution was stirred for 20 minutes, 2 mL of
sulfuric acid was added to the flask. The solution became white and cloudy, and more bubbles formed. Immediately after the acid was added, 5 mL of
water was also put into the reaction flask. The solution was stirred for 10 minutes. During this time, a white solid formed. After this, the solution was ...
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This was calculated by taking the mass of 4–tert¬–butylcyclohaxanol, dividing it by the theoretical yield determined by mass of the limiting reagent, 4–
tert¬–butylcyclohaxanone, and multiplying by 100. This percent yield is respectable, but a higher one could have been obtained. A source of error
resulting in a lower percent yield was the filtering to remove the magnesium sulfate out of the dried organic solution. When filtering, some of the liquid
was absorbed into the filter paper, prohibiting some of the product from being recovered. To prevent this loss, one should use a pipet to recover the
product from the magnesium sulfate. The product that was recovered during this experiment, was spectroscopically analyzed, and a ratio of cis–trans
product was found. IR and 1H NMR analysis was also performed for the starting ketone, 4–tert¬–butylcyclohaxanone. The IR spectra, RM–07–Oi,
contained peaks at 2947 cm–1, 2868 cm–1, 1720 cm–1, and 1365 cm–1. These peaks represent a carbon–hydrogen stretch, a sp3 hybridized carbon, a
ketone and a ring carbon–carbon stretch, which are all present in 4–tert¬–butylcyclohaxanone. This confirms that the initial ketone used was 4–tert¬–
butylcyclohaxanone. The 1H NMR also proves this. Peaks found at 2.34 ppm, 2.07 ppm, 1.45 ppm and 0.87 ppm show that only four chemical shifts
occur in this compound. There are not four types of hydrogens in this molecule, but some chemical environments are similar resulting in only four

The Organic Layer Of Sodium Chloride
The product of interests was able to eventually be separated due to extraction and washing using a separatory funnel and later short path distillation.
The addition of water and diethyl ether allowed for the extraction of 1–ethoxybutane into the organic ether layer, and the sodium and bromide ions into
the aqueous water layer. This was evident by the disappearance of the precipitate, because sodium bromide dissociated in water into its cation and anion
components. In other words, the addition of water quenched the reaction and allowed for no other reaction to take place. 1–ethoxybutane remained in
the ether layer because it was mostly nonpolar. The organic layer was on the top, and the aqueous layer was on the bottom due to the heavier weight
supplied by the bromide ion of sodium bromide. Ultimately, the aqueous layer was washed away and the ether layer containing the desired product was
left. The brine solution was added and acted as a pre–drying agent, where it extracted the water out of the organic layer. In molecular terms, the water is
attracted to the ionic brine solution and thus drawn out into the aqueous layer. The addition of anhydrous sulfate dried the solution more and gravity
filtration was performed to obtain the final products of 1–ethoxybutane and ether. Considerably, it is also important to note the purpose of the
successive extractions of the aqueous layer twice with 10–15 mL of ether. This was due to satisfy the partition coefficient. The partition

Spectroscopy, Infrared Spectroscopy And Spectroscopy
Spectroscopy is a broad field of science that includes Raman Spectroscopy, Infrared Spectroscopy, Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy, Optical
Spectroscopy and several other techniques. Although the techniques are distinct, spectroscopy essentially is how energy and matter interact with one
another. Matter exhibits electromagnetic radiation that consists of wavelike properties. Ultimately, this electromagnetic radiation can assist in
speculating the structure of a molecule. Infrared Spectroscopy for instance, can aid in identifying the functional groups present, but cannot determine
their precise location. When Infrared light is beamed at a molecule it causes the molecule to vibrate. Different functional groups have their own unique
Integrals indicate how many hydrogen protons there are in the set being measured. An integration of two for example, signifies that there are two
hydrogen protons present. The integration can also aid in distinguishing whether atoms are in the same environment. Finally, data provided from NMR
designates what is defined as multiplicity or the splitting pattern; the number of protons on atoms adjacent to the one whose signal is being measured. If
a proton (or a set of magnetically equivalent nuclei) has n neighbors of magnetically equivalent protons. Then the equation "n+1" can be applied, where
n stands for neighboring protons.
With the data given from the DEPT–125 and the NMR scans on both H and C, we should be able to evaluate the structure of the sample. The samples
were given with their molecular formula. Since the sample is also an alcohol, there is at least one hydrogen bonded to an oxygen. For the DEPT–35,
negative peaks indicate the presence and location of a CH2 bond. Identifying a CH2 group in the DEPT–35 will assist in speculating the structure of the
alcohol by narrowing down the possibilities. The DEPT–35 also re–affirms the prediction. Literature values are conducted experimentally and are
obtained in the lab manual on page for both carbon and hydrogen NMR. They ultimately help serve as a guide, narrowing down the range and
reaffirming the prediction. Different types of protons have distinct chemical shifts

Chemistry : Melting Points Were Obtained With An Electro...
Experimental Section:
Chemistry: Melting points were obtained with an Electro thermal digital melting point apparatus (model 9100) and are uncorrected. IR spectra (KBr)
were measured on Perkin–Elemer FT/IR spectrophotometer, 1H–NMR spectra were recorded on JEOL (500 MHz) at Faculty of Science, Alexandria
University in DMSO–d6 as solvent, using tetramethyl silane (TMS) as internal reference. Elemental analysis (C, H, and N) and Mass spectra were
performed at the Micro analytical Unit of Cairo University using a Vario III CHN analyzer and DI analysis Shimadzu QP–2010 plus mass spectrometer,
respectively. The chemical reagents used are Aldrich and BDH.
Synthesis of 2–amino–3–cyano–4.6–diarylpyridines (2a–d)
General procedure:
A mixture of substituted chalcone 1a–d (0.01mole), dicyanomethane (0.01mole) and ammonium acetate (0.8mole) in 100 ml ethanol was refluxed for
22 hours. The reaction mixture was cooled and poured into crushed ice with constant stirring. The yellow suspension was filtrated, washed with water,
dried and recrystallized from ethanol to give the corresponding 2–amino–3–cyano–4.6–diarylpyridines 2a–d (yellowish white crystals, the yield, 63–
70%).
Synthesis of 5–(5–substitutedfuran–2–yl)–7–(4–substitutedphenyl)–3H–pyrido[2,3–d] pyrimidin–4–one (3a–d)
General procedure:
A mixture of 2a–d (0.01mol) in formic acid (99%, 30 ml) and catalytic amount of conc. H2SO4 was heated under reflux for 16 hours. Then the reaction
mixture was cooled, poured into ice cold

Essay On Identification Of Spectroscopy
Several thousands of compounds are yet to be discovered, but there are many tools and methods available to uncover the identity of newly synthesized
compounds. These techniques include performing NMR spectroscopy, IR spectroscopy, and mass spectrometry, as well as analyzing melting points and
refractive indexes. In particular, spectroscopy and spectrometry are especially useful in determining chemical and physical properties, and they are
highly applicable to pharmaceutical product development. According to a study published in 2011, pharmaceutical researchers have focused on the
implementation and presence of metals, trace metals, and active ingredients in developing drugs (Lewen, 2011). Nuclear magnetic resonance
spectroscopy and atomic ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
To prepare an NMR sample, a small amount of sample is dissolved in a deuterated solvent and placed in a tube. Then, the sample tube is placed in an
NMR spectrometer and a spectrum depicting the chemical shifts of protons or carbons can be produced. Another instrumental method that helps
identify chemical compounds is infrared (IR) spectroscopy. In this type of spectroscopy, molecules are subjected to molecular vibrations from an
infrared light source. Frequencies and percent transmittance are plotted in the spectra, which allows for the identification of functional groups (Putzig et
al., 1994). This experiment involved the infrared spectroscopy using attenuated total reflectance, or ATR. Specifically, no sample preparation was
needed as the unknown samples were directly applied to the IR spectrometer. The IR light beam deeply penetrates and interacts with parts of the
compound and reflects off and into the detector (Putzig et al., 1994). The IR spectrum simply depicts the types of functional groups present, but not the
actual number of each functional group. The frequencies are measured in wavenumbers, in units of inverse centimeters. Generally, the significant
functional groups appear above the 1400 cm–1 region. Heavier molecules and weaker molecules produce lower wavenumbers and vibrate less. One
other critical technique to determine the

Essay about Project Management Concepts and Applications
CERTIFICATE OF ORIGINALITY
I certify that the attached paper is my original work. I am familiar with, and acknowledge my responsibilities which are part of, the University Of
Phoenix Student Code Of Academic Integrity. I affirm that any section of the paper which has been submitted previously is attributed and cited as such,
and that this paper has not been submitted by anyone else. I have identified the sources of all information whether quoted verbatim or paraphrased, all
images, and all quotations with citations and reference listings. Along with citations and reference listings, I have used quotation marks to identify
quotations of fewer than 40 words and have used block indentation for quotations of 40 or more words. Nothing in this ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
2) Frame the right problem–The issue is that our department is staffing inappropriately. Our busiest days are Monday, Tuesday and Thursday averaging
forty patients per day. However, only four nurses are scheduled on our busiest days. That is ten critical patients per nurse, which is not only unsafe but
leads to decreased morale, mistakes and an inability to leave work on time. 3) Describe end state and goals–My goal, over the course of this class is to
change the staff schedule to match that of the operating room and to transition to Stay Staffed self scheduling systems hospital wide. The daily schedule
will include but is not limited to a minimum of six nurses per day with schedules that parallel the operating room turnover times. Also, I have begun
working with upper level management on a program that allows critically ill, intubated patients to bypass the recovery room and be directly admitted to
the critical care area that the patient is assigned to. This saves the patient and family money and decreases patient load for the recovery room staff. My
goal is to hire three new nurses and change the staff schedule from (4) twelve–hour days to (3 to 4) eight to ten hour days and create a weekend on call
team. Instead of mandatory overtime, create a sign up list and make overtime optional. Please see example of new schedule below:
RN – PACU | | Mon | Tues | Wed | Thur | Fri | RN A | | 8 to 6

A Summary Of Suzuki Miyaura Reaction
The products of Suzuki–Miyaura coupling reaction were characterized by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR, model 500 MHz, Varian
NMR Systems). Detailed information regarding the 1H NMR (500 MHz) and 13C NMR (125 MHz) NMR data are provided in the Supplementary
Data. The NMR spectra were referenced to TMS as an internal standard and are reported as follows: chemical shift multiplicity (s = singlet, d =
doublet, t = triplet, m = multiplet), coupling constant in Hz, and integration.
Suzuki–Miyaura Reaction: Pd–containing catalytic GONs (3 mg) were added to 3 mL of solvent containing aryl halide (1 mmol), phenylboronic acid (2
mmol), base (4 mmol), and tetrabutylammonium bromide (2 mmol). The reaction mixture was magnetically stirred at boiling temperature under Ar. The
reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature, and the crude products were purified by column chromatography on 230–400 mesh silica gel using
ethyl acetate and hexane (1:10 v/v) as the eluant. The isolated compounds were analyzed by 1H NMR (500 MHz) and 13C NMR (125 MHz), with the
chemical shifts reported relative to residual CDCl3 solvent peaks (1H NMR: 0 ppm, 13C NMR: 77.01 ppm) and tetramethylsilane (TMS) as an internal
standard. Detailed information for the samples is given in the Supplementary Data.
TMB Oxidation Reaction: Oxidation of 3,3′,5,5′–tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) was performed in a 0.1 M NaOAc buffer solution (50 mL, pH 4.0) with
0.3 mM TMB and 100 mM H2O2 at 40 °C. The total amount of

Grignard Synthesis of Triphenylmethanol Lab Report Essay
The Grignard Synthesis of Triphenylmethanol Organic Chemistry Lab II March 19, 2012 Abstract The purpose of this experiment was to synthesize the
Grignard reagent, phenyl magnesium bromide, and then use the manufactured Grignard reagent to synthesize the alcohol, triphenylmethanol, by
reacting with benzophenone and protonation by H3O+. The triphenylmethanol was purified by recrystallization. The melting point, Infrared
Spectroscopy, 13C NMR, and 1H NMR were used to characterize and confirm the recrystallized substance was triphenylmethanol. Introduction A
Grignard reagent is a type of organometallic, which consists of a bond between a metal and a carbon. There are three types of carbon–metal bonds:
ionic, polar covalent, and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Grignard reagents also react with the least hindered carbon on an epoxide to break the ring in order to relieve ring strain. A reaction of the Grignard
reagent and carbon dioxide results in an acid, and reaction of a nitrile and a Grignard reagent produce a carbonyl via an imine intermediate. These are
show below, respectively. Grignard reagents are reactive enough to also attach esters; however, two equivalents of the Grignard reagent are usually
added because less then two equivalents leave a large quantity of unreactive ester. This reaction forms a tertiary alcohol. Grignard reagents cannot be
synthesized from alcohols because instead of reacting with the halide to form the Grignard reagent, the alcohol is deprotenated. Grignard reagents also
cannot be synthesized from molecules with a carbonyl group. Solvent choice is important in Grignard reagent formation. The solvent must be non–
reactive with a negatively charged carbon (ex. acetone or anything even slightly acidic), and the solvent cannot have a carbonyl group. The solvent
must be a volatile solvent that provides a blanket of solvent over the reaction solution so that oxygen and moisture in the air are excluded from the
reaction. Oxygen and moisture in the air are very slightly acidic and would disrupt the synthesis of a Grignard reagent. Anhydrous ether (R2O) is often
used as a solvent in creating Grignard reagents because it keeps out water and oxygen, makes the

The Reaction Of The Alcohols
The alcohols 1–propanol and 2–pentanol were converted into alkyl halides through a certain series of steps. The first step was reflux, and the purpose of
reflux is to add energy to the solution and not lose any solution to evaporation. This energy helps initiate the acid–catalyzed dehydration reaction and
also promotes rearrangement. The next step was distillation, which functioned to separate liquids based on boiling points. The distillation utilizes
boiling points to separate the alkyl halide products from many impurities that might exist. Reflux is the first step instead of distillation because
refluxing allows the reaction to progress. If distillation was performed first, separation would begin before the reaction was allowed time to ... Show
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For example, since the voltage adapter connected to the sand bath may not have been working properly, inconsistent heating patterns could have
proposed a problem during reflux. Also, a few extra drops of water may have invaded the product while the flask was cooling in the ice bath during
distillation. Furthermore, it is possible that not all of the organic layer was drained out of the separatory funnel during separation, and maybe the drying
agent was not allowed enough time to remove all of the water. Errors will always hinder the success of a reaction, which will greatly effect the percent
yield.
Infrared spectroscopy (IR) is a very useful tool that can read a molecule's functional groups from a small sample. By monitoring the disappearance and
appearance of certain groups, it is possible to confirm wether compounds have formed. In this experiment, for example, the reactants are alcohols,
whose IRs will show a large and broad absorption around 3500 cm–1. These hydroxide groups are eventually replaced during the reactions, and the
final products will not contain any hydroxides. Therefore, the IR of the products will not show the large and broad hydroxide absorption. Monitoring
the disappearance of the hydroxide stretch will allow the reaction progression to be monitored also. The complete disappearance of this stretch will
confirm that a new product has been formed. However, IR

Wittig Reaction Lab Report
Chapter Two – Results and Discussion 2.1 Synthesis of 1,3–butadienes 1,3–butadienes can be synthesised from aldehydes and ketones using the Wittig
reaction. The Wittig reaction facilitates the synthesis of new carbon–carbon double bonds at specific locations in aldehydes and ketones (Bernard &
Ford, 1983). The overall reaction mechanism is shown in Figure 4. Figure 4. The Wittig Reaction – Formation of a transitional oxaphosphetane and
resultant formation of a new carbon–carbon alkene bond resulting in the synthesis of 1,3–butadienes from aldehydes and ketones. Protocols for
synthesising 1,3–butadienes from aldehydes and ketones have been established in the literature. The synthesis protocol identified by Greatrex et al.
(2014) was ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
034 100 5% 6 2.947 0.707 17 4% a) Yield determined by purity determined from 1H NMR spectrum analysis following isolation by column
chromatography. Table 4 –Summary of 1,2–dioxines synthesis reaction outcomes The general approach involved transforming each of the 1,3–
butadienes at the site of the terminal alkene bond via reaction with the singlet oxygen. Meso–tetraphenylporphyrin was used as the photosensitiser to
generate the singlet oxygen. The prepared butadienes were added to a volume of dichloromethane and cooled using a water–cooled jacketed flask.
Reactions were followed by TLC and reaction times varied for each reaction based on observations. Reactions were ceased on the basis of an increasing
prevalence of a new product appearing at the baseline of the TLC. Products of the reactions were purified via column chromatography. Two
cycloaddition products were observed in each reaction. These were the 1,2–dioxine resulting from the Diels–Alder [4+2] cycloaddition reaction, and an
aldehyde resulting from the ene cycloaddition

Flavanones From The Wood Of Morus Nigra With Cytotoxic...
FLAVANONES FROM THE WOOD OF Morus Nigra WITH CYTOTOXIC ACTIVITY FERLINAHAYATI A,*, YANA MAOLANA SYAH B , LIA
DEWI JULIAWATY B, EUIS HOLISOTAN HAKIM B a Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of
Sriwijaya Jalan Raya Palembang Prabumulih Km 32, Ogan Ilir, South Sumatera, Indonesia 30622 b Natural Product Research Group, Department of
Chemistry, Institut Teknologi Bandung Jalan Ganesha 10, Bandung, Indonesia 40132 * Corresponding author, tel/fax : 0711–580269 email:
etihayati74@yahoo.com ABSTRACT Two flavanone derivatives, norartocarpanone (1) and euchrenone a7 (2) had been isolated for the first time from
the methanol extract of the wood of Morus nigra.The structure of these compounds were determined base on spectral evidence, including UV, IR, and
NMR. The first compound also confirmed by comparison with the reported data. Cytotoxic properties of these compounds were evaluated against
murine leukemia P–388 cells. Euchrenone a7 (2) was found more cytotoxic than norartocarpanone (1) with their IC50 7.8 and 12.7 g/mL respectively.
Keywords: norartocarpanone, euchrenone a7, Morus nigra, cytotoxic ABSTRAK Dua senyawa flavanon yaitu norartokarpanon (1) dan eukrenon a7 (2)
telah berhasil diisolasi untuk pertama kali dari ekstrak metanol kayu batang Morus nigra. Struktur senyawa tersebut ditetapkan dengan cara–cara
spektroskopi yang meliputi spektrum UV, IR dan NMR. Senyawa norartokarpanon (1) juga dikonfirmasi dengan

Essay on Experiment on Photocromism and Piezochromism
Experiment B10– Photocromism and Piezochromism
Reece Harms 4320288
Introduction
This experiment investigates an oxidative coupling reaction in an to synthesise triphenylimidazole dimer from 2,4,5–triphenyl–1H–imidazole. The
resulting compound was investigated for both photochromic and piezochromic properties by way of formation of a stable radical, utilizing visual
observations and UV–Vis as a means of distinction. Both the oxidative coupling reaction and the dimers interaction with light are depicted in the
reactions in figure 1.
Figure 1: Oxidative Coupling reaction of 2,4,5–triphenyl–1H–imidazol
Experimental
Ethanol (100ml), potassium hydroxide (8.065g, 2.568mmol) and water (5ml) were added in order to ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This could be improved by utilizing an inert atmosphere of solely nitrogen. Melting the compound resulted in an intensely dark purple liquid. This is a
result of the resonance stabilized radical being formed by the homolysis of the carbon–to–carbon bond validating the photochromic properties. The
colour change further substantiates that the desired product was produced despite the inaccuracies in melting point values. Homolytic cleavage of the
dimer prepared by solvation with toluene results in a deep purple solution confirming the formation of the resonance stabilized radical.
After placing in darkness the colorless solution resulted by reformation of the radical intermediates to a new thermodynamic product via C–N bond at
room temperature. UV–Vis was conducted on the solution before and after the irradiation with sunlight: UVtoluene 554.92nm, A=0.12 before
irradiation and A=1.05 after. The peak at 554.92nm corresponds to yellow/green light and its complementary colour is red/violet. This validates the
solutions violet color. The increased absorbance was accounted for an increase in the radical component. The radical was formed when exposed to light,
which was visually apparent with the purple coloration and proved the thermodynamic dimer was also photochromic. When dimer 4 is exposed to light
photons collide with the molecule and impart energy upon them. This energy is significant enough to break the bond between the two rings and results

Synthesis, Thermolysis, Novel Semicarbazones And...
Synthesis, Thermolysis, Photolysis and Animicrobial Evaluation of some Novel Semicarbazones and Thiosemicarbazones Derived from 3–Methyl–2–
benzothiazolinone Hydrazone. Hisham Abdallah A. Yosef * and Nabila M. Ibrahim Department of Organometallic and Organometalloid Chemistry,
National Research Centre, El–Behouth Street, P.O. 12622, Dokki, Giza, Egypt. Abstract: Reaction of 3–Methyl–2–benzithiazolinone hydrazone (1)
with some seleceted isocyanate and isothiocyanate reagents 2a−j gave the respective semicarbazones and thiosemicarbazones 3a−j. Thermolysis of
compound 3a under reduced pressure gave N,N`−dietylurea (4) in addition to 1,2–bis(3–methylbenzo[d]thiazol–2(3H)–ylidene)hydrazine (5).
Compound 3a was almost quantitatively recovered upon its exposure to sunlight in methanol for 60 days. Elementary and spectroscopic measurements
(IR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR, MS) are in good accord with the structures postulated for the new compounds. The single crystal X–ray crystallographic
analysis of 3f was given and its data were discussed. The synthesized compounds 3a–j as well as the hydrazone 1 were screened for their antibacterial
properties against Bacillus subtilis (G+), Escherichia coli (G–), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (G–) and Staphylococcus aureus (G+) and for their antifungal
properties against Aspergillus flavus and Candida albicans. Some of the tested compounds showed an activity against the four bacterial strains where
their order of activity was found to be 1 > 3g > 3j > 3i > 3e

Identification of Unknown Ketones Essay
Purpose: The purpose of this experiment was to identify one ketone with Thin Layer Chromatography and one using NMR spectrometry. We will do
this by making 2, 4 a DNPH derivative and checking the melting points. Theory: By Using specific methods of compounds detection, we can match an
unknown compound with a known compound because similar compounds will display similar characteristics. In this experiment, identifications of the
unknown ketone was accomplished using thin layer chromatography, melting point, and NMR spectrometry. Thin layer chromatography is very quick
but sensitive way of determining the components of a mixture or a specific compound from a list of knowns. This method is the one which was utilized
in the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Next, I observed my Proton NMR which had only one peak. The multiplicity is six. Therefore, I have six hydrogens. Using this information, I was able
to conclude that my unknown is 2–propanone. Discussion/Conclusion This experiment was done to identify one ketone with Thin Layer
Chromatography and one using nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry. When using Thin Layer Chromatography, I was able to determine my
unknown by observing my slides and seeing that the spots of my unknown are most like those of 2–heptanone in height and size. Furthermore, I
calculated my Rf values and determined that my Rf value of Unknown K (.5) was most near my Rf value of 2–heptanone (.51). Finally, comparing the
derivative melting points of these two substances confirms that 2–heptanone is my unknown. The derivative melting point of 2–heptanone is 89 while
my unknown was 87. When using nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry, I had unknown A. With this unknown, I had two peaks on my CNMR
which told me I had one carbon on both sides of the line symmetry. Also, on my HNMR I had one peak with a multiplicity of six, therefore, I had six
hydrogens. Using this information I was able to conclude that my unknown as was 2–propanone. Furthermore, in this experiment we learned that NMR
takes advantage of the magnetic properties of the 1H and 13C nuclei. We are not concerned with 12C because it does not have a magnetic

Customer's Always Right?
Have you heard of the Wal–Mart lingo "customer's always right?" Well, the lingo only work for Wal–Mart because the notion is far from that at
Roadrunners or "Roadies." I started working night shift at Roadies in the beginning. And then moved to swing shift to opening shift at 4AM, Mondays
thru Friday. So, I know the whole operation like the back of my hand. Roadies in Wapato, is known for its hot deli food. The convenience store is a one
quick stop shop when you're in a hurry, for a quick bite to eat, or a convenient stop for gas when traveling afar or when the gas tank is just simply low
on fuel. Especially with an icy cold hard beverage (for 21 years old and over) that'll do with hot wing justice. The place offers a totally different
atmosphere throughout the day. It's a completely different operation from mornings, middays, and nights. The customers vary from different times of
day and night and I can almost predict the type (crazy and crazier) of customers at the same time of the month as well.
Customers at Roadies range from somewhat normal and polite to disrespectful. The customers in the morning are mainly farm workers and 95% don't
speak English. So, I make do with the language barrier. A coworker of mine, Sarah Divina asked, "Will it hurt them (Mexicans) to at least try to learn
some English? I can understand if they're new in this country, but most of them had been here for years." At first, it felt like I could only perform my
job with one hand behind my back.

Drugs And Its Effects On The Field Of Medicine And...
The chirality of drugs has become important to understand in the field of medicine and pharmacology today. Asymmetric approaches have been under
investigation to synthesize chiral centers or separate enantiomers of chiral molecules using chemical catalysts or enantioselective enzymes. With this is
in mind, the experiment performed in lab today exhibits the use of an enzyme catalyzed reduction to fashion a chiral center. In this experiment, the
enzymatic asymmetric reduction of 1–phenyl–1,2–propanedione (dione) was performed using Saccharomyces cerevisiae, baker's yeast, to produce (1R,
2S)–1–phenyl–1,2–propanediol. Baker's yeast is believed to contain 2 diacetyl reductases and an NADH coenzyme that "naturally" and
enantioselectively ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In the 90–minute reaction, the reaction was run to completion and TLC was conducted to analyze the final product. In the 50–minute reaction, aliquots
of the of the reaction mixture was obtained every 15 minutes to analyze the reagents and induce the progress of the reaction. To begin the first
experiment, the diketone was prepared by the addition of 1–phenyl–1,2–propandione into the reaction flask containing baker's yeasts and water. A TLC
plate was spotted with the starting reagent, the diketone, and the chamber was developed using a 6:4 solvent combination of cyclohexane and t–BME
respectively. The diketone's polarity was observed from the distance it traveled up the TLC plate, and this distance was near the solvent front with an Rf
value of __________________. At the end of the 90–minute experiment, the second TLC plate was obtained for the product, the diol, using the same
solvent combination to develop the TLC chamber. The diol's polarity was predicted to be much more polar than the starting material due to its stronger
intermolecular forces, such as hydrogen bonding. For this reason, the diol's spot showed up closer to the origin and farther away from the solvent front
in contrast to the diketone. The Rf values demonstrate this as the diol had a relatively smaller Rf value of _____________ compared to the diketone's
Rf value of ___________. Continuing the

Essay chemistry
Synthesis, Recrystallization of β–D–Glucose Pentaacetate from its Original D–Glucose and it comparison with literature though Melting point, TLC,
IR, 1H and 13C NMR
Abstract:
The synthesis of the product: β–D–glucose pentaacetate is done though the acetylation using acetic anhydride with D–glucose with the help of sodium
acetate. The recrystallization of the product is done though a polar solvent like water. The Result of this experiment has a percentage yield of 61% and
analytical methods that are to detect the products are 1H NMR, 13 C NMR, COSY, FTIR (IR), Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) and Melting point.
Introduction:
There are only several compounds and molecules that are essential to the human body. Such molecule ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In order to yield more of the β–glucose pentaacetate, the precursor: β–glucose must be present as much within the mixture in which the sodium acetate
comes in to play, Sodium acetate will allow the rotation of the hydroxyl of the anomeric carbon to its equatorial position whereas a strong acid will do
the reverse process: Reverse to it axial position. Based on the study by Perles et al. 2008, the equatorial structure of β–glucose pentaacetate and it
respective interactions with a polar solvent such as water used in this experiment provided more stability and when glucose pentaacetate recrystallizes,
a larger amount of βis shown to be a perfect fit in the three dimensional structure clusters within water. The α–glucose doesn't as it is more sterically
hindered and disturbs the three–dimensional arrangement of water which is the less stable in an aqueous solution. The studies also find that at higher
temperatures, there is a shift of ratio between α: βwhich at T= 293.2 K, the ratio is at 32:68. This changed of ratio affected by temperatures support the
study by Bonner that the higher temperatures allows the anomeric carbon to be more steric

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