Synergistic Effect of Halide Ions on the Corrosion Inhibition of Mild Steel in Sulphuric Acid Using Alkyl Substituted piperidi-4- one Thiosemicarbazones
The inhibition effect of alkyl substituted piperdin-4-one with thiosemicarbazones on mild steel
corrosion in 1N sulphuric acid solution was studied by weight loss method and electrochemical techniques. The
influence of halides viz., KCl, KBr and KI on the corrosion inhibition of thiosemicarbazones were also
investigated. Results show that alkyl substituted piperidin-4-one with thiosemicarbazones alone provided
satisfactory inhibition on the corrosion of mild steel and it was also found that the inhibition efficiency increased
synergistically in the presence of halide ions. The synergistic effect of halide ions was found to follow the order:
KI > KBr > KCl. The inhibitor reduced the corrosion rate through adsorption.
International Refereed Journal of Engineering and Science (IRJES) is a peer reviewed online journal for professionals and researchers in the field of computer science. The main aim is to resolve emerging and outstanding problems revealed by recent social and technological change. IJRES provides the platform for the researchers to present and evaluate their work from both theoretical and technical aspects and to share their views.
www.irjes.com
The effect of ethanol extract of leaves of Conyza Dicorides plant on the corrosion inhibition
of mild steel in 1M HCl solution was investigated by weight loss and electrochemical polarization
techniques at temperature range (25–65 ̊C). The Results obtained showed that the percentage
inhibition efficiency increases with the increasing of inhibitor concentration and decreases with the
increasing of temperature. At a concentration of 2 g/L, the percentage inhibition efficiency reached
about (94.87%) at 25 ̊C. The thermodynamic activation functions of dissolution process and
adsorption parameters were calculated and discussed. Adsorption of the additive was found to follow
the Langmuir adsorption isotherm.
Corrosion Inhibition of Carbon Steel in Chloride and Sulfate SolutionsIJERA Editor
Corrosion is a major problem in industry and in infrastructure; a huge sum of expenditure every year is spent on
preventing, retarding, and repairing its damages. This work studies the engineering of an inhibitor for carbon
steel metal used in the cooling systems containing high concentration of chloride and sulfate ions. For this
purpose, the synergy between the dichromate, molybdate and nitrite inhibitors is examined and optimized to the
best results. Moreover, care was taken that the proposed inhibitor is compliant with the environmental laws and
regulations.
The inhibition effect of hydralazine hydrochloride on corrosion of mild steel...Premier Publishers
The inhibition effect of the Hydralazine hydrochloride for mild steel corrosion in 1M HCl has been investigated. Polarization measurement indicates that the Hydralazine hydrochloride act as mixed-type inhibitor, which gives a maximum inhibition efficiency around 72 %. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy was used to investigate the mechanism of corrosion inhibition gives around 76 % due to the formation of electrical double layer. Thermodynamic parameter such as ΔG0 ads value was obtained as -30.22 KJ/mol indications that inhibitor shows its inhibition effect due to the chemisorptions process. Scanning electron microscopic images gives a visual idea about the formation of the protective film on the mild steel surface to reduce the corrosion rate. So that the Hydralazine hydrochloride acts as an efficient mixed type corrosion inhibitor for mild steel corrosion in acid media.
Corrosion Behaviour of 6061 Al-SiC Composites in KOH MediumEditor IJCATR
The present research work deals with the corrosion behaviour of 6061 Al-15% (vol) SiC(P) composites. The addition of the
reinforcement like SiC to Aluminium has been reported to decrease the corrosion resistance of the matrix due to several reasons, one
of them being galvanic action between the reinforcement and the matrix. In the present work, the corrosion behaviour of 6061 Al-15%
(vol) SiC(P) composites in KOH at different concentration (0.5M, 1M, 1.5M) and different temperature (300C, 350C, 400C, 450C, 500C)
was determined by Tafel extrapolation technique. The inhibition action of 8-Hydroxyquinoline on corrosion behaviour of 6061 Al-
15% (vol) SiC(P) composites in KOH at different concentration of inhibitor (200ppm, 400ppm); different concentration of medium
(0.5M, 1M,1.5M) and different temperature (300C, 350C, 400C, 450C, 500C) was investigated. The results indicate that corrosion rate
of Al-SiC composite in KOH increases as the concentration of medium increases and also as temperature of medium increases. The
results indicate that the inhibitor is moderately effective in inhibiting the corrosion of 6061 Al-15% (vol) SiC(P) composites. As the
inhibitor concentration increases, the corrosion rate decreases. The surface morphology of the metal surface was investigated using
scanning electron microscope (SEM). Activation energy was evaluated using Arrhenius equation, and enthalpy of activation and
entropy of activation values were calculated using transition state equation
Thermodynamic characterization of metal dissolution and inhibitor adsorption ...IJRES Journal
The inhibition effect of 1-hexyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride (HMIC) on the corrosion of mild
steel in 2M sulphuric acid solution has been investigated by weight loss. potentiodynamic polarization and
electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The effect of temperature on the corrosion behavior of mild steel in
2M H2SO4 with addition of inhibitor was studied in weight loss method at the temperature range of 308-328 K.
Results obtained that the inhibition efficiency increases with increasing the concentration of the inhibitor and
decreases with increasing the temperature. Polarization and impedance measurements were in good agreement.
The adsorption of this inhibitor on the mild steel surface obeys the Langmuir adsorption isotherm. Fourier
transform spectroscopy (FTIR) and Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was also carried out to establish the
corrosion inhibit property of this inhibitor in sulphuric acid medium. Quantum chemical calculations were
performed using density functional theory to find out whether a clear link exists between the inhibitive effect of
the inhibitor and the electronic properties of its main constituents.
OXYSTELMA ESCULENTUM Stem Extracts as Corrosion Inhibitor for Mild Steel in A...IJMER
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) covers all the fields of engineering and science: Electrical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Civil Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Computer Engineering, Agricultural Engineering, Aerospace Engineering, Thermodynamics, Structural Engineering, Control Engineering, Robotics, Mechatronics, Fluid Mechanics, Nanotechnology, Simulators, Web-based Learning, Remote Laboratories, Engineering Design Methods, Education Research, Students' Satisfaction and Motivation, Global Projects, and Assessment…. And many more.
International Refereed Journal of Engineering and Science (IRJES) is a peer reviewed online journal for professionals and researchers in the field of computer science. The main aim is to resolve emerging and outstanding problems revealed by recent social and technological change. IJRES provides the platform for the researchers to present and evaluate their work from both theoretical and technical aspects and to share their views.
www.irjes.com
The effect of ethanol extract of leaves of Conyza Dicorides plant on the corrosion inhibition
of mild steel in 1M HCl solution was investigated by weight loss and electrochemical polarization
techniques at temperature range (25–65 ̊C). The Results obtained showed that the percentage
inhibition efficiency increases with the increasing of inhibitor concentration and decreases with the
increasing of temperature. At a concentration of 2 g/L, the percentage inhibition efficiency reached
about (94.87%) at 25 ̊C. The thermodynamic activation functions of dissolution process and
adsorption parameters were calculated and discussed. Adsorption of the additive was found to follow
the Langmuir adsorption isotherm.
Corrosion Inhibition of Carbon Steel in Chloride and Sulfate SolutionsIJERA Editor
Corrosion is a major problem in industry and in infrastructure; a huge sum of expenditure every year is spent on
preventing, retarding, and repairing its damages. This work studies the engineering of an inhibitor for carbon
steel metal used in the cooling systems containing high concentration of chloride and sulfate ions. For this
purpose, the synergy between the dichromate, molybdate and nitrite inhibitors is examined and optimized to the
best results. Moreover, care was taken that the proposed inhibitor is compliant with the environmental laws and
regulations.
The inhibition effect of hydralazine hydrochloride on corrosion of mild steel...Premier Publishers
The inhibition effect of the Hydralazine hydrochloride for mild steel corrosion in 1M HCl has been investigated. Polarization measurement indicates that the Hydralazine hydrochloride act as mixed-type inhibitor, which gives a maximum inhibition efficiency around 72 %. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy was used to investigate the mechanism of corrosion inhibition gives around 76 % due to the formation of electrical double layer. Thermodynamic parameter such as ΔG0 ads value was obtained as -30.22 KJ/mol indications that inhibitor shows its inhibition effect due to the chemisorptions process. Scanning electron microscopic images gives a visual idea about the formation of the protective film on the mild steel surface to reduce the corrosion rate. So that the Hydralazine hydrochloride acts as an efficient mixed type corrosion inhibitor for mild steel corrosion in acid media.
Corrosion Behaviour of 6061 Al-SiC Composites in KOH MediumEditor IJCATR
The present research work deals with the corrosion behaviour of 6061 Al-15% (vol) SiC(P) composites. The addition of the
reinforcement like SiC to Aluminium has been reported to decrease the corrosion resistance of the matrix due to several reasons, one
of them being galvanic action between the reinforcement and the matrix. In the present work, the corrosion behaviour of 6061 Al-15%
(vol) SiC(P) composites in KOH at different concentration (0.5M, 1M, 1.5M) and different temperature (300C, 350C, 400C, 450C, 500C)
was determined by Tafel extrapolation technique. The inhibition action of 8-Hydroxyquinoline on corrosion behaviour of 6061 Al-
15% (vol) SiC(P) composites in KOH at different concentration of inhibitor (200ppm, 400ppm); different concentration of medium
(0.5M, 1M,1.5M) and different temperature (300C, 350C, 400C, 450C, 500C) was investigated. The results indicate that corrosion rate
of Al-SiC composite in KOH increases as the concentration of medium increases and also as temperature of medium increases. The
results indicate that the inhibitor is moderately effective in inhibiting the corrosion of 6061 Al-15% (vol) SiC(P) composites. As the
inhibitor concentration increases, the corrosion rate decreases. The surface morphology of the metal surface was investigated using
scanning electron microscope (SEM). Activation energy was evaluated using Arrhenius equation, and enthalpy of activation and
entropy of activation values were calculated using transition state equation
Thermodynamic characterization of metal dissolution and inhibitor adsorption ...IJRES Journal
The inhibition effect of 1-hexyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride (HMIC) on the corrosion of mild
steel in 2M sulphuric acid solution has been investigated by weight loss. potentiodynamic polarization and
electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The effect of temperature on the corrosion behavior of mild steel in
2M H2SO4 with addition of inhibitor was studied in weight loss method at the temperature range of 308-328 K.
Results obtained that the inhibition efficiency increases with increasing the concentration of the inhibitor and
decreases with increasing the temperature. Polarization and impedance measurements were in good agreement.
The adsorption of this inhibitor on the mild steel surface obeys the Langmuir adsorption isotherm. Fourier
transform spectroscopy (FTIR) and Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was also carried out to establish the
corrosion inhibit property of this inhibitor in sulphuric acid medium. Quantum chemical calculations were
performed using density functional theory to find out whether a clear link exists between the inhibitive effect of
the inhibitor and the electronic properties of its main constituents.
OXYSTELMA ESCULENTUM Stem Extracts as Corrosion Inhibitor for Mild Steel in A...IJMER
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) covers all the fields of engineering and science: Electrical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Civil Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Computer Engineering, Agricultural Engineering, Aerospace Engineering, Thermodynamics, Structural Engineering, Control Engineering, Robotics, Mechatronics, Fluid Mechanics, Nanotechnology, Simulators, Web-based Learning, Remote Laboratories, Engineering Design Methods, Education Research, Students' Satisfaction and Motivation, Global Projects, and Assessment…. And many more.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
This paper presents a study that investigates the corrosion behavior of annealed 2205 duplex stainless steel in sulphuric acid environment. Duplex 2205 stainless steel black bar in ASTM A276 was obtained and annealed in solite furnace for 45 minutes. A control sample which was not heat treated was also prepared. The annealed and the control samples which were metallographically prepared were then analyzed for corrosion behavior in sulphuric acid using potentiodynamic test/analysis. The potentiodynamic polarization plot generated showed that the annealed samples exhibit less corrosion resistance than the untreated samples, indicating that annealing heat treatment reduces the corrosion resistance of 2205 duplex stainless steel in sulphuric acid.
Chemical and electrochemical studies of ranitidine as a corrosion inhibitor f...Premier Publishers
The corrosion inhibition of ranitidine on mild steel in hydrochloric acid medium was studied employing chemical and electrochemical methods. The results showed that the studied compound possessed good interaction on the metal surface and control both anodic and cathodic reactions. Studies pertaining to the determination of corrosion rate, percentage inhibition efficiency and variation of inhibitor concentration and temperature for the corrosion control process. Both anodic and cathodic polarized potentials were measured under galvanostatic and linear polarization techniques. The corrosion current density, corrosion potentials, Tafel slops and percentage inhibition efficiency were calculated. Thermodynamic parameters for the adsorption process were calculated and interpreted. The percentage inhibition efficiency obtained from both the methods was good agreement with each other. The corrosion protection was explained on the basis of adsorption of inhibitors on the metal surface. Adsorption of a compound on the mild steel surface was confirmed by FTIR spectra.
The Inhibition Chemistry of 2-Amino, 5-Phenyl 1, 3, 4-Triazole for Aluminium ...IOSR Journals
The inhibitor 2-amino, 5-phenyl 1,3,4-triazole have been synthesized in alcohol medium. Corrosion of aluminium in 2N hydrochoric acid and the effect of the inhibitors in combating the corrosion have been investigated. The conventional weight loss method and electrochemical potentiodynamic polarizarion method have been employed for aluminium plates. From the above analysis, the inhibiting efficiencies increases with increasing inhibitor concentration then decreases. Polarization and impedance values shows that triazole inhibitor is marginally anodic controlled and activation controlled. SEM micrographs indicate that the metal surface is fully covered with inhibitor molecules thereby providing high degree of protection.
Influence of Polyacrylamide on Corrosion Resistance of Mild Steel Simulated C...IOSR Journals
Corrosion resistance of mild steel in simulated concrete pore solution (SCPS) Prepared in well water in
the absence and presence of polacrylamide (PAA) and Zn2+has been evaluated by weight loss method. It is observed
that when PAA is added the corrosion inhibition efficiency (IE) increases. As the concentration of PAA increases ,
inhibition efficiency also increases . Addition of Zn2+ improves of IE further. 50 ppm of PAA has 60% IE . 100 ppm
of PAA shows 75% IE. When 50 ppm of Zn2+is added to the above system , both system shows 80% and 90% IE. The
mechanistic aspects of corrosion inhibition have been investigated by polarization study and AC impedance
spectra. . Polaraization study suggests that the PAA-Zn2+ system functions as a mixed inhibitor system .AC
impedance reveal the presence of a protective film on the metal surface.
Experimental and theoretical investigations of some pyrazolo-pyrimidine deriv...Al Baha University
The anticorrosion performance of three pyrazolo-pyrimidine derivatives, namely, 4-amino pyrazolo-pyrimidine
(APP), 4-hydroxy pyrazolo-pyrimidine (HPP), and 4-mercapto pyrazolo-pyrimidine (MPP) on copper in 0.5M
H2SO4 solution have been investigated using electrochemical, surface analysis, as well as theoretical techniques.
The results indicate that these inhibitors have largely inhibited the corrosion of copper and the inhibition efficiency
increased with increasing concentration. Moreover, the inhibitors adsorb on copper surface following
Langmuir adsorption isotherm. XPS analysis were performed for describing the bonding characteristics between
inhibitors and copper substrate. Furthermore, DFT and molecular dynamics simulation calculations were applied
to further explain the anti-corrosion mechanism.
Synthesis, Characterization and Study of Antioxidant Activities of Some New P...IJRES Journal
A series of substituted pyrazoline derivatives 5(a-c) have been synthesized by the reaction of substituted chalcones 4(a-c) with isatinhydrazide. The starting materials, chalcones were prepared by clasien schimidt condensation of appropriate 1-hydroxy-2-acetonaphthone with substituted aldehydes in the presence of sodium hydroxide and in poly ethylene glycol (PEG-400). The structures of the synthesized compounds were confirmed by IR, 1HNMR & Mass spectral data. The synthesized compounds were screened for Antioxidant Activity by DPPH method.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
This paper presents a study that investigates the corrosion behavior of annealed 2205 duplex stainless steel in sulphuric acid environment. Duplex 2205 stainless steel black bar in ASTM A276 was obtained and annealed in solite furnace for 45 minutes. A control sample which was not heat treated was also prepared. The annealed and the control samples which were metallographically prepared were then analyzed for corrosion behavior in sulphuric acid using potentiodynamic test/analysis. The potentiodynamic polarization plot generated showed that the annealed samples exhibit less corrosion resistance than the untreated samples, indicating that annealing heat treatment reduces the corrosion resistance of 2205 duplex stainless steel in sulphuric acid.
Chemical and electrochemical studies of ranitidine as a corrosion inhibitor f...Premier Publishers
The corrosion inhibition of ranitidine on mild steel in hydrochloric acid medium was studied employing chemical and electrochemical methods. The results showed that the studied compound possessed good interaction on the metal surface and control both anodic and cathodic reactions. Studies pertaining to the determination of corrosion rate, percentage inhibition efficiency and variation of inhibitor concentration and temperature for the corrosion control process. Both anodic and cathodic polarized potentials were measured under galvanostatic and linear polarization techniques. The corrosion current density, corrosion potentials, Tafel slops and percentage inhibition efficiency were calculated. Thermodynamic parameters for the adsorption process were calculated and interpreted. The percentage inhibition efficiency obtained from both the methods was good agreement with each other. The corrosion protection was explained on the basis of adsorption of inhibitors on the metal surface. Adsorption of a compound on the mild steel surface was confirmed by FTIR spectra.
The Inhibition Chemistry of 2-Amino, 5-Phenyl 1, 3, 4-Triazole for Aluminium ...IOSR Journals
The inhibitor 2-amino, 5-phenyl 1,3,4-triazole have been synthesized in alcohol medium. Corrosion of aluminium in 2N hydrochoric acid and the effect of the inhibitors in combating the corrosion have been investigated. The conventional weight loss method and electrochemical potentiodynamic polarizarion method have been employed for aluminium plates. From the above analysis, the inhibiting efficiencies increases with increasing inhibitor concentration then decreases. Polarization and impedance values shows that triazole inhibitor is marginally anodic controlled and activation controlled. SEM micrographs indicate that the metal surface is fully covered with inhibitor molecules thereby providing high degree of protection.
Influence of Polyacrylamide on Corrosion Resistance of Mild Steel Simulated C...IOSR Journals
Corrosion resistance of mild steel in simulated concrete pore solution (SCPS) Prepared in well water in
the absence and presence of polacrylamide (PAA) and Zn2+has been evaluated by weight loss method. It is observed
that when PAA is added the corrosion inhibition efficiency (IE) increases. As the concentration of PAA increases ,
inhibition efficiency also increases . Addition of Zn2+ improves of IE further. 50 ppm of PAA has 60% IE . 100 ppm
of PAA shows 75% IE. When 50 ppm of Zn2+is added to the above system , both system shows 80% and 90% IE. The
mechanistic aspects of corrosion inhibition have been investigated by polarization study and AC impedance
spectra. . Polaraization study suggests that the PAA-Zn2+ system functions as a mixed inhibitor system .AC
impedance reveal the presence of a protective film on the metal surface.
Experimental and theoretical investigations of some pyrazolo-pyrimidine deriv...Al Baha University
The anticorrosion performance of three pyrazolo-pyrimidine derivatives, namely, 4-amino pyrazolo-pyrimidine
(APP), 4-hydroxy pyrazolo-pyrimidine (HPP), and 4-mercapto pyrazolo-pyrimidine (MPP) on copper in 0.5M
H2SO4 solution have been investigated using electrochemical, surface analysis, as well as theoretical techniques.
The results indicate that these inhibitors have largely inhibited the corrosion of copper and the inhibition efficiency
increased with increasing concentration. Moreover, the inhibitors adsorb on copper surface following
Langmuir adsorption isotherm. XPS analysis were performed for describing the bonding characteristics between
inhibitors and copper substrate. Furthermore, DFT and molecular dynamics simulation calculations were applied
to further explain the anti-corrosion mechanism.
Synthesis, Characterization and Study of Antioxidant Activities of Some New P...IJRES Journal
A series of substituted pyrazoline derivatives 5(a-c) have been synthesized by the reaction of substituted chalcones 4(a-c) with isatinhydrazide. The starting materials, chalcones were prepared by clasien schimidt condensation of appropriate 1-hydroxy-2-acetonaphthone with substituted aldehydes in the presence of sodium hydroxide and in poly ethylene glycol (PEG-400). The structures of the synthesized compounds were confirmed by IR, 1HNMR & Mass spectral data. The synthesized compounds were screened for Antioxidant Activity by DPPH method.
Introducing catalyst.ai and MACRA Measures & InsightsHealth Catalyst
Join Eric Just, Senior Vice President of Product Development, as he will discuss:
How machine learning is now included into our analytics platform and being built into all our applications.
The toolsets we have developed to automate and democratize machine learning tasks both within Health Catalyst clients and to the broader healthcare industry.
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Integrate hundreds of measures across financial, regulatory, and quality departments.
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Tactically and strategically identify measures to take on risk in multi-year value-based care contracts.
Presentation of Supertech [Sent by my friend, Luigi]R. Adhi Noegroho
Supertech
The only one in the world that acts directly on the fuel inside the tank.
The Supertech: due to vibration, emits infrared electromagnetic radiation that cause a weakening of the intermolecular bond; this improves the interaction with the oxygen thus achieving an almost perfect combustion. The infrared radiation is energy that is part of the spectrum of electromagnetic waves and is generated by the vibration of molecules. All objects emit infrared energy.
How to Use Text Analytics in Healthcare to Improve Outcomes: Why You Need Mor...Health Catalyst
Given the fact that up to 80 percent of clinical data is stored in unstructured text, healthcare organizations need to harness the power of text analytics. But, surprisingly, less than five percent of health systems use it due to resource limitations and the complexity of text analytics.
But given the industry’s necessity to use text analytics to create precise patient registries, enhance their understanding of high-risk patient populations, and improve outcomes, this executive report explains why systems must start using it—and explains how to get started.
Health systems can start using text analytics to improve outcomes by focusing on four key components:
Optimize text search (display, medical terminologies, and context).
Enhance context and extract values with an NLP pipeline.
Always validate the algorithm.
Focus on interoperability and integration using a Late-Binding approach.
This broad approach with position health systems for clinical and financial success.
Similar to Synergistic Effect of Halide Ions on the Corrosion Inhibition of Mild Steel in Sulphuric Acid Using Alkyl Substituted piperidi-4- one Thiosemicarbazones
Inhibition of Sulphuric Acid Corrosion of Mild Steel by Surfactant and Its Ad...IOSR Journals
Abstract: The corrosion inhibition effect of surfactant, N,N-Dimethyl-N-(2-Phenoxyethyl)dodecan-1- aminiumbromide(DPDAB) on mild steel corrosion in 0.5M Sulphuric acid was investigated by weight loss, potentiodynamic polarization and Electrochemical impedance spectroscopic techniques. DPDAB is an excellent inhibitor and its inhibition efficiency increases with increase in concentration and maximum inhibition efficiency was observed above the critical micelle concentration (CMC). The polarization curves reveal that DPDAB acts as mixed type inhibitor with predominantly of anodic type. The corrosion inhibition efficiency of DPDAB increases with increase in concentration and decreases with increase in temperature from 298K to 308K and then increases and shows maxima at 318K and then decreases at 328K.. The adsorption of the inhibitor on the mild steel in 0.5M H2SO4 was found to obey Langmuir’s adsorption isotherm. Scanning electronic microscopy (SEM) confirmed the existence of an adsorbed protective film on the metal surface. The kinetic and thermodynamic parameters were calculated and discussed.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
Corrosion Inhibition of Mild Steel in HCl Medium by a Condensation Productijtsrd
A condensation product CP was successfully synthesized from reaction of dimethyl amino benzaldehyde and aniline giving yields of 80 . The compound was characterized by Fourier Transform Infrared FTIR Spectroscopy. The corrosion inhibiting property of the CP on mild steel in HCl solution were investigated by the weight loss measurements, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy EIS and linear polarization resistance LPR . The concentrations of CP were varied from 1 x 10 3 M to 5 x 10 3 M. The inhibition efficiencies obtained from all the methods employed were in good agreement where the percentage of inhibition efficiencies increased with concentration of CP. Results showed that CP was the better inhibitor with inhibition efficiency of 90 at 5 x 10 3 M additive concentration. This is likely due to the effect of its large molecular size, higher number of electroactive heteroatoms and bigger p electron cloud of the conjugated double bond system. Ganesha Achary "Corrosion Inhibition of Mild Steel in HCl Medium by a Condensation Product" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-4 , June 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd30869.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/chemistry/physical-chemistry/30869/corrosion-inhibition-of-mild-steel-in-hcl-medium-by-a-condensation-product/ganesha-achary
Experimental and Quantum Chemical Studies on the Corrosion Inhibition Perform...inventionjournals
Corrosion inhibition nature of a synthesized Schiff’s base was studied on the corrosion of mild steel in 1.0 M HCl using weight loss and electrochemical methods. The results indicated that the synthesized Schiff base is an effective inhibitor in reducing the corrosion of mild steel in 1.0 M HCl solution. The inhibitor efficiency of inhibitor increased with inhibitor concentration and showed maximum inhibition efficiency at 300 ppm concentration. The adsorption of inhibitor molecules on to the metal surface obeyed Langmuir Adsorption isotherm. The adsorption mechanism involved both physical and chemical adsorptions. The potentiodynamic polarization studies showed that the inhibitor is a mixed typed inhibitor with more cathodic nature. Potential of zero charge was also determined and the adsorption mechanism discussed. Quantum mechanical studies showed that the Schiff base molecules have the strong tendency to donate electron pairs to the metallic atoms on the surface
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Inhibitive properties, thermodynamic, kinetics and quantum
chemical calculations of polydentate Schiff base compounds
as corrosion inhibitors for iron in acidic and alkaline media
Inhibitive properties, thermodynamic, kinetics and quantumAl Baha University
Inhibitive properties, thermodynamic, kinetics and quantum
chemical calculations of polydentate Schiff base compounds
as corrosion inhibitors for iron in acidic and alkaline media
Combination of urea-Sn+2 in SCP solution was examined as a corrosion inhibitor for concrete reinforced steel by potentiodynamicpolarization, surface synergist parameter and cyclic voltammetry methods comparing with urea–Zn+2 combination. A synergism parameter (SI) indicated a synergistic effect between urea and Sn+2was exist. Polarization study revealed that formulation consisting of 300 ppm urea+50 ppm Sn+2 in SCP solution provided inhibition efficiency (IF) of 85.93% while 300 ppm urea +50 ppm Zn+2 provided 82.3% IF, and this combination acts as anodic type inhibitor. Cyclic voltammetry curves showed that the steel samples immersed in this formulation has low tendency to pitting corrosion. From these results it can be concluded that urea – Sn+2 inhibitor formulation is a good corrosion n inhibitor for concrete reinforced steel, it can maintain stable passive film on steel surface even in the presence of aggressive chloride ions so it can be used instead of the high toxicityZn+2 inhibitor to improve the corrosion inhibition of urea fertilizer inhibitor.
STUDY THE CORROSION INHIBITION OF UREA FERTILIZER –Sn+2 FORMULATION ON REINFO...IAEME Publication
Combination of urea-Sn +2 in SCP solution was examined as a corrosion inhibitor for concrete reinforced steel by potentiodynamic polarization, surface synergist parameter and cyclic voltammetry methods comparing with urea–Zn +2 combination. A synergism parameter (SI) indicated a synergistic effect between urea and Sn +2 was exist. Polarization study revealed that formulation consisting of 300 ppm urea+50 ppm Sn +2 in SCP solution provided inhibition efficiency (I F) of 85.93% while 300 ppm urea +50 ppm Zn +2 provided 82.3% IF , and this combination acts as anodic type inhibitor. Cyclic voltammetry curves showed that the steel samples immersed in this formulation has low tendency to pitting corrosion. From these results it can be concluded that urea – Sn +2 inhibitor formulation is a good corrosion n inhibitor for concrete reinforced steel, it can maintain stable passive film on steel surface even in the presence of aggressive chloride ions so it can be used instead of the high toxicityZn +2 inhibitor to improve the corrosion inhibition of urea fertilizer inhibitor.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
Studies on Corrosion Characteristics of Carbon Steel Exposed to Na2CO3, Na2SO...theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Similar to Synergistic Effect of Halide Ions on the Corrosion Inhibition of Mild Steel in Sulphuric Acid Using Alkyl Substituted piperidi-4- one Thiosemicarbazones (20)
Exploratory study on the use of crushed cockle shell as partial sand replacem...IJRES Journal
The increasing demand for natural river sand supply for the use in construction industry along
with the issue of environmental problem posed by the dumping of cockle shell, a by-product from cockle
business have initiated research towards producing a more environmental friendly concrete. This research
explores the potential use of cockle shell as partial sand replacement in concrete production. Cockle shell used
in this experimental work were crushed to smaller size almost similar to sand before mixed in concrete. A total
of six concrete mixtures were prepared with varying the percentages of cockle shell viz. 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%,
20% and 25%. All the specimens were subjected to continuous water curing. The compressive strength test was
conducted at 28 days in accordance to BS EN 12390. Finding shows that integration of suitable content of
crushed cockle shell of 10% as partial sand replacement able to enhance the compressive strength of concrete.
Adopting crushed cockle shell as partial sand replacement in concrete would reduce natural river sand
consumption as well as reducing the amount of cockle shell disposed as waste.
Congenital Malaria: Correlation of Umbilical Cord Plasmodium falciparum Paras...IJRES Journal
The vertical (trans-placental) transmission of the parasite Plasmodium falciparum from
pregnant mother to fetus during gestational period was investigated in a clinical research involving 43 full term
pregnant women in selected Hospitals in Jimeta Yola, Adamawa State Nigeria. During the observational study,
parasitemia was determined by light microscopic examination of umbilical and maternal peripheral blood film
for the presence of the trophozoites of Plasmodium falciparum. Correlational analysis was then carried on the
result obtained at p<0.05.><0.05) was established between maternal peripheral blood and umbilical cord
blood parasitemia with Pearson’s correlation coefficient of 0.762. Thus, in a malaria endemic area like Yola,
Adamawa State, Nigeria, with a stable transmission of parasite, there is a high probability of vertical
transmission of Plasmodium falciparum parasite from mother to fetus during gestation that can be followed by
the presentation of the symptoms of malaria by the newborn and other malaria related complications. Families
are advised to consistently sleep under appropriately treated insecticide mosquito net to avoid mosquito bite and
subsequent infestation.
Review: Nonlinear Techniques for Analysis of Heart Rate VariabilityIJRES Journal
Heart rate variability (HRV) is a measure of the balance between sympathetic mediators of heart
rate that is the effect of epinephrine and norepinephrine released from sympathetic nerve fibres acting on the
sino-atrial and atrio-ventricular nodes which increase the rate of cardiac contraction and facilitate conduction at
the atrio-ventricular node and parasympathetic mediators of heart rate that is the influence of acetylcholine
released by the parasympathetic nerve fibres acting on the sino-atrial and atrio-ventricular nodes leading to a
decrease in the heart rate and a slowing of conduction at the atrio-ventricular node. Sympathetic mediators
appear to exert their influence over longer time periods and are reflected in the low frequency power(LFP) of
the HRV spectrum (between 0.04Hz and 0.15 Hz).Vagal mediators exert their influence more quickly on the
heart and principally affect the high frequency power (HFP) of the HRV spectrum (between 0.15Hz and 0.4
Hz). Thus at any point in time the LFP:HFP ratio is a proxy for the sympatho- vagal balance. Thus HRV is a
valuable tool to investigate the sympathetic and parasympathetic function of the autonomic nervous system.
Study of HRV enhance our understanding of physiological phenomenon, the actions of medications and disease
mechanisms but large scale prospective studies are needed to determine the sensitivity, specificity and predictive
values of heart rate variability regarding death or morbidity in cardiac and non-cardiac patients. This paper
presents the linear and nonlinear to analysis the HRV.
Dynamic Modeling for Gas Phase Propylene Copolymerization in a Fluidized Bed ...IJRES Journal
A two-phase model is proposed for describing the dynamics of a fluidized bed reactor used for
polypropylene production. In the proposed model, the fluidized bed is divided into an emulsion and bubble
phase where the flow of gas is considered to be plug flow through the bubbles and perfectly mixed through the
emulsion phase. Similar previous models, consider the reaction in the emulsion phase only. In this work the
contribution of reaction in the bubble phase is considered and its effect on the overall polypropylene production
is investigated the kinetic model is combined with hydrodynamic model in order to develop a comprehensive
model for gas-phase propylene copolymerization reactor. Simulation profiles of the proposed model were
compared with those of well mixed model for the emulsion phase temperature. The simulated temperature
profile showed a lower rate of change compared to the previously reported models due to lower polymerization
rate. Model simulation showed that about 13% of the produced polymer comes from the bubble phase and this
considerable amount of polymerization in the bubbles should not be neglected in any modeling attempt.
Study and evaluation for different types of Sudanese crude oil propertiesIJRES Journal
Sudanese crude oil is regarded as one of the sweet types of crude in the world, Sulphur containing
compounds are un desirable in petroleum because they de activate the catalyst during the refining processes and
are the main source of acid rains and environmental pollution.(Mark Cullen 2001),Since it contains considerable
amount of salts and acids, it negatively impact the production facilities and transportation lines with corrosive
materials. However it suffers other problems in flow properties represented by the high viscosity and high
percentage of wax. Samples were collected after the initial and final treatment at CPF, and tested for
physical and chemical properties.wax content is in the range 23-31 weight % while asphalting content is about
0.1 weight% . Resin content is 13-7 weight % and deposits are 0.01 weight%. The carbon number distribution in
the crude is in the range 7-35 carbon atoms. The pour point vary between 39°C-42°C and the boiling point is in
the range 70 °C - 533 °C.
A Short Report on Different Wavelets and Their StructuresIJRES Journal
This article consists of basics of wavelet analysis required for understanding of and use of wavelet
theory. In this article we briefly discuss about HAAR wavelet transform their space and structures.
A Case Study on Academic Services Application Using Agile Methodology for Mob...IJRES Journal
Recently, Mobile Cloud Computing reveals many modern development areas in the Information
Technology industry. Several software engineering frameworks and methodologies have been developed to
provide solutions for deploying cloud computing resources on mobile application development. Agile
methodology is one of the most commonly used methodologies in the field. This paper presents the MCCAS a
Web and Mobile application that provide feature for the Palestinian higher education/academic institutions. An
Agile methodology was used in the development of the MCCAS but in parallel with emphasis on Cloud
computing resources deployment. Also many related issues is discussed such as how software engineering
modern methodologies (advances) influenced the development process.
Wear Analysis on Cylindrical Cam with Flexible RodIJRES Journal
Firstly, the kinetic equation of spatial cylindrical cam with flexible rod has been established. Then, an
accurate cylindrical cam mechanism model has been established based on the spatial modeling software
Solidworks. The dynamic effect of flexible rod on mechanical system was studied in detail based on the
mechanical system dynamics analytical software Adams, and Archard wear model is used to predict the wear of
the cam. We used Ansys to create finite element model of the cam link, extracted the first five order mode to
export into Adams. The simulation results show that the dynamic characteristics of spatial cylindrical cam
mechanical system with flexible rod is closed to ideal mechanism. During the cam rotate one cycle, the collision
in the linkage with a clearance occurs in some special location, others still keep a continuous contact, and the
prediction of wear loss is smaller than rigid body.
DDOS Attacks-A Stealthy Way of Implementation and DetectionIJRES Journal
Cloud Computing is a new paradigm provides various host service [paas, saas, Iaas over the internet.
According to a self-service,on-demand and pay as you use business model,the customers will obtain the cloud
resources and services.It is a virtual shared service.Cloud Computing has three basic abstraction layers System
layer(Virtual Machine abstraction of a server),Platform layer(A virtualized operating system, database and
webserver of a server and Application layer(It includes Web Applications).Denial of Service attack is an attempt
to make a machine or network resource unavailable to the intended user. In DOS a user or organization is
deprived of the services of a resource they would normally expect to have.A Successful DOS attack is a highly
noticeable event impacting the entire online user base.DOS attack is found by First Mathematical Metrical
Method (Rate Controlling,Timing Window,Worst Case and Pattern Matching)DOS attack not only affect the
Quality of the service and also affect the performance of the server. DDOS attacks are launched from Botnet-A
large Cluster of Connected device(cellphone,pc or router) infected with malware that allow remote control by an
attacker. Intruder using SIPDAS in DDOS to perform attack.SIPDAS attack strategies are detected using Heap
Space Monitoring Algorithm.
An improved fading Kalman filter in the application of BDS dynamic positioningIJRES Journal
Aiming at the poor dynamic performance and low navigation precision of traditional fading
Kalman filter in BDS dynamic positioning, an improved fading Kalman filter based on fading factor vector is
proposed. The fading factor is extended to a fading factor vector, and each element of the vector corresponds to
each state component. Based on the difference between the actual observed quantity and the predicted one, the
value of the vector is changed automatically. The memory length of different channel is changed in real time
according to the dynamic property of the corresponding state component. The actual observation data of BDS is
used to test the algorithm. The experimental results show that compared with the traditional fading Kalman filter
and the method of the third references, the positioning precision of the algorithm is improved by 46.3% and
23.6% respectively.
Positioning Error Analysis and Compensation of Differential Precision WorkbenchIJRES Journal
Positioning error is a widely problem exists in mechanism, the important factors affecting machining
precision. In order to reduce the error caused by positioning problem processing, based on the differential
workbench as the research object, using the method of theoretical analysis and experimental verification, the
analysis of positioning error mechanism and source of complete differential precision workbench error
compensation, improve the accuracy of the device, provides a method for the application of modern machine
tools. table.
Status of Heavy metal pollution in Mithi river: Then and NowIJRES Journal
The Mithi River runs through the heart of suburban Mumbai. Its path of flow has been severely
damaged due to industrialization and urbanization. The quality of water has been deteriorating ever since. The
Municipal and industrial effluents are discharged in unchecked amounts. The municipal discharge comprises
untreated domestic and sewage wastes whereas the industries are majorly discharge chemicals and other toxic
effluents which are responsible in increasing the metal load of the river. In the current study, the water is
analysed for heavy metals- Copper, Cadmium, Chromium, Lead and Nickel. It also includes a brief
understanding on the fluctuations that have occurred in the heavy metal pollution, through the compilation of
studies carried out in the area previously.
The Low-Temperature Radiant Floor Heating System Design and Experimental Stud...IJRES Journal
In order to analyze the temperature distribution of the low-temperature radiant floor heating system
that uses the condensing wall-hung boiler as the heat source, the heating system is designed according to a typical
house facing south in Shanghai. The experiments are carried out to study the effects of the supply water
temperature on the thermal comfort of the system. Eventually, the supply water temperature that makes people in
the room feel more comfortable is obtained. The result shows that in the condition of that the outside temperature
is 8~15℃ and the relative humidity is 30~70%RH, the temperature distribution in the room is from high to low
when the height is from bottom to top. The floor surface temperature is highest, but its uniformity is very poor.
When the heating system reaches the steady state, the air temperature of the room is uniform. When the supply
water temperature is 63℃ The room is relatively comfortable at the above experimental condition.
Experimental study on critical closing pressure of mudstone fractured reservoirsIJRES Journal
In the process of oil and gas exploitation of mudstone-fractured reservoir in Daqing oilfield, the
permeability of fracture is easily affected by the influence of stress change, which is shown by the sensitivity of
the permeability to the stress. With the extension of time mining in the fractured mudstone reservoir, fracture
stress sensitivity is obvious in vast decline of production and great influence on reduced yields. In order to
reasonably determine the way of developing method, working system and the exploitation rate of the reservoir,
correspondingly protecting reservoir productivity, improve ultimate recovery. On the basis of the previous
research on the stress sensitivity of fractured mudstone, this essay studied the critical closing pressure of the
simulated underground fractured mudstone under the laboratory condition.
Correlation Analysis of Tool Wear and Cutting Sound SignalIJRES Journal
With the classic signal analysis and processing method, the cutting of the audio signal in time
domain and frequency domain analysis. We reached the following conclusions: in the time domain analysis,
cutting audio signals mean and the variance associated with tool wear state change occurred did not change
significantly, and tool wear is not high degree of correlation, and the mean-square value of the audio signal
changes in the size and tool wear the state has a good relationship.
Reduce Resources for Privacy in Mobile Cloud Computing Using Blowfish and DSA...IJRES Journal
Mobile cloud computing in light of the increasing popularity among users of mobile smart
technology which is the next indispensable that enables users to take advantage of the storage cloud computing
services. However, mobile cloud computing, the migration of information on the cloud is reliable their privacy
and security issues. Moreover, mobile cloud computing has limitations in resources such as power energy,
processor, Memory and storage. In this paper, we propose a solution to the problem of privacy with saving and
reducing resources power energy, processor and Memory. This is done through data encryption in the mobile
cloud computing by symmetric algorithm and sent to the private cloud and then the data is encrypted again and
sent to the public cloud through Asymmetric algorithm. The experimental results showed after a comparison
between encryption algorithms less time and less time to decryption are as follows: Blowfish algorithm for
symmetric and the DSA algorithm for Asymmetric. The analysis results showed a significant improvement in
reducing the resources in the period of time and power energy consumption and processor.
Resistance of Dryland Rice to Stem Borer (Scirpophaga incertulas Wlk.) Using ...IJRES Journal
Rice stem borer is one of the important pests that attack plants so as to reduce production. One way
to control pests is to use organic fertilizers that make the plant stronger and healthier. This study was conducted
to determine the effects of organic fertilizers with various doses without the use of pesticides in controlling stem
borer, Scirpophaga incertulas. Methods using split-split plot design which consists of two levels of the whole
plot factor (solid and liquid organic fertilizers), two levels of the subplot factor (conventional and industry,
Tiens and Mitraflora), and four levels of the sub-subplot factor of conventional and industry (5, 10, 15, 20
tonnes/ha), and one level of the sub-subplot factor of Tiens and Mitraflora (each 2 ml/l). Based on the results
Statistical analysis there were no significant differences among treatments and this shows that the use of organic
fertilizers that only a dose of 5 tonnes/ha is sufficient available nutrients that make plants more robust and
resistant to control stem borer, besides that can reduce production costs and friendly to the environment when
compared with using inorganic fertilizers.
A novel high-precision curvature-compensated CMOS bandgap reference without u...IJRES Journal
A novel high-precision curvature-compensated bandgap reference (BGR) without using op-amp
is presented in this paper. It is based on second-order curvature correction principle, which is a weighted sum of
two voltage curves which have opposite curvature characteristic. One voltage curve is achieved by first-order
curvature-compensated bandgap reference (FCBGR) without using op-amp and the other found by using W
function is achieved by utilizing a positive temperature coefficient (TC) exponential current and a linear
negative TC current to flow a linear resistor. The exponential current is gained by using anegative TC voltage to
control a MOSFET in sub-threshold region. In the temperature ranging from -40℃ to 125℃, experimental
results implemented with SMIC 0.18μm CMOS process demonstrate that the presented BGR can achieve a TC
as low as 2.2 ppm/℃ and power-supply rejection ratio(PSRR)is -69 dB without any filtering capacitor at 2.0 V.
While the range of the supply voltage is from 1.7 to 3.0 V, the output voltage line regulation is about1 mV/ V
and the maximum TC is 3.4 ppm/℃.
Structural aspect on carbon dioxide capture in nanotubesIJRES Journal
In this work we reported the carbon dioxide adsorption (CO2) in six different nanostructures in order
to investigate the capturing capacity of the materials at nanoscale. Here we have considered the three different
nanotubes including zinc oxide nanotube (ZnONT), silicon carbide nanotube (SiCNT) and single walled carbon
nanotube (SWCNT). Three different chiralities such as zigzag (9,0), armchair (5,5) and chiral (6,4) having
approximately same diameter are analyzed. The adsorption binding energy values under various cases are
estimated with density functional theory (DFT). We observed CO2 molecule chemisorbed on ZnONT and
SiCNT’s whereas the physisorption is predominant in CNT. To investigate the structural aspect, the tubes with
defects are studied and compared with defect free tubes. We have also analyzed the electrical properties of tubes
from HOMO, LUMO energies. Our results reveal the defected structure enhance the CO2 capture and is
predicted to be a potential candidate for environmental applications.
Thesummaryabout fuzzy control parameters selected based on brake driver inten...IJRES Journal
In this paper, the brake driving intention identification parameters based on the fuzzy control are
summarized and analyzed, the necessary parameters based on the fuzzy control of the brake driving intention
recognition are found out, and I pointed out the commonly corrupt parameters, and through the relevant
parameters , I establish the corresponding driving intention model.
CHINA’S GEO-ECONOMIC OUTREACH IN CENTRAL ASIAN COUNTRIES AND FUTURE PROSPECTjpsjournal1
The rivalry between prominent international actors for dominance over Central Asia's hydrocarbon
reserves and the ancient silk trade route, along with China's diplomatic endeavours in the area, has been
referred to as the "New Great Game." This research centres on the power struggle, considering
geopolitical, geostrategic, and geoeconomic variables. Topics including trade, political hegemony, oil
politics, and conventional and nontraditional security are all explored and explained by the researcher.
Using Mackinder's Heartland, Spykman Rimland, and Hegemonic Stability theories, examines China's role
in Central Asia. This study adheres to the empirical epistemological method and has taken care of
objectivity. This study analyze primary and secondary research documents critically to elaborate role of
china’s geo economic outreach in central Asian countries and its future prospect. China is thriving in trade,
pipeline politics, and winning states, according to this study, thanks to important instruments like the
Shanghai Cooperation Organisation and the Belt and Road Economic Initiative. According to this study,
China is seeing significant success in commerce, pipeline politics, and gaining influence on other
governments. This success may be attributed to the effective utilisation of key tools such as the Shanghai
Cooperation Organisation and the Belt and Road Economic Initiative.
Literature Review Basics and Understanding Reference Management.pptxDr Ramhari Poudyal
Three-day training on academic research focuses on analytical tools at United Technical College, supported by the University Grant Commission, Nepal. 24-26 May 2024
6th International Conference on Machine Learning & Applications (CMLA 2024)ClaraZara1
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Online aptitude test management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
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Every time when lecturers/professors need to conduct examinations they have to sit down think about the questions and then create a whole new set of questions for each and every exam. In some cases the professor may want to give an open book online exam that is the student can take the exam any time anywhere, but the student might have to answer the questions in a limited time period. The professor may want to change the sequence of questions for every student. The problem that a student has is whenever a date for the exam is declared the student has to take it and there is no way he can take it at some other time. This project will create an interface for the examiner to create and store questions in a repository. It will also create an interface for the student to take examinations at his convenience and the questions and/or exams may be timed. Thereby creating an application which can be used by examiners and examinee’s simultaneously.
Examination System is very useful for Teachers/Professors. As in the teaching profession, you are responsible for writing question papers. In the conventional method, you write the question paper on paper, keep question papers separate from answers and all this information you have to keep in a locker to avoid unauthorized access. Using the Examination System you can create a question paper and everything will be written to a single exam file in encrypted format. You can set the General and Administrator password to avoid unauthorized access to your question paper. Every time you start the examination, the program shuffles all the questions and selects them randomly from the database, which reduces the chances of memorizing the questions.
Using recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) for pavements is crucial to achieving sustainability. Implementing RCA for new pavement can minimize carbon footprint, conserve natural resources, reduce harmful emissions, and lower life cycle costs. Compared to natural aggregate (NA), RCA pavement has fewer comprehensive studies and sustainability assessments.
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Synergistic Effect of Halide Ions on the Corrosion Inhibition of Mild Steel in Sulphuric Acid Using Alkyl Substituted piperidi-4- one Thiosemicarbazones
1. International Journal of Research in Engineering and Science (IJRES)
ISSN (Online): 2320-9364, ISSN (Print): 2320-9356
www.ijres.org Volume 3 Issue 12 ǁ December. 2015 ǁ PP.51-58
www.ijres.org 51 | Page
Synergistic Effect of Halide Ions on the Corrosion Inhibition of
Mild Steel in Sulphuric Acid Using Alkyl Substituted piperidi-4-
one Thiosemicarbazones
Shanmuga Priya .V, Uma Rani .C
Research Scholar, Department of chemistry, Govt. Arts College, Salem, Tamilnadu, India.
Asst professor of chemistry, Govt. Arts College, Salem, Tamilnadu, India.
Abstract: The inhibition effect of alkyl substituted piperdin-4-one with thiosemicarbazones on mild steel
corrosion in 1N sulphuric acid solution was studied by weight loss method and electrochemical techniques. The
influence of halides viz., KCl, KBr and KI on the corrosion inhibition of thiosemicarbazones were also
investigated. Results show that alkyl substituted piperidin-4-one with thiosemicarbazones alone provided
satisfactory inhibition on the corrosion of mild steel and it was also found that the inhibition efficiency increased
synergistically in the presence of halide ions. The synergistic effect of halide ions was found to follow the order:
KI > KBr > KCl. The inhibitor reduced the corrosion rate through adsorption.
Key Words: Corrosion, mild steel, inhibitors, Halide ions, inhibition efficiency, Electrochemical
measurements, synergistic effect.
I. Introduction
The corrosion behavior of mild steel has been widely investigated in several environments. Corrosion of
metals such as mild steel is an electrochemical reaction which can cause the degradation and damage of the
physical and chemical properties of the attacked metal. Besides the natural factors such as air humidity and
wetness time, the usage of acid is found to be major factor that drives to the corrosion problem. Strong acids like
hydrochloric acid and sulphuric acid are widely used in industries for many purpose especially for acid
pickling, industrial acid cleaning, acid descaling and oil well acidizing. In order to reduce the undesirable acid
metal dissolution, the use of inhibitors is one of the most practical methods for the surface protection against the
corrosive media especially in acidic environments. There are various organic inhibitors which tend to decrease
the corrosion rate of steel and iron in acidic solutions[1-5]. Most of the effective organic inhibitors used
contain heteroatom such as O,N,S and multiple bonds in their molecules through which they are adsorbed on
the metal surface[6-10]. Piperidiones have been found to inhibit acid corrosion of mild steel in different aspects
[11-15].
Most acid inhibitors are known for their specificity of action. However, the addition of other substances and
the combination of inhibitors has provided multiple effects of effective corrosion inhibition. Interestingly, the
addition of halide ions into the acidic medium in the presence of organic inhibitors has been found to enhance
the efficiency of inhibitive effects [16-19]. It is generally seen that the addition of halide ions to the corrosive
media has increased the ability of adsorption of the organic cations by forming the interconnecting bridge
between negatively charge metal surface and inhibitor cations. The introduction of the halide ions
synergistically enhanced the inhibition efficiency of the organic inhibitors [20-27].
Although the synergistic effect of various halide ions with alkyl substituted piperidin-4-ones[28] are well
known, the mechanism for their beneficial action is little known and there exist a limited number of attempts to
explain the nature of mechanism. Halide ions are known both to stimulate and inhibit the corrosion of metal.
The aim of the present work is undertaken
To estimate the inhibition efficiency of alkyl substituted piperidin-4-ones with thiosemicarbazone in
controlling the corrosion of mild steel in 1 N H2SO4.
To study the effect of alkyl substituted piperidin-4-ones with thiosemicarbazone and halide ions
concentration on its inhibition efficiency.
To study the corrosion inhibition using the polarization techniques and AC impedance spectra.
II. Materials and Methods
Preparation of the specimen
Tests were performed on mild steel specimens of the following composition have been used throughout the
present work. Carbon 0.07, Sulphur Nil, Phosphorous 0.008, Silicon Nil and Manganese 0.34. The mild steel
specimen of 52.5 cm2
was polished mirror finish and degreased with trichloroethylene, and used for the weight
loss method.
2. Synergistic Effect of Halide Ions on the Corrosion Inhibition of Mild Steel in Sulphuric Acid Using
www.ijres.org 52 | Page
Inhibitors
The inhibitors were synthesized according to the procedure that of Balasubramanian and Padma
01 TS-Thiosemicarbazone of γ-2,c-6-diphenyl-t-3-methyl piperidin-4-one
02 TS-Thiosemicarbazone of γ-2,c-6-diphenyl-t-3-ethyl-N-methyl piperidin-4-one
03 TS-Thiosemicarbazone of γ-2,c-6-diphenyl-t-3-ethyl piperidin-4-one
Weight loss method
Mild steel specimens in triplicate were immersed in 250 ml of the solution containing the inhibitor (alkyl
substituted piperidin-4-ones with Thiosemicarbazone) in the presence and absence of halide ions for one hour.
The weight of the specimen before and after immersion was measured. The corrosion inhibition was then
calculated by using the following equation
Corrosion rate (mmpy) = 87.6W / (DAT)
Where W = Weight loss in mg
D = Density in g/cc
A = Area of exposure in cm2
and
T = Time in hours.
Inhibitor efficiency has been calculated by using the following equation
Inhibitor efficiency (%) = W0 – We / W0
Where
W0 is the weight loss without inhibitor and
We is the weight loss with inhibitor.
Potentiostatic polarization studies
This study was carried out using an electrochemical impedance analyzer with a three electrode cell
assembly was used. Mild steel rod was used as working electrode, platinum electrode was used as the counter
electrode, and saturated calomel electrode (SCE) was used as the reference electrode. Corrosion potential,
corrosion current and tafel slopes were calculated [29-30].
Ac impedance measurements
Ac impedance measurements were taken out at the open circuit potential using electrochemical interface
and a frequency response analyzer from 10 KHZ to 1 MHZ by applying 5m V A.C voltage. Nyquist plots were
plotted from these experiments and Rt (charge transfer resistance) and Cdl (double layer capacitance) values
were obtained from the Nyquist plots [31].
III. Results and Discussion
Weight Loss Method
Table 1 gives the values of the inhibition efficiency of alkyl substituted piperidin-4-ones of
thiosemicarbazone [32] in 1N H2SO4 in presence of 1M KCl, KBr, KI and 0.2mM inhibitors by weight loss
method.
Table 1
Corrosion parameters of Alkyl substituted piperidin-4-ones with thiosemicarbazone and Halide ions on
mild steel in 1 N H2SO4 from weight loss measurements
SL NO.
Name of the
inhibitor
Weight
Loss (gm)
Corrosion
Rate (mmpy)
Inhibition
efficiency (%)
Surface
Coverage (θ)
1 Blank 0.089 79.96
2 01TS
KCl 0.0071 6.379 92.02 0.9202
KBr 0.0065 5.84 92.70 0.9270
KI 0.0059 5.30 93.37 0.9337
3 02TS
KCl 0.0163 14.64 81.69 0.8169
KBr 0.0148 13.30 83.37 0.8337
KI 0.0084 7.55 90.56 0.9056
4 03TS
KCl 0.0161 14.47 81.91 0.8191
KBr 0.0153 13.75 82.93 0.8293
KI 0.0092 7.55 89.66 0.8966
3. Synergistic Effect of Halide Ions on the Corrosion Inhibition of Mild Steel in Sulphuric Acid Using
www.ijres.org 53 | Page
01- Methyl Substitution
02- Ethyl-N-Methyl substitution
03- Ethyl substitution
Weight loss of the mild steel was reduced while inhibition efficiency increased. The weight loss
measurement indicates the synergistic effect caused by halide ions. Addition of 1 M halide ion increases the
inhibition efficiency of 0.2 mM inhibitor, when compared with blank. The order of synergism of halide ions was
found to be in the order of KI>KBr>KCl.
Potentiostatic polarisation studies
Figure 1 to 3 gives the potentiodynamic polarization plots of mild steel for alkyl substituted piperidin-4-
ones of Thiosemicarbazone with halide ions. It is clear that corrosion current density decreases with adding
inhibitors. The corrosion kinetic parameters derived from these curves are given in Table 2.
Figure – 1
Potentiodynamic polarization curves for mild steel in 1N H2SO4 in the absence and presence of Halide
ions with (01TS)
Figure – 2
Potentiodynamic polarization curves for mild steel in 1N H2SO4 in the absence and presence of Halide
ions with (02TS)
4. Synergistic Effect of Halide Ions on the Corrosion Inhibition of Mild Steel in Sulphuric Acid Using
www.ijres.org 54 | Page
Figure – 3
Potentiodynamic polarization curves for mild steel in 1N H2SO4 in the absence and presence of Halide
ions with (03TS)
Table 2
Potentiodynamic polarization parameters for the corrosion of mild steel in 1 N H2SO4 with and without
Alkyl substituted piperidin-4-ones with thiosemicarbazone and Halide ions
SL
NO.
Inhibition
concentration
Icorr
(mA/cm2)
x10-2
)
Ecorr
(mV vs
SCE)
ba
(mV/dec)
bc
(mV/dec)
Corrosion
Rate
(mmpty)
Inhibition
Efficiency
(%)
1 Blank 4.57 -524 120 -137 104.71
2
01TS
KCl 0.77 -480 42 -124 17.64 83.15
KBr 0.30 -470 51 -120 6.87 93.44
KI 0.25 -482 45 -119 5.73 94.53
3 02TS
KCl 0.83 -499 52 -127 19.02 81.84
KBr 0.51 -491 53 -125 11.69 88.84
KI 0.29 -485 56 -119 6.64 93.65
4 03TS
KCl 0.90 -473 44 -125 20.62 80.30
KBr 0.54 -484 47 -124 12.37 88.18
KI 0.33 -476 50 -117 7.56 92.78
From this it is seen that the corrosion current density decreases when the addition of inhibitors, so the
studied inhibitor cause a decrease in corrosion rate of mild steel in acid media influencing both the acidic and
cathodic reactions. The potentiodynamic polarization data of the inhibitors shows its mixed type character but
the addition of halide ions still enhance the shift of Ecorr towards less negative side making the nature of
inhibitor cathodic. The low corrosion rate in potentiodynamic polarization studies by halide ions shows that it is
perfectly acting on the metal surface
A.C impedance measurements
Nyquist plots for mild steel in 1N H2SO4 for alkyl substituted piperidin-4-ones of thiosemicarbazone with
halide ions are shown in the figure 4 to 6. Table 3 gives the value charge transfer resistance (Rt), double layer
capacitance (Cdl) and inhibition efficiency obtained from the above plots
5. Synergistic Effect of Halide Ions on the Corrosion Inhibition of Mild Steel in Sulphuric Acid Using
www.ijres.org 55 | Page
Figure 4
Nyquist plots for mild steel in 1 N H2SO4 in the absence and presence of Halide ions with (01TS)
Figure 5
Nyquist plots for mild steel in 1 N H2SO4 in the absence and presence of Halide ions with (02TS)
Figure 6
Nyquist plots for mild steel in 1 N H2SO4 in the absence and presence of Halide ions with (03TS)
6. Synergistic Effect of Halide Ions on the Corrosion Inhibition of Mild Steel in Sulphuric Acid Using
www.ijres.org 56 | Page
Table 3
Impedance parameters for the corrosion of mild steel in 1 N H2SO4 with and without of piperidin-4-ones
with thiosemicarbazone and Halide ions
SL NO.
Name of the
inhibitor
Rt (ohms)
Cdl
(µ farads)
Inhibition efficiency
(%)
1 Blank 32.13 0.14
2
01TS
KCl 270.04 0.37 88.10
KBr 392.07 0.28 91.81
KI 477.33 0.21 93.27
3 02TS
KCl 201.36 0.29 84.04
KBr 351.45 0.26 90.86
KI 441.89 0.24 92.73
4 03TS
KCl 156.92 0.35 79.52
KBr 329.78 0.28 90.25
KI 384.33 0.22 91.64
From the table (3) the decrease in the double layer capacitance Cdl values may be attributed to decrease in
local dielectrical constant or an increase in the thickness of the electrical double layer [32]. The double layer
capacitance Cdl decreases with increasing by adding halide ions when compared with blank. The additions of
halide ions increases the Rt values. The decreases in Cdl values in presence of inhibitors indicate the fact that
these additives inhibit corrosion by adsorption on the metal surface.
Synergism of alkyl substituted piperidin-4-ones thiosemicarbazone with halide ions
All the experimental results have revealed that the addition of halide ions to the inhibited solution enhances
the inhibition efficiency and the surface coverage θ. This behavior to the synergistic effect between added halide
ions and alkyl substituted piperidi-4-ones.
To determine the existence of the synergism phenomenon between piperidin-4-ones and halide ions,
synergism parameter was evaluated using the equation initially proposed by the Aramaki and Hackermann in
1964 and reported elsewhere [33-35]
SI = (1- I1+2) / (1-I’1+2)
S = (1-1+2) / (1-’1+2)
Where
I1+2 = (I1+I2)- I1I2
I1 = inhibition efficiency of the anion
I2 = inhibition efficiency of the cation
I’1+2 = measured inhibition efficiency for the cation in combination with anion.
1+2 = (1+2)- 12
1 = surface coverage by anion.
2 = surface coverage by cation.
’1+2 = measured surface coverage by both anion and cation.
This parameter was calculated from the values of inhibition efficiency and degree of surface coverage ()
i.e., SI and S and their values are given in the Table 4.
Table 4
Synergistic parameters
Sl.
No
Halide ion
concentration
(1 M)
(01TS) (02TS) (03TS)
SI Sθ SI Sθ SI Sθ
1 KCl 0.84 1.01 0.85 1 0.84 1
2 KBr 0.11 1.22 0.11 1 0.11 1.09
3 KI 0.13 1.31 0.12 1.74 0.12 1.65
The S1 values given in the Table 4 are more than unity and this suggests that the enhanced inhibition
efficiency caused by halide ions to the inhibitors is only due to a synergistic effect.
The synergistic effect brought by the combination of inhibitor and halide ions for corrosion of mild steel in
1N H2SO4 can be explained as follows. The strong chemisorptions of halide ions on the metal surface is
7. Synergistic Effect of Halide Ions on the Corrosion Inhibition of Mild Steel in Sulphuric Acid Using
www.ijres.org 57 | Page
responsible for the synergistic effect. The halide ions in combination with inhibitor cation. The positively
charged inhibitor ions (protonated thiosemicarbazone group) are then absorbed by coulometric attraction at the
metal surface, where halide ions already absorbed by chemisorptions. Stabilization of absorbed halide ions by
means of electrostatic interaction with positively charged inhibitor leads to greater surface coverage and there by
greater inhibition.
The order of synergism observed in halide ions is KI > KBr > KCl.
IV. CONCLUSION
1) Thiosemicarbazones of alkyl substituted 2,6-diphenyl piperidin-4-one exhibits maximum efficiency
towards inhibition of corrosion of mild steel in 1N H2SO4 media. This is probably caused by the formation
of an complex at lower concentrations due to adsorption.
2) Addition of halide ions enhances the inhibition efficiency.
3) Thiosemicarbazone of alkyl substituted piperidin-4-ones and halide ions in combination inhibits the
corrosion of mild steel in 1N H2SO4 by affecting both cathodic and anodic reactions.
4) Values of the synergism parameters (SI and S) shows that corrosion inhibition produced by alkyl
substituted piperidi-4-ones and halide ions combination is synergistic in nature.
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