The present research work deals with the corrosion behaviour of 6061 Al-15% (vol) SiC(P) composites. The addition of the
reinforcement like SiC to Aluminium has been reported to decrease the corrosion resistance of the matrix due to several reasons, one
of them being galvanic action between the reinforcement and the matrix. In the present work, the corrosion behaviour of 6061 Al-15%
(vol) SiC(P) composites in KOH at different concentration (0.5M, 1M, 1.5M) and different temperature (300C, 350C, 400C, 450C, 500C)
was determined by Tafel extrapolation technique. The inhibition action of 8-Hydroxyquinoline on corrosion behaviour of 6061 Al-
15% (vol) SiC(P) composites in KOH at different concentration of inhibitor (200ppm, 400ppm); different concentration of medium
(0.5M, 1M,1.5M) and different temperature (300C, 350C, 400C, 450C, 500C) was investigated. The results indicate that corrosion rate
of Al-SiC composite in KOH increases as the concentration of medium increases and also as temperature of medium increases. The
results indicate that the inhibitor is moderately effective in inhibiting the corrosion of 6061 Al-15% (vol) SiC(P) composites. As the
inhibitor concentration increases, the corrosion rate decreases. The surface morphology of the metal surface was investigated using
scanning electron microscope (SEM). Activation energy was evaluated using Arrhenius equation, and enthalpy of activation and
entropy of activation values were calculated using transition state equation
This paper presents a study that investigates the corrosion behavior of annealed 2205 duplex stainless steel in sulphuric acid environment. Duplex 2205 stainless steel black bar in ASTM A276 was obtained and annealed in solite furnace for 45 minutes. A control sample which was not heat treated was also prepared. The annealed and the control samples which were metallographically prepared were then analyzed for corrosion behavior in sulphuric acid using potentiodynamic test/analysis. The potentiodynamic polarization plot generated showed that the annealed samples exhibit less corrosion resistance than the untreated samples, indicating that annealing heat treatment reduces the corrosion resistance of 2205 duplex stainless steel in sulphuric acid.
In the present investigation the corrosion measurements were carried out in 5% NaCl
aqueous solution, 2.5% HCl. solution for predetermined time intervals and varying
percentage concentrations of HCl solution at room temperature. Kinetics of corrosion
effect on samples of Al-Zn alloy, Al-Zn –5wt% flyash and silicon carbide particles and
Al-Zn –10wt% flyash and silicon carbide particles as reinforcement in composite are
studied.
Ginger extract as corrosion inhibitor from natural resources was studied to prevent corrosion of mild steel in acid media. Ginger rhizome was extracted to produce green corrosion inhibitor (G-1) while ginger powder bought at supermarket was also extracted to form a green corrosion inhibitor (G-2). Effectiveness of inhibitor in preventing corrosion process of mild steel was studied in 1.0 M of hydrochloric acid
Thermodynamic characterization of metal dissolution and inhibitor adsorption ...IJRES Journal
The inhibition effect of 1-hexyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride (HMIC) on the corrosion of mild
steel in 2M sulphuric acid solution has been investigated by weight loss. potentiodynamic polarization and
electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The effect of temperature on the corrosion behavior of mild steel in
2M H2SO4 with addition of inhibitor was studied in weight loss method at the temperature range of 308-328 K.
Results obtained that the inhibition efficiency increases with increasing the concentration of the inhibitor and
decreases with increasing the temperature. Polarization and impedance measurements were in good agreement.
The adsorption of this inhibitor on the mild steel surface obeys the Langmuir adsorption isotherm. Fourier
transform spectroscopy (FTIR) and Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was also carried out to establish the
corrosion inhibit property of this inhibitor in sulphuric acid medium. Quantum chemical calculations were
performed using density functional theory to find out whether a clear link exists between the inhibitive effect of
the inhibitor and the electronic properties of its main constituents.
Comparison of corrosion behaviour of commercial aluminium engine block and pi...msejjournal
The corrosion behavior of commercial aluminium alloy engine block and piston was investigated in 3.5% NaCl solution. The study was done by conventional gravimetric measurements and complemented by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray analyzer (EDX) investigations. The results obtained indicate that the alloys suffers a process of corrosion localized to the area surrounding the precipitates of the Al (Si, Mg) and Al-Mg, which resulted in hemispherical pits. No evidence was found of the formation of crystallographic pitting for exposure times up to 54 days. Gravimetric analysis confirmed that with varying exposure periods the weight loss of the alloys increases and the normal corrosion rate profile of an initial steep rise followed by subsequent fall were observed for both alloys. The rate of corrosion of piston was found to be lower than that of engine block due to presence of Ni and lower percentages of Fe in aluminium piston alloy.
This paper presents a study that investigates the corrosion behavior of annealed 2205 duplex stainless steel in sulphuric acid environment. Duplex 2205 stainless steel black bar in ASTM A276 was obtained and annealed in solite furnace for 45 minutes. A control sample which was not heat treated was also prepared. The annealed and the control samples which were metallographically prepared were then analyzed for corrosion behavior in sulphuric acid using potentiodynamic test/analysis. The potentiodynamic polarization plot generated showed that the annealed samples exhibit less corrosion resistance than the untreated samples, indicating that annealing heat treatment reduces the corrosion resistance of 2205 duplex stainless steel in sulphuric acid.
In the present investigation the corrosion measurements were carried out in 5% NaCl
aqueous solution, 2.5% HCl. solution for predetermined time intervals and varying
percentage concentrations of HCl solution at room temperature. Kinetics of corrosion
effect on samples of Al-Zn alloy, Al-Zn –5wt% flyash and silicon carbide particles and
Al-Zn –10wt% flyash and silicon carbide particles as reinforcement in composite are
studied.
Ginger extract as corrosion inhibitor from natural resources was studied to prevent corrosion of mild steel in acid media. Ginger rhizome was extracted to produce green corrosion inhibitor (G-1) while ginger powder bought at supermarket was also extracted to form a green corrosion inhibitor (G-2). Effectiveness of inhibitor in preventing corrosion process of mild steel was studied in 1.0 M of hydrochloric acid
Thermodynamic characterization of metal dissolution and inhibitor adsorption ...IJRES Journal
The inhibition effect of 1-hexyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride (HMIC) on the corrosion of mild
steel in 2M sulphuric acid solution has been investigated by weight loss. potentiodynamic polarization and
electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The effect of temperature on the corrosion behavior of mild steel in
2M H2SO4 with addition of inhibitor was studied in weight loss method at the temperature range of 308-328 K.
Results obtained that the inhibition efficiency increases with increasing the concentration of the inhibitor and
decreases with increasing the temperature. Polarization and impedance measurements were in good agreement.
The adsorption of this inhibitor on the mild steel surface obeys the Langmuir adsorption isotherm. Fourier
transform spectroscopy (FTIR) and Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was also carried out to establish the
corrosion inhibit property of this inhibitor in sulphuric acid medium. Quantum chemical calculations were
performed using density functional theory to find out whether a clear link exists between the inhibitive effect of
the inhibitor and the electronic properties of its main constituents.
Comparison of corrosion behaviour of commercial aluminium engine block and pi...msejjournal
The corrosion behavior of commercial aluminium alloy engine block and piston was investigated in 3.5% NaCl solution. The study was done by conventional gravimetric measurements and complemented by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray analyzer (EDX) investigations. The results obtained indicate that the alloys suffers a process of corrosion localized to the area surrounding the precipitates of the Al (Si, Mg) and Al-Mg, which resulted in hemispherical pits. No evidence was found of the formation of crystallographic pitting for exposure times up to 54 days. Gravimetric analysis confirmed that with varying exposure periods the weight loss of the alloys increases and the normal corrosion rate profile of an initial steep rise followed by subsequent fall were observed for both alloys. The rate of corrosion of piston was found to be lower than that of engine block due to presence of Ni and lower percentages of Fe in aluminium piston alloy.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
Corrosion Inhibition of Carbon Steel In Sulfuric Acid by Sodium CaprylateIJERA Editor
The interaction of a sodium salt of octanoic acid, sodium caprylate (SC), with a carbon steel (CS) surface was
investigated, using range of experimental techniques. It was shown that SC acts as a good CS general corrosion
inhibitor, yielding a maximum corrosion inhibition efficiency of 77%. This high inhibition efficiency is
maintained even at higher temperatures. It was determined that SC inhibits both partial corrosion reactions, and
can thus be considered to be a mixed-type inhibitor. The adsorption of SC on the CS surface was described by
the Langmuir adsorption isotherm. It was found that this process is spontaneous, irreversible and driven by the
entropy gain. The CS surface morphology was studied by SEM and it was demonstrated that SC is a very
effective general corrosion inhibitor of CS. This also was confirmed by contact angle measurements which
showed that the CS surface became more hydrophobic when the SC was added to the solution.
Studies on Corrosion Characteristics of Carbon Steel Exposed to Na2CO3, Na2SO...theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
The effect of ethanol extract of leaves of Conyza Dicorides plant on the corrosion inhibition
of mild steel in 1M HCl solution was investigated by weight loss and electrochemical polarization
techniques at temperature range (25–65 ̊C). The Results obtained showed that the percentage
inhibition efficiency increases with the increasing of inhibitor concentration and decreases with the
increasing of temperature. At a concentration of 2 g/L, the percentage inhibition efficiency reached
about (94.87%) at 25 ̊C. The thermodynamic activation functions of dissolution process and
adsorption parameters were calculated and discussed. Adsorption of the additive was found to follow
the Langmuir adsorption isotherm.
The inhibition effect of hydralazine hydrochloride on corrosion of mild steel...Premier Publishers
The inhibition effect of the Hydralazine hydrochloride for mild steel corrosion in 1M HCl has been investigated. Polarization measurement indicates that the Hydralazine hydrochloride act as mixed-type inhibitor, which gives a maximum inhibition efficiency around 72 %. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy was used to investigate the mechanism of corrosion inhibition gives around 76 % due to the formation of electrical double layer. Thermodynamic parameter such as ΔG0 ads value was obtained as -30.22 KJ/mol indications that inhibitor shows its inhibition effect due to the chemisorptions process. Scanning electron microscopic images gives a visual idea about the formation of the protective film on the mild steel surface to reduce the corrosion rate. So that the Hydralazine hydrochloride acts as an efficient mixed type corrosion inhibitor for mild steel corrosion in acid media.
Corrosion Inhibition of Carbon Steel in Chloride and Sulfate SolutionsIJERA Editor
Corrosion is a major problem in industry and in infrastructure; a huge sum of expenditure every year is spent on
preventing, retarding, and repairing its damages. This work studies the engineering of an inhibitor for carbon
steel metal used in the cooling systems containing high concentration of chloride and sulfate ions. For this
purpose, the synergy between the dichromate, molybdate and nitrite inhibitors is examined and optimized to the
best results. Moreover, care was taken that the proposed inhibitor is compliant with the environmental laws and
regulations.
Combination of urea-Sn+2 in SCP solution was examined as a corrosion inhibitor for concrete reinforced steel by potentiodynamicpolarization, surface synergist parameter and cyclic voltammetry methods comparing with urea–Zn+2 combination. A synergism parameter (SI) indicated a synergistic effect between urea and Sn+2was exist. Polarization study revealed that formulation consisting of 300 ppm urea+50 ppm Sn+2 in SCP solution provided inhibition efficiency (IF) of 85.93% while 300 ppm urea +50 ppm Zn+2 provided 82.3% IF, and this combination acts as anodic type inhibitor. Cyclic voltammetry curves showed that the steel samples immersed in this formulation has low tendency to pitting corrosion. From these results it can be concluded that urea – Sn+2 inhibitor formulation is a good corrosion n inhibitor for concrete reinforced steel, it can maintain stable passive film on steel surface even in the presence of aggressive chloride ions so it can be used instead of the high toxicityZn+2 inhibitor to improve the corrosion inhibition of urea fertilizer inhibitor.
International Refereed Journal of Engineering and Science (IRJES) is a peer reviewed online journal for professionals and researchers in the field of computer science. The main aim is to resolve emerging and outstanding problems revealed by recent social and technological change. IJRES provides the platform for the researchers to present and evaluate their work from both theoretical and technical aspects and to share their views.
www.irjes.com
Done by: Sukari group
School name; Omar Bin Khattab secondary school for boys.
The project aimed to study how the investigated triazole derivative controls the corrosion of mild steel in sulfuric acid solutions. The corrosion rates in absence and presence of different concentrations of inhibitor will be measured using weight loss and potentiodynamic polarization techniques. Also, the effect of inhibitor on surface morphology of carbon steel will be investigated using scanning electron microscope.
Some factors affecting on the behavior ofsteel electrode in citric acid solut...IJERA Editor
Potential-time curves are constructed for the steel electrode in naturally aerated citric acid solutions devoid of
and containing some aggressive and inhibitive compounds. Cl- and SO4
2- ions cause the destruction of passivity
and initiation of pitting corrosion. The rate of oxide film growth by citric acid and oxide film destruction by Cl-
and SO4
2- ions follows a direct logarithmic law as evident from the linear relationships between the open-circuit
potential and the logarithm of immersion time. Urea, phenylhydrazine and 1,2-phenylenediamine compounds
inhibit the pitting corrosion of steel. The rate of oxide film healing and thickening increases with their
concentrations. In presence of constant inhibitor concentration, the efficiency of pitting inhibition increases in
the order: (weak) urea<phenylhydrazine><1,2-phenylenediamine(strong).
Corrosion Inhibition of Carbon Steel In Sulfuric Acid by Sodium CaprylateIJERA Editor
The interaction of a sodium salt of octanoic acid, sodium caprylate (SC), with a carbon steel (CS) surface was
investigated, using range of experimental techniques. It was shown that SC acts as a good CS general corrosion
inhibitor, yielding a maximum corrosion inhibition efficiency of 77%. This high inhibition efficiency is
maintained even at higher temperatures. It was determined that SC inhibits both partial corrosion reactions, and
can thus be considered to be a mixed-type inhibitor. The adsorption of SC on the CS surface was described by
the Langmuir adsorption isotherm. It was found that this process is spontaneous, irreversible and driven by the
entropy gain. The CS surface morphology was studied by SEM and it was demonstrated that SC is a very
effective general corrosion inhibitor of CS. This also was confirmed by contact angle measurements which
showed that the CS surface became more hydrophobic when the SC was added to the solution.
Corrosion Inhibition of Mild Steel in HCl Medium by a Condensation Productijtsrd
A condensation product CP was successfully synthesized from reaction of dimethyl amino benzaldehyde and aniline giving yields of 80 . The compound was characterized by Fourier Transform Infrared FTIR Spectroscopy. The corrosion inhibiting property of the CP on mild steel in HCl solution were investigated by the weight loss measurements, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy EIS and linear polarization resistance LPR . The concentrations of CP were varied from 1 x 10 3 M to 5 x 10 3 M. The inhibition efficiencies obtained from all the methods employed were in good agreement where the percentage of inhibition efficiencies increased with concentration of CP. Results showed that CP was the better inhibitor with inhibition efficiency of 90 at 5 x 10 3 M additive concentration. This is likely due to the effect of its large molecular size, higher number of electroactive heteroatoms and bigger p electron cloud of the conjugated double bond system. Ganesha Achary "Corrosion Inhibition of Mild Steel in HCl Medium by a Condensation Product" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-4 , June 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd30869.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/chemistry/physical-chemistry/30869/corrosion-inhibition-of-mild-steel-in-hcl-medium-by-a-condensation-product/ganesha-achary
Inhibition of Sulphuric Acid Corrosion of Mild Steel by Surfactant and Its Ad...IOSR Journals
Abstract: The corrosion inhibition effect of surfactant, N,N-Dimethyl-N-(2-Phenoxyethyl)dodecan-1- aminiumbromide(DPDAB) on mild steel corrosion in 0.5M Sulphuric acid was investigated by weight loss, potentiodynamic polarization and Electrochemical impedance spectroscopic techniques. DPDAB is an excellent inhibitor and its inhibition efficiency increases with increase in concentration and maximum inhibition efficiency was observed above the critical micelle concentration (CMC). The polarization curves reveal that DPDAB acts as mixed type inhibitor with predominantly of anodic type. The corrosion inhibition efficiency of DPDAB increases with increase in concentration and decreases with increase in temperature from 298K to 308K and then increases and shows maxima at 318K and then decreases at 328K.. The adsorption of the inhibitor on the mild steel in 0.5M H2SO4 was found to obey Langmuir’s adsorption isotherm. Scanning electronic microscopy (SEM) confirmed the existence of an adsorbed protective film on the metal surface. The kinetic and thermodynamic parameters were calculated and discussed.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
Corrosion Inhibition of Carbon Steel In Sulfuric Acid by Sodium CaprylateIJERA Editor
The interaction of a sodium salt of octanoic acid, sodium caprylate (SC), with a carbon steel (CS) surface was
investigated, using range of experimental techniques. It was shown that SC acts as a good CS general corrosion
inhibitor, yielding a maximum corrosion inhibition efficiency of 77%. This high inhibition efficiency is
maintained even at higher temperatures. It was determined that SC inhibits both partial corrosion reactions, and
can thus be considered to be a mixed-type inhibitor. The adsorption of SC on the CS surface was described by
the Langmuir adsorption isotherm. It was found that this process is spontaneous, irreversible and driven by the
entropy gain. The CS surface morphology was studied by SEM and it was demonstrated that SC is a very
effective general corrosion inhibitor of CS. This also was confirmed by contact angle measurements which
showed that the CS surface became more hydrophobic when the SC was added to the solution.
Studies on Corrosion Characteristics of Carbon Steel Exposed to Na2CO3, Na2SO...theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
The effect of ethanol extract of leaves of Conyza Dicorides plant on the corrosion inhibition
of mild steel in 1M HCl solution was investigated by weight loss and electrochemical polarization
techniques at temperature range (25–65 ̊C). The Results obtained showed that the percentage
inhibition efficiency increases with the increasing of inhibitor concentration and decreases with the
increasing of temperature. At a concentration of 2 g/L, the percentage inhibition efficiency reached
about (94.87%) at 25 ̊C. The thermodynamic activation functions of dissolution process and
adsorption parameters were calculated and discussed. Adsorption of the additive was found to follow
the Langmuir adsorption isotherm.
The inhibition effect of hydralazine hydrochloride on corrosion of mild steel...Premier Publishers
The inhibition effect of the Hydralazine hydrochloride for mild steel corrosion in 1M HCl has been investigated. Polarization measurement indicates that the Hydralazine hydrochloride act as mixed-type inhibitor, which gives a maximum inhibition efficiency around 72 %. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy was used to investigate the mechanism of corrosion inhibition gives around 76 % due to the formation of electrical double layer. Thermodynamic parameter such as ΔG0 ads value was obtained as -30.22 KJ/mol indications that inhibitor shows its inhibition effect due to the chemisorptions process. Scanning electron microscopic images gives a visual idea about the formation of the protective film on the mild steel surface to reduce the corrosion rate. So that the Hydralazine hydrochloride acts as an efficient mixed type corrosion inhibitor for mild steel corrosion in acid media.
Corrosion Inhibition of Carbon Steel in Chloride and Sulfate SolutionsIJERA Editor
Corrosion is a major problem in industry and in infrastructure; a huge sum of expenditure every year is spent on
preventing, retarding, and repairing its damages. This work studies the engineering of an inhibitor for carbon
steel metal used in the cooling systems containing high concentration of chloride and sulfate ions. For this
purpose, the synergy between the dichromate, molybdate and nitrite inhibitors is examined and optimized to the
best results. Moreover, care was taken that the proposed inhibitor is compliant with the environmental laws and
regulations.
Combination of urea-Sn+2 in SCP solution was examined as a corrosion inhibitor for concrete reinforced steel by potentiodynamicpolarization, surface synergist parameter and cyclic voltammetry methods comparing with urea–Zn+2 combination. A synergism parameter (SI) indicated a synergistic effect between urea and Sn+2was exist. Polarization study revealed that formulation consisting of 300 ppm urea+50 ppm Sn+2 in SCP solution provided inhibition efficiency (IF) of 85.93% while 300 ppm urea +50 ppm Zn+2 provided 82.3% IF, and this combination acts as anodic type inhibitor. Cyclic voltammetry curves showed that the steel samples immersed in this formulation has low tendency to pitting corrosion. From these results it can be concluded that urea – Sn+2 inhibitor formulation is a good corrosion n inhibitor for concrete reinforced steel, it can maintain stable passive film on steel surface even in the presence of aggressive chloride ions so it can be used instead of the high toxicityZn+2 inhibitor to improve the corrosion inhibition of urea fertilizer inhibitor.
International Refereed Journal of Engineering and Science (IRJES) is a peer reviewed online journal for professionals and researchers in the field of computer science. The main aim is to resolve emerging and outstanding problems revealed by recent social and technological change. IJRES provides the platform for the researchers to present and evaluate their work from both theoretical and technical aspects and to share their views.
www.irjes.com
Done by: Sukari group
School name; Omar Bin Khattab secondary school for boys.
The project aimed to study how the investigated triazole derivative controls the corrosion of mild steel in sulfuric acid solutions. The corrosion rates in absence and presence of different concentrations of inhibitor will be measured using weight loss and potentiodynamic polarization techniques. Also, the effect of inhibitor on surface morphology of carbon steel will be investigated using scanning electron microscope.
Some factors affecting on the behavior ofsteel electrode in citric acid solut...IJERA Editor
Potential-time curves are constructed for the steel electrode in naturally aerated citric acid solutions devoid of
and containing some aggressive and inhibitive compounds. Cl- and SO4
2- ions cause the destruction of passivity
and initiation of pitting corrosion. The rate of oxide film growth by citric acid and oxide film destruction by Cl-
and SO4
2- ions follows a direct logarithmic law as evident from the linear relationships between the open-circuit
potential and the logarithm of immersion time. Urea, phenylhydrazine and 1,2-phenylenediamine compounds
inhibit the pitting corrosion of steel. The rate of oxide film healing and thickening increases with their
concentrations. In presence of constant inhibitor concentration, the efficiency of pitting inhibition increases in
the order: (weak) urea<phenylhydrazine><1,2-phenylenediamine(strong).
Corrosion Inhibition of Carbon Steel In Sulfuric Acid by Sodium CaprylateIJERA Editor
The interaction of a sodium salt of octanoic acid, sodium caprylate (SC), with a carbon steel (CS) surface was
investigated, using range of experimental techniques. It was shown that SC acts as a good CS general corrosion
inhibitor, yielding a maximum corrosion inhibition efficiency of 77%. This high inhibition efficiency is
maintained even at higher temperatures. It was determined that SC inhibits both partial corrosion reactions, and
can thus be considered to be a mixed-type inhibitor. The adsorption of SC on the CS surface was described by
the Langmuir adsorption isotherm. It was found that this process is spontaneous, irreversible and driven by the
entropy gain. The CS surface morphology was studied by SEM and it was demonstrated that SC is a very
effective general corrosion inhibitor of CS. This also was confirmed by contact angle measurements which
showed that the CS surface became more hydrophobic when the SC was added to the solution.
Corrosion Inhibition of Mild Steel in HCl Medium by a Condensation Productijtsrd
A condensation product CP was successfully synthesized from reaction of dimethyl amino benzaldehyde and aniline giving yields of 80 . The compound was characterized by Fourier Transform Infrared FTIR Spectroscopy. The corrosion inhibiting property of the CP on mild steel in HCl solution were investigated by the weight loss measurements, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy EIS and linear polarization resistance LPR . The concentrations of CP were varied from 1 x 10 3 M to 5 x 10 3 M. The inhibition efficiencies obtained from all the methods employed were in good agreement where the percentage of inhibition efficiencies increased with concentration of CP. Results showed that CP was the better inhibitor with inhibition efficiency of 90 at 5 x 10 3 M additive concentration. This is likely due to the effect of its large molecular size, higher number of electroactive heteroatoms and bigger p electron cloud of the conjugated double bond system. Ganesha Achary "Corrosion Inhibition of Mild Steel in HCl Medium by a Condensation Product" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-4 , June 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd30869.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/chemistry/physical-chemistry/30869/corrosion-inhibition-of-mild-steel-in-hcl-medium-by-a-condensation-product/ganesha-achary
Inhibition of Sulphuric Acid Corrosion of Mild Steel by Surfactant and Its Ad...IOSR Journals
Abstract: The corrosion inhibition effect of surfactant, N,N-Dimethyl-N-(2-Phenoxyethyl)dodecan-1- aminiumbromide(DPDAB) on mild steel corrosion in 0.5M Sulphuric acid was investigated by weight loss, potentiodynamic polarization and Electrochemical impedance spectroscopic techniques. DPDAB is an excellent inhibitor and its inhibition efficiency increases with increase in concentration and maximum inhibition efficiency was observed above the critical micelle concentration (CMC). The polarization curves reveal that DPDAB acts as mixed type inhibitor with predominantly of anodic type. The corrosion inhibition efficiency of DPDAB increases with increase in concentration and decreases with increase in temperature from 298K to 308K and then increases and shows maxima at 318K and then decreases at 328K.. The adsorption of the inhibitor on the mild steel in 0.5M H2SO4 was found to obey Langmuir’s adsorption isotherm. Scanning electronic microscopy (SEM) confirmed the existence of an adsorbed protective film on the metal surface. The kinetic and thermodynamic parameters were calculated and discussed.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
Effect of Heat Treatment on Corrosion Behavior of Spring SteelsEditor IJCATR
The experimental work deals with the effect of heat treatment on the corrosion behaviour of spring steels. In this study the
heat treatments like hardening, normalizing and tempering were done for spring steels to obtain martensitic matrix, pearlitic structure
and tempered martensitic matrix respectively. After heat treatment the microstructural studies were carried out for the samples using
SEM. Hardness measurements were done. The corrosion behaviour of all heat treated samples in HCl at different concentration (1.5N,
2N and 2.5N) was determined using Tafel extrapolation technique. The variation in the corrosion rates due to the effect of heat
treatment was noted. The results indicate that for fully martensitic matrix the corrosion rate is minimum and for pearlitic structure its
maximum. As tempering time is increased the corrosion rate increases correspondingly. The corroded microstructural images were
also taken using SEM and analysed.
surface characteristics and electrochemical impedance investigation of spark-...mohammad fazel
In this study, the surface characteristic of oxide films on Ti-6Al-4V alloy formed by an anodic oxidation treatment at potentials higher than the breakdown voltage was evaluated.
OXYSTELMA ESCULENTUM Stem Extracts as Corrosion Inhibitor for Mild Steel in A...IJMER
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) covers all the fields of engineering and science: Electrical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Civil Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Computer Engineering, Agricultural Engineering, Aerospace Engineering, Thermodynamics, Structural Engineering, Control Engineering, Robotics, Mechatronics, Fluid Mechanics, Nanotechnology, Simulators, Web-based Learning, Remote Laboratories, Engineering Design Methods, Education Research, Students' Satisfaction and Motivation, Global Projects, and Assessment…. And many more.
Experimental and Quantum Chemical Studies on the Corrosion Inhibition Perform...inventionjournals
Corrosion inhibition nature of a synthesized Schiff’s base was studied on the corrosion of mild steel in 1.0 M HCl using weight loss and electrochemical methods. The results indicated that the synthesized Schiff base is an effective inhibitor in reducing the corrosion of mild steel in 1.0 M HCl solution. The inhibitor efficiency of inhibitor increased with inhibitor concentration and showed maximum inhibition efficiency at 300 ppm concentration. The adsorption of inhibitor molecules on to the metal surface obeyed Langmuir Adsorption isotherm. The adsorption mechanism involved both physical and chemical adsorptions. The potentiodynamic polarization studies showed that the inhibitor is a mixed typed inhibitor with more cathodic nature. Potential of zero charge was also determined and the adsorption mechanism discussed. Quantum mechanical studies showed that the Schiff base molecules have the strong tendency to donate electron pairs to the metallic atoms on the surface
Increase of salt fog corrosion resistance of plasma nitridedJesusPZ
AISI 4340 is a commonly used alloy which is characterized by its remarkable strength, ductility and toughness obtained as a consequence of its good tempering properties [1].Because of its structural acceptable performance, AISI 4340 is widely used for fabrication of parts and components in automotive, aerospace as well as metal mechanics industries.
The corrosion protection of mild steel in 1 M H3PO4 solution by apricot juice was studied
at different temperatures by weight loss technique. Adsorption, activation and statistical studies
were addressed in this work. Adsorption studies showed that inhibitor adsorbed on metal surface
according to Langmuir isotherm. Average value of heat of adsorption was 14.93 kJ/mol indicates
a spontaneous physical adsorption on metal surface. Activation parameters did not changed with
addition of inhibitor indicates that there is no change in reaction mechanism. Analysis of variance
(ANOVA) was also applied. This analysis showed that the corrosion rate influenced by temperature,
inhibitor concentration and combined interaction of them.
Similar to Corrosion Behaviour of 6061 Al-SiC Composites in KOH Medium (20)
Text Mining in Digital Libraries using OKAPI BM25 ModelEditor IJCATR
The emergence of the internet has made vast amounts of information available and easily accessible online. As a result, most libraries have digitized their content in order to remain relevant to their users and to keep pace with the advancement of the internet. However, these digital libraries have been criticized for using inefficient information retrieval models that do not perform relevance ranking to the retrieved results. This paper proposed the use of OKAPI BM25 model in text mining so as means of improving relevance ranking of digital libraries. Okapi BM25 model was selected because it is a probability-based relevance ranking algorithm. A case study research was conducted and the model design was based on information retrieval processes. The performance of Boolean, vector space, and Okapi BM25 models was compared for data retrieval. Relevant ranked documents were retrieved and displayed at the OPAC framework search page. The results revealed that Okapi BM 25 outperformed Boolean model and Vector Space model. Therefore, this paper proposes the use of Okapi BM25 model to reward terms according to their relative frequencies in a document so as to improve the performance of text mining in digital libraries.
Green Computing, eco trends, climate change, e-waste and eco-friendlyEditor IJCATR
This study focused on the practice of using computing resources more efficiently while maintaining or increasing overall performance. Sustainable IT services require the integration of green computing practices such as power management, virtualization, improving cooling technology, recycling, electronic waste disposal, and optimization of the IT infrastructure to meet sustainability requirements. Studies have shown that costs of power utilized by IT departments can approach 50% of the overall energy costs for an organization. While there is an expectation that green IT should lower costs and the firm’s impact on the environment, there has been far less attention directed at understanding the strategic benefits of sustainable IT services in terms of the creation of customer value, business value and societal value. This paper provides a review of the literature on sustainable IT, key areas of focus, and identifies a core set of principles to guide sustainable IT service design.
Policies for Green Computing and E-Waste in NigeriaEditor IJCATR
Computers today are an integral part of individuals’ lives all around the world, but unfortunately these devices are toxic to the environment given the materials used, their limited battery life and technological obsolescence. Individuals are concerned about the hazardous materials ever present in computers, even if the importance of various attributes differs, and that a more environment -friendly attitude can be obtained through exposure to educational materials. In this paper, we aim to delineate the problem of e-waste in Nigeria and highlight a series of measures and the advantage they herald for our country and propose a series of action steps to develop in these areas further. It is possible for Nigeria to have an immediate economic stimulus and job creation while moving quickly to abide by the requirements of climate change legislation and energy efficiency directives. The costs of implementing energy efficiency and renewable energy measures are minimal as they are not cash expenditures but rather investments paid back by future, continuous energy savings.
Performance Evaluation of VANETs for Evaluating Node Stability in Dynamic Sce...Editor IJCATR
Vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) are a favorable area of exploration which empowers the interconnection amid the movable vehicles and between transportable units (vehicles) and road side units (RSU). In Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANETs), mobile vehicles can be organized into assemblage to promote interconnection links. The assemblage arrangement according to dimensions and geographical extend has serious influence on attribute of interaction .Vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) are subclass of mobile Ad-hoc network involving more complex mobility patterns. Because of mobility the topology changes very frequently. This raises a number of technical challenges including the stability of the network .There is a need for assemblage configuration leading to more stable realistic network. The paper provides investigation of various simulation scenarios in which cluster using k-means algorithm are generated and their numbers are varied to find the more stable configuration in real scenario of road.
Optimum Location of DG Units Considering Operation ConditionsEditor IJCATR
The optimal sizing and placement of Distributed Generation units (DG) are becoming very attractive to researchers these days. In this paper a two stage approach has been used for allocation and sizing of DGs in distribution system with time varying load model. The strategic placement of DGs can help in reducing energy losses and improving voltage profile. The proposed work discusses time varying loads that can be useful for selecting the location and optimizing DG operation. The method has the potential to be used for integrating the available DGs by identifying the best locations in a power system. The proposed method has been demonstrated on 9-bus test system.
Analysis of Comparison of Fuzzy Knn, C4.5 Algorithm, and Naïve Bayes Classifi...Editor IJCATR
Early detection of diabetes mellitus (DM) can prevent or inhibit complication. There are several laboratory test that must be done to detect DM. The result of this laboratory test then converted into data training. Data training used in this study generated from UCI Pima Database with 6 attributes that were used to classify positive or negative diabetes. There are various classification methods that are commonly used, and in this study three of them were compared, which were fuzzy KNN, C4.5 algorithm and Naïve Bayes Classifier (NBC) with one identical case. The objective of this study was to create software to classify DM using tested methods and compared the three methods based on accuracy, precision, and recall. The results showed that the best method was Fuzzy KNN with average and maximum accuracy reached 96% and 98%, respectively. In second place, NBC method had respective average and maximum accuracy of 87.5% and 90%. Lastly, C4.5 algorithm had average and maximum accuracy of 79.5% and 86%, respectively.
Web Scraping for Estimating new Record from Source SiteEditor IJCATR
Study in the Competitive field of Intelligent, and studies in the field of Web Scraping, have a symbiotic relationship mutualism. In the information age today, the website serves as a main source. The research focus is on how to get data from websites and how to slow down the intensity of the download. The problem that arises is the website sources are autonomous so that vulnerable changes the structure of the content at any time. The next problem is the system intrusion detection snort installed on the server to detect bot crawler. So the researchers propose the use of the methods of Mining Data Records and the method of Exponential Smoothing so that adaptive to changes in the structure of the content and do a browse or fetch automatically follow the pattern of the occurrences of the news. The results of the tests, with the threshold 0.3 for MDR and similarity threshold score 0.65 for STM, using recall and precision values produce f-measure average 92.6%. While the results of the tests of the exponential estimation smoothing using ? = 0.5 produces MAE 18.2 datarecord duplicate. It slowed down to 3.6 datarecord from 21.8 datarecord results schedule download/fetch fix in an average time of occurrence news.
Evaluating Semantic Similarity between Biomedical Concepts/Classes through S...Editor IJCATR
Most of the existing semantic similarity measures that use ontology structure as their primary source can measure semantic similarity between concepts/classes using single ontology. The ontology-based semantic similarity techniques such as structure-based semantic similarity techniques (Path Length Measure, Wu and Palmer’s Measure, and Leacock and Chodorow’s measure), information content-based similarity techniques (Resnik’s measure, Lin’s measure), and biomedical domain ontology techniques (Al-Mubaid and Nguyen’s measure (SimDist)) were evaluated relative to human experts’ ratings, and compared on sets of concepts using the ICD-10 “V1.0” terminology within the UMLS. The experimental results validate the efficiency of the SemDist technique in single ontology, and demonstrate that SemDist semantic similarity techniques, compared with the existing techniques, gives the best overall results of correlation with experts’ ratings.
Semantic Similarity Measures between Terms in the Biomedical Domain within f...Editor IJCATR
The techniques and tests are tools used to define how measure the goodness of ontology or its resources. The similarity between biomedical classes/concepts is an important task for the biomedical information extraction and knowledge discovery. However, most of the semantic similarity techniques can be adopted to be used in the biomedical domain (UMLS). Many experiments have been conducted to check the applicability of these measures. In this paper, we investigate to measure semantic similarity between two terms within single ontology or multiple ontologies in ICD-10 “V1.0” as primary source, and compare my results to human experts score by correlation coefficient.
A Strategy for Improving the Performance of Small Files in Openstack Swift Editor IJCATR
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Integrated System for Vehicle Clearance and RegistrationEditor IJCATR
Efficient management and control of government's cash resources rely on government banking arrangements. Nigeria, like many low income countries, employed fragmented systems in handling government receipts and payments. Later in 2016, Nigeria implemented a unified structure as recommended by the IMF, where all government funds are collected in one account would reduce borrowing costs, extend credit and improve government's fiscal policy among other benefits to government. This situation motivated us to embark on this research to design and implement an integrated system for vehicle clearance and registration. This system complies with the new Treasury Single Account policy to enable proper interaction and collaboration among five different level agencies (NCS, FRSC, SBIR, VIO and NPF) saddled with vehicular administration and activities in Nigeria. Since the system is web based, Object Oriented Hypermedia Design Methodology (OOHDM) is used. Tools such as Php, JavaScript, css, html, AJAX and other web development technologies were used. The result is a web based system that gives proper information about a vehicle starting from the exact date of importation to registration and renewal of licensing. Vehicle owner information, custom duty information, plate number registration details, etc. will also be efficiently retrieved from the system by any of the agencies without contacting the other agency at any point in time. Also number plate will no longer be the only means of vehicle identification as it is presently the case in Nigeria, because the unified system will automatically generate and assigned a Unique Vehicle Identification Pin Number (UVIPN) on payment of duty in the system to the vehicle and the UVIPN will be linked to the various agencies in the management information system.
Assessment of the Efficiency of Customer Order Management System: A Case Stu...Editor IJCATR
The Supermarket Management System deals with the automation of buying and selling of good and services. It includes both sales and purchase of items. The project Supermarket Management System is to be developed with the objective of making the system reliable, easier, fast, and more informative.
Energy-Aware Routing in Wireless Sensor Network Using Modified Bi-Directional A*Editor IJCATR
Energy is a key component in the Wireless Sensor Network (WSN)[1]. The system will not be able to run according to its function without the availability of adequate power units. One of the characteristics of wireless sensor network is Limitation energy[2]. A lot of research has been done to develop strategies to overcome this problem. One of them is clustering technique. The popular clustering technique is Low Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy (LEACH)[3]. In LEACH, clustering techniques are used to determine Cluster Head (CH), which will then be assigned to forward packets to Base Station (BS). In this research, we propose other clustering techniques, which utilize the Social Network Analysis approach theory of Betweeness Centrality (BC) which will then be implemented in the Setup phase. While in the Steady-State phase, one of the heuristic searching algorithms, Modified Bi-Directional A* (MBDA *) is implemented. The experiment was performed deploy 100 nodes statically in the 100x100 area, with one Base Station at coordinates (50,50). To find out the reliability of the system, the experiment to do in 5000 rounds. The performance of the designed routing protocol strategy will be tested based on network lifetime, throughput, and residual energy. The results show that BC-MBDA * is better than LEACH. This is influenced by the ways of working LEACH in determining the CH that is dynamic, which is always changing in every data transmission process. This will result in the use of energy, because they always doing any computation to determine CH in every transmission process. In contrast to BC-MBDA *, CH is statically determined, so it can decrease energy usage.
Security in Software Defined Networks (SDN): Challenges and Research Opportun...Editor IJCATR
In networks, the rapidly changing traffic patterns of search engines, Internet of Things (IoT) devices, Big Data and data centers has thrown up new challenges for legacy; existing networks; and prompted the need for a more intelligent and innovative way to dynamically manage traffic and allocate limited network resources. Software Defined Network (SDN) which decouples the control plane from the data plane through network vitalizations aims to address these challenges. This paper has explored the SDN architecture and its implementation with the OpenFlow protocol. It has also assessed some of its benefits over traditional network architectures, security concerns and how it can be addressed in future research and related works in emerging economies such as Nigeria.
Measure the Similarity of Complaint Document Using Cosine Similarity Based on...Editor IJCATR
Report handling on "LAPOR!" (Laporan, Aspirasi dan Pengaduan Online Rakyat) system depending on the system administrator who manually reads every incoming report [3]. Read manually can lead to errors in handling complaints [4] if the data flow is huge and grows rapidly, it needs at least three days to prepare a confirmation and it sensitive to inconsistencies [3]. In this study, the authors propose a model that can measure the identities of the Query (Incoming) with Document (Archive). The authors employed Class-Based Indexing term weighting scheme, and Cosine Similarities to analyse document similarities. CoSimTFIDF, CoSimTFICF and CoSimTFIDFICF values used in classification as feature for K-Nearest Neighbour (K-NN) classifier. The optimum result evaluation is pre-processing employ 75% of training data ratio and 25% of test data with CoSimTFIDF feature. It deliver a high accuracy 84%. The k = 5 value obtain high accuracy 84.12%
Hangul Recognition Using Support Vector MachineEditor IJCATR
The recognition of Hangul Image is more difficult compared with that of Latin. It could be recognized from the structural arrangement. Hangul is arranged from two dimensions while Latin is only from the left to the right. The current research creates a system to convert Hangul image into Latin text in order to use it as a learning material on reading Hangul. In general, image recognition system is divided into three steps. The first step is preprocessing, which includes binarization, segmentation through connected component-labeling method, and thinning with Zhang Suen to decrease some pattern information. The second is receiving the feature from every single image, whose identification process is done through chain code method. The third is recognizing the process using Support Vector Machine (SVM) with some kernels. It works through letter image and Hangul word recognition. It consists of 34 letters, each of which has 15 different patterns. The whole patterns are 510, divided into 3 data scenarios. The highest result achieved is 94,7% using SVM kernel polynomial and radial basis function. The level of recognition result is influenced by many trained data. Whilst the recognition process of Hangul word applies to the type 2 Hangul word with 6 different patterns. The difference of these patterns appears from the change of the font type. The chosen fonts for data training are such as Batang, Dotum, Gaeul, Gulim, Malgun Gothic. Arial Unicode MS is used to test the data. The lowest accuracy is achieved through the use of SVM kernel radial basis function, which is 69%. The same result, 72 %, is given by the SVM kernel linear and polynomial.
Application of 3D Printing in EducationEditor IJCATR
This paper provides a review of literature concerning the application of 3D printing in the education system. The review identifies that 3D Printing is being applied across the Educational levels [1] as well as in Libraries, Laboratories, and Distance education systems. The review also finds that 3D Printing is being used to teach both students and trainers about 3D Printing and to develop 3D Printing skills.
Survey on Energy-Efficient Routing Algorithms for Underwater Wireless Sensor ...Editor IJCATR
In underwater environment, for retrieval of information the routing mechanism is used. In routing mechanism there are three to four types of nodes are used, one is sink node which is deployed on the water surface and can collect the information, courier/super/AUV or dolphin powerful nodes are deployed in the middle of the water for forwarding the packets, ordinary nodes are also forwarder nodes which can be deployed from bottom to surface of the water and source nodes are deployed at the seabed which can extract the valuable information from the bottom of the sea. In underwater environment the battery power of the nodes is limited and that power can be enhanced through better selection of the routing algorithm. This paper focuses the energy-efficient routing algorithms for their routing mechanisms to prolong the battery power of the nodes. This paper also focuses the performance analysis of the energy-efficient algorithms under which we can examine the better performance of the route selection mechanism which can prolong the battery power of the node
Comparative analysis on Void Node Removal Routing algorithms for Underwater W...Editor IJCATR
The designing of routing algorithms faces many challenges in underwater environment like: propagation delay, acoustic channel behaviour, limited bandwidth, high bit error rate, limited battery power, underwater pressure, node mobility, localization 3D deployment, and underwater obstacles (voids). This paper focuses the underwater voids which affects the overall performance of the entire network. The majority of the researchers have used the better approaches for removal of voids through alternate path selection mechanism but still research needs improvement. This paper also focuses the architecture and its operation through merits and demerits of the existing algorithms. This research article further focuses the analytical method of the performance analysis of existing algorithms through which we found the better approach for removal of voids
Decay Property for Solutions to Plate Type Equations with Variable CoefficientsEditor IJCATR
In this paper we consider the initial value problem for a plate type equation with variable coefficients and memory in
1 n R n ), which is of regularity-loss property. By using spectrally resolution, we study the pointwise estimates in the spectral
space of the fundamental solution to the corresponding linear problem. Appealing to this pointwise estimates, we obtain the global
existence and the decay estimates of solutions to the semilinear problem by employing the fixed point theorem
Dev Dives: Train smarter, not harder – active learning and UiPath LLMs for do...UiPathCommunity
💥 Speed, accuracy, and scaling – discover the superpowers of GenAI in action with UiPath Document Understanding and Communications Mining™:
See how to accelerate model training and optimize model performance with active learning
Learn about the latest enhancements to out-of-the-box document processing – with little to no training required
Get an exclusive demo of the new family of UiPath LLMs – GenAI models specialized for processing different types of documents and messages
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All of this illustrated with link prediction over knowledge graphs, but the argument is general.
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Corrosion Behaviour of 6061 Al-SiC Composites in KOH Medium
1. International Journal of Science and Engineering Applications
Volume 4 Issue 6, 2015, ISSN-2319-7560 (Online)
www.ijsea.com 366
Corrosion Behaviour of 6061 Al-SiC Composites in KOH
Medium
Arun V K
Assistant Professor
Mechanical Engineering
Ilahia School of Science and Technology
Cochin, India
Arun T A
Metallurgy and Materials
National Institute of Technology
Mangalore, India
Abstract: The present research work deals with the corrosion behaviour of 6061 Al-15% (vol) SiC(P) composites. The addition of the
reinforcement like SiC to Aluminium has been reported to decrease the corrosion resistance of the matrix due to several reasons, one
of them being galvanic action between the reinforcement and the matrix. In the present work, the corrosion behaviour of 6061 Al-15%
(vol) SiC(P) composites in KOH at different concentration (0.5M, 1M, 1.5M) and different temperature (300
C, 350
C, 400
C, 450
C, 500
C)
was determined by Tafel extrapolation technique. The inhibition action of 8-Hydroxyquinoline on corrosion behaviour of 6061 Al-
15% (vol) SiC(P) composites in KOH at different concentration of inhibitor (200ppm, 400ppm); different concentration of medium
(0.5M, 1M,1.5M) and different temperature (300
C, 350
C, 400
C, 450
C, 500
C) was investigated. The results indicate that corrosion rate
of Al-SiC composite in KOH increases as the concentration of medium increases and also as temperature of medium increases. The
results indicate that the inhibitor is moderately effective in inhibiting the corrosion of 6061 Al-15% (vol) SiC(P) composites. As the
inhibitor concentration increases, the corrosion rate decreases. The surface morphology of the metal surface was investigated using
scanning electron microscope (SEM). Activation energy was evaluated using Arrhenius equation, and enthalpy of activation and
entropy of activation values were calculated using transition state equation.
Keywords: Corrosion, 6061 Al-SiC composite, KOH, 8-Hydroxyquinoline, Tafel.
1. INTRODUCTION
The word Corrosion stands for material or metal deterioration
or surface damage in an aggressive environment. Corrosion is
a chemical or electrochemical oxidation process, in which
metal transfers electrons to environment and undergoes a
valence change. It is a natural process which occurs with all
metals except the least active noble metals like Gold and
Platinum. Most metals are found in nature in the form of
chemical compounds such as oxides, sulphides, carbonates,
chlorides etc. In the refining process energy is added to the
ore to extract the metal. The same amount of energy needed to
extract metals from their ores is liberated during the chemical
reactions that produce corrosion. Corrosion returns the metal
to its combined state in chemical compounds that are similar
to the ores from which metals were extracted. Corrosion is
theoretically equivalent to the reverse of extractive
metallurgy, if the material getting deteriorated is a metal. It
must be noted that the deterioration by physical cause is not
corrosion, but it termed as erosion, galling, wear etc.
Corrosion of structural elements is a major issue for any
industry because of the chemical environment of the chemical
processing such as cleaning, pickling, descaling, acidizing
acid pickling.
Al-SiC is a metal matrix composite consisting of Silicon
carbide particles dispersed in a matrix of Aluminium alloy.
The Silicon carbide reduces the density of Al and improves its
stiffness and wear resistance. Aluminium matrix composite
possess high Young’s modulus/ density and yield strength/
density ratios together with tailorable coefficient of thermal
expansion and high thermal conductivity and hence look very
promising and find applications in aerospace, military and
automobile industries. However, one of the main draw backs
of Aluminium matrix composite is the decrease in corrosion
resistance compared to the base alloy. Base alloys inherently
develop a protective oxide surface film which imparts
corrosion resistance ; but, addition of reinforcing phase leads
to in homogeneities and can cause discontinuities in the
surface film, increasing the number of sites where corrosion
can be initiated and making the composite more venerable to
corrosion attack. The preferential localized attack has been
based on factors, such as reactive silicon carbide matrix,
presence of crevices and pores, processing routes, presence of
secondary phases and the volume percentage of
reinforcement. It is therefore important to add corrosion
inhibitors to decrease the corrosion rate of Al composites. So
a detailed study on the corrosion behaviour of this composite
is relevant.
Inhibitors are substances, which can retard the rate and extent
of corrosion, when added to a corroding environment in small
concentration. Hundreds of organic and inorganic compounds
have been studied and recommended as inhibitors of corrosion
for various metals in various environments i.e. aqueous, non-
aqueous, molten salt and dry atmospheres. Inhibitors
properties are reported at various temperatures, ranging from
very low to very high values. A wide variety of compounds
are reported as inhibitors for metal matrix composites and
these are mainly organic compounds usually containing N, S
or O atoms and rare earth compounds.
The investigation was mainly focused to study the corrosion
behaviour of 6061 Al-SiC composite in Potassium Hydroxide
solution at three different concentrations viz. 0.5M, 1M, 1.5M
at five different temperatures like 30, 35, 40, 45, 500
C by
Tafel extrapolation technique. Meanwhile, to add corrosion
inhibitors to decrease the corrosion rate of the composite and
8-Hydroxyquinoline is selected as inhibitor in the present
work to understand the effect of temperature on the inhibition
action coupled with the study of influence of thermodynamic
and kinetic parameters on the corrosion inhibition.
2. International Journal of Science and Engineering Applications
Volume 4 Issue 6, 2015, ISSN-2319-7560 (Online)
www.ijsea.com 367
2. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE
2.1 Material Preparation
The 6061 Al-SiC composites were cast in the form of 10
cylinders each of 90 mm diameter and 240 mm length by stir
casting technique at NIIST (formerly RRL),
Thiruvananthapuram. These cylinders were extruded at
4300
C-4800
C with extrusion ratio of 30:1 (two rods each of
11.5 mm diameter) at Serval Engineers, Mangalore. The
experiments were performed with composite in extruded rod
form. Reinforced SiC (average particle size is about 25
micron) has 99.8percentpurity. The extruded material is in the
form of cylindrical rods of 1.15cm in diameter. The samples
were cut from these rods and metallographically mounted up
to 20mm height using cold setting resin. This exposed flat
surface of the mounted part was polished using 1/0, 2/0, 3/0,
4/0 grit level and finally disc polished using diamond paste.
2.2 Medium
The corrosion studies were conducted in a Potassium
Hydroxide solution of different concentrations viz. 0.5M, 1M
and 1.5M. KOH pellets and distilled water were used to
prepare the KOH solution for all experiments. 0.5M, 1M,
1.5M KOH solutions were prepared by dissolving28, 56, 84g
of KOH pellets in 1litre of distilled water respectively.
2.3 Temperature
The corrosion studies were conducted in five different
temperatures such as 30, 35, 40, 45 and 500
C. A water
thermostat was used to maintain the required constant
temperature.
2.4 Inhibitor
8-Hydroxyquinoline was used as the inhibitor for corrosion
inhibitor studies at different concentrations viz.200 and
400ppm.
2.5 Method
Tafel polarization studies were carried out by using CH
instrument’s electrochemical analyzer and a three electrode
Pyrex glass cell with Platinum counter electrode and saturated
Calomel electrode as reference electrode. An area of 1.038
cm2
of the polished Al-15% (vol) SiC composite specimens
were exposed to alkaline solution of concentration 0.5M at
300
C with and without inhibitor. The polarization studies were
made from -0.250V to 0.250V against open circuit potential
(OCP) with a scan rate of 0.01V/sec and the corresponding
corrosion currents, i, recorded. From the potential, E Vs log i
plots, corrosion potential, Ecorr, and corrosion current density,
icorr, were determined. The corrosion rate (C.R), in mpy, is
calculated using the relation:
Corrosion Rate (mpy) = 0.129 × EW × icorr/D (1)
Where, Icorr= corrosion current density in µA/cm2
, D=density
of the corroding material, 2.77 g/cm3
,
E.W=9.15g/mol,equivalent weight of corroding material
(atomic weight/oxidation number).
The surface coverage (θ) is calculated as
θ = (icorr – icorr (inh)) / icorr (2)
Where, icorris the corrosion current density in the absence of
inhibitor and icorr (inh) is the corrosion current density in the
presence of inhibitor.
The percentage inhibition efficiency (%IE) = θ × 100 (3)
The experiments were repeated for the temperatures such as
35, 40, 45 and 500
C and for the concentrations such as 1M
and 1.5M with 8-Hydroxyquinoline as inhibitor. Ecorr, icorr,
C.R, θ and %IE for each experiment were determined.
2.6 Microstructural Studies
6061 Al-SiC composite specimens were polished as per
standard metallographic practice, belt grinding followed by
polishing on emery papers, finally on polishing wheel using
diamond paste to obtain mirror finish. After polishing the
specimens were etched with kellar’s reagent and observed
under Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM).
The microstructure of corroded samples of 6061 Al-SiC
composite at three different concentrations of KOH with and
without the addition of inhibitor, were examined under SEM
to obtain the type of corrosion.
3. RESULT AND DISCUSSIONS
3.1 Corrosion Behaviour in KOH Medium
The corrosion rates were determined using Tafel extrapolation
technique. Typical Tafel plots are shown in figures 1 to 12.
Figure 1. Tafel plot for 0.5M KOH solution at different
temperatures
Figure 2. Tafel plot for 1M KOH solution at different
temperatures
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Figure 3. Tafel plot for 1.5M KOH solution at different
temperatures
Figure 4. Tafel plot for 0.5M KOH at 300
C with different
concentrations of 8-Hydroxyquinoline
Figure 5. Tafel plot for 0.5M KOH at 400
C with different
concentrations of 8-Hydroxyquinoline
Figure 6. Tafel plot for 0.5M KOH at 500
C with different
concentrations of 8-Hydroxyquinoline
Figure 7. Tafel plot for 1M KOH at 300
C with different
concentrations of 8-Hydroxyquinoline
Figure 8. Tafel plot for 1M KOH at 400C with different
concentrations of 8-Hydroxyquinoline
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Figure 9. Tafel plot for 1M KOH at 500
C with different
concentrations of 8-Hydroxyquinoline
Figure 10. Tafel plot for 1.5M KOH at 300
C with different
concentrations of 8-Hydroxyquinoline
Figure 11. Tafel plot for 1.5M KOH at 400
C with different
concentrations of 8-Hydroxyquinoline
Figure 12. Tafel plot for 1.5M KOH at 500
C with different
concentrations of 8-Hydroxyquinoline
The corrosion rates are calculated for various experiments
from these plots and tabulated. Values of corrosion rates in
KOH solution obtained for different temperatures are
presented in the Table 1.
Table 1. Corrosion rates of 6061Al-SiC Composite in
different concentrations of KOH and at temperatures
Medium Temperature (0
C) Corrosion Rate
(mpy)
0.5M KOH
30 37.982
35 40.372
40 45.714
45 49.550
50 54.572
1M KOH
30 65.718
35 75.760
40 85.885
45 93.759
50 105.629
1.5M KOH
30 97.535
35 112.860
40 117.199
45 134.894
50 150.822
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3.2 Inhibition Behaviour of 8-
Hydroxyquinoline
Corrosion rates obtained for different concentrations of 8-
Hydroxyquinoline and the inhibition efficiency of 8-
Hydroxyquinoline are tabulated in tables 2, 3 and 4.
Table 2. Corrosion rates of 6061Al-SiC Composite in KOH
solutions with inhibitor 8-Hydroxyquinoline at 300
C
Medium Corrosion Rate (mpy)
0
ppm
100
ppm
200
ppm
400
ppm
600
ppm
0.5M
KOH
37.98 37.01 35.01 31.91 31.79
1M
KOH
65.71 62.98 55.79 52.56 51.95
1.5M
KOH
97.53 85.80 82.02 61.28 55.39
Table 3. Corrosion rates of 6061Al-SiC Composite in KOH
solutions with inhibitor 8-Hydroxyquinoline
Medium Temperature
(0
C)
Corrosion rate (mpy)
Inhibitor concentration
0ppm 200pp
m
400pp
m
0.5MKOH
30 37.982 35.009 31.915
40 45.714 40.582 34.814
50 54.572 46.514 37.550
1M KOH
30 65.719 55.798 52.560
40 85.885 75.300 64.535
50 105.629 81.547 72.107
1.5M KOH
30 97.535 82.029 61.280
40 117.199 89.340 74.550
50 150.822 132.68
5
116.45
3
Table 4. Inhibition Efficiency of 8-Hydroxyquinoline in KOH
Medium Temperature(0
C)
Inhibition efficiency (%)
Inhibitor concentration
200ppm 400ppm
0.5M KOH
30 7.825 15.971
40 11.226 23.843
50 14.760 31.914
1M KOH
30 15.095 20.020
40 12.320 24.850
50 17.110 31.730
1.5M KOH
30 15.890 37.159
40 23.770 36.390
50 12.025 22.780
3.3 Thermodynamic Parameters
The effect of temperature on the corrosion rate of 6061 Al-
SiC composite was studied by measuring the corrosion rate at
different temperature between 300
C to 500
C. Activation
energy (Ea) for the corrosion process of 6061 Al-SiC
composite in KOH was calculated from the Arrhenius
equation.
ln(νcorr)= B-(Ea/RT) (4)
Where B is a constant which depends on the metal type and R
is the universal gas constant. The plot ofln(νcorr)versus
reciprocal of absolute temperature (1/T) gives a straight line
whose slope = -Ea/R, from which the activation energy
values for the corrosion process were calculated. Arrhenius
plots are shown in the figure 13 to 15.
The enthalpy of activation (∆H#) and entropy of activation
(∆S#) values for the corrosion process were calculated from
transition state theory equation.
νcorr= (RT/Nh) exp(∆S#/R) exp(-∆H#/RT) (5)
Where h is Planck’s constant, and N is Avagadro’s number
and R is the ideal gas constant. A plot of ln(νcorr/T) versus
(1/T) gives a straight line with slope= -∆H#/R and intercept =
ln(RT/Nh) + (∆S#/R). The free energy of adsorption of
inhibitor is calculated using formula as,
∆Gads = -RTln (6)
Where, ∆Gads= Free energy of adsorption (J/mol), R = Real
gas constant, T = Temperature (K), C = Concentration of
inhibitor (mol/dm3), = Surface coverage.
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Figure 13. Arrhenius plots for 0.5M KOH
Figure 14. Arrhenius plots for 1M KOH
Figure 15. Arrhenius plots for 1.5M KOH
The plot of ln(νcorr/T) versus (1/T) are shown in Figure 16
to18.
Figure 16. Plot of ln(νcorr/T) versus (1/T) in 0.5M
KOH
Figure 17. Plot of ln(νcorr/T) versus (1/T) in 1M
KOH
Figure 18. Plot of ln(νcorr/T) versus (1/T) in 1.5M
KOH
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The value of Ea, ΔH#, ΔS# and ΔG# for 8-Hydroxyquinoline
on 6061 Al-SiC composite in different KOH concentrations
and temperatures is listed in Table 5 and 6.
Table 5. Activation parameters for the corrosion of 6061Al-
SiC Composite in KOH solution
Table 6. Standard free energy (ΔG#) values
Medium Temperature
(0
C)
Standard free energy (∆G#)
0 ppm 200 ppm 400 ppm
0.5M
KOH
30 48.572 50.181 51.850
40 49.924 51.534 53.184
50 51.276 52.887 54.518
1M KOH
30 45.923 46.607 44.944
40 47.108 47.794 46.024
50 48.293 48.981 47.104
1.5M
KOH
30 45.688 46.250 51.134
40 46.685 47.203 51.980
50 47.683 48.157 52.647
The table 7 shows the free energy of adsorption of inhibitor
(8-Hydroxyquinoline) for corrosion of 6061 Al-SiC composite
in KOH at different concentrations.
Table 7. Free energy of adsorption (ΔGads) of
inhibitor
Medium Temperature
(0
C)
Free energy of
adsorption (KJ/mol)
200ppm 400ppm
0.5M
KOH
30 -20.498 -20.754
40 -22.221 -22.761
50 -23.753 -24.577
1M KOH
30 -22.362 -21.473
40 -22.481 -22.903
50 -24.236 -24.552
1.5M
KOH
30 -22.516 -23.636
40 -24.551 -24.337
50 -23.124 -23.333
4. DISCUSSIONS
4.1 Corrosion Behavior in KOH Medium
The results indicate that the 6061 Al-SiC composite is highly
susceptible to corrosion in 1.5M KOH while its corrosion rate
is comparatively lower in 0.5M KOH even at 500
C. Corrosion
rate is high at 500
C and is lower at 300
C for every
concentrations of KOH. Corrosion rate of the 6061 Al-SiC
increases with increase in temperature. It would be possible
because of the increased kinetics of the reaction. As the KOH
concentration increases from 0.5M to 1.5M, corrosion rate
shows an increase, because the loss of passivity of the
specimen due to thinning of primary oxide layer by the
chemical dissolution action of hydroxide ions(OH-
) on
increasing the concentration of the alkali. The hydroxide ions
formed increase the pH at the film/solution interface
considerably; the increased local pH on the metal surface
accelerates the corrosion reaction, and damage the passive
film.
4.2 Inhibition using 8-Hydroxyquinoline
8-Hydroxyquinoline is moderately effective in bringing down
the corrosion rate as its presence brings down the corrosion
rate considerably. Among the 2 concentration studied, the
lowest corrosion rate was obtained at 400ppm of 8-
Hydroxyquinoline in all alkali concentrations. Since,
8Hydroxyquinoline is adsorption type inhibitor its spread over
the surface of the metal like an umbrella and protects the
metal from corrosion. However, if sufficient quantity is not
added then the surface of the metal is left uncovered which
results in severe corrosion attack. It has been observed from
the figures 4 to 12 that the inhibitor 8-Hydroxyquinoline acts
as a cathodic inhibitor. It displaces the corrosion potential in
the negative direction and reduces corrosion current, there by
retard cathodic reaction and suppresses the corrosion rate.
Inhibition efficiency increases with the increase in inhibitor
concentration in all media. A maximum inhibition efficiency
of about 37% could be achieved with 400ppm of inhibitor
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addition in 1.5M KOH at 300
C. The inhibition efficiency of 8-
Hydroxyquinoline in different KOH concentration is shown in
figures 19 to 21.
Figure 19. Inhibition efficiency of 8Hydroxyquinoline in
0.5M KOH
Figure 20. Inhibition efficiency of 8Hydroxyquinoline in 1M
KOH
Figure 21. Inhibition efficiency of 8Hydroxyquinoline
in 1.5M KOH
Table 8. Adsorption isotherms
SI. No Name Verification plot
1 Langmuir c/ θ vs c
2 Frumkin θ vs log c
3 Bockris-Swinkels θ/(1- θ) vs log c
4 Temkin θ vs log c
5 Virial Parson θ vs log (θ/c)
6 Flory Huggins log (θ/c) vs log (1-
θ)
7 El-Awady log [θ/(1- θ)] vs log
c
8 Freundlich log θ vs log c
Various adsorption isotherms are listed in the above table 8.
Verification plots were plotted for each isotherms and it was
found that Temkin adsorption isotherm exhibits straight line.
Figure 22. Temkin adsorption isotherm for corrosion of 6061
Al-SiC composite
From the table 7 it is clear that the ∆Gads values for 8-
Hydroxyquinoline (C9H7NO) ranges between -20KJ/mol to -
25KJ/mol and it is observed that the inhibition efficiency
decreases with increase in temperature. From these two
observations it can be concluded that this inhibitor get
adsorbed on the metal surface by mixed adsorption, which is
also supported by enthalpy of activation shown in table 5.
4.3 Characterization Using SEM
The SEM images of the surface of the Al-SiC composite are
shown in figures 23 to 25. The figure 23 shows the SEM
micrograph of corroded sample without inhibitor and the
figure 24 and 25 show the SEM micrographs of corroded
sample with inhibitor at 300
C.
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Figure 23. SEM micrograph of corroded 6061 Al-SiC
composite in 0.5M KOH at 300
C
Figure 24. SEM micrograph of corroded 6061 Al-SiC
composite in 1.5M KOH with inhibitor (200ppm) at 300
C
Figure 25. SEM micrograph of corroded 6061 Al-SiC
composite in 1.5M KOH with inhibitor (400ppm) at 300
C
The SEM images shown that Al-SiC composite have
undergone both uniform and galvanic corrosion. The galvanic
corrosion is due to presence of SiC particles in Al matrix
which act as cathode site. This can be seen in the SEM images
where the matrix adjacent to the SiC particle has been
corroded.
5. CONCLUSIONS
1. 6061 Al-SiC composite is highly susceptible to
corrosion in KOH.
2. Corrosion rate of the sample increase with increase
in concentration of the solution. Also, corrosion rate
of the sample increases with increase in temperature
because of the increased kinetics of reaction.
3. 8-Hydroxyquinoline is found to be moderately
effective as a corrosion inhibitor and the inhibition
efficiency increases with inhibitor concentration for
a given set of conditions.
4. The highest efficiency of 37% was observed at
400ppm concentration of the inhibitor.
5. The standard free energy values confirm that
inhibitor molecules get adsorbed on to the surface of
the composite by mixed adsorption.
6. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
We are grateful to Dr Jagatnath Naik, HOD, Department of
Metallurgy and Materials Engineering NITK Surathkal Inda
Inda, for his keen interest and support during the course of the
investigation. Also the authors gratefully acknowledge the
assistance provided by the Metallurgy department staffs of
NITK surathkal India for carrying out heat treatments and
corrosion experiments.
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