The document discusses corrosion inhibition of carbon steel in chloride and sulfate solutions. It studies using a combination of dichromate, molybdate, and nitrite inhibitors to provide high corrosion inhibition. Testing involved immersing steel coupons in synthetic solutions with chloride and sulfate ions and measuring corrosion rates. Results found that a combination of 1 ppm sodium dichromate, 250 ppm sodium molybdate, and 50 ppm sodium nitrite provided the best corrosion inhibition while meeting environmental regulations. Further testing examined the effects of changing inhibitor concentrations and environmental parameters like chloride concentration, rotation speed, and pH. The inhibitor combination performed well except being sensitive to increases in sulfate concentration.
The effect of ethanol extract of leaves of Conyza Dicorides plant on the corrosion inhibition
of mild steel in 1M HCl solution was investigated by weight loss and electrochemical polarization
techniques at temperature range (25–65 ̊C). The Results obtained showed that the percentage
inhibition efficiency increases with the increasing of inhibitor concentration and decreases with the
increasing of temperature. At a concentration of 2 g/L, the percentage inhibition efficiency reached
about (94.87%) at 25 ̊C. The thermodynamic activation functions of dissolution process and
adsorption parameters were calculated and discussed. Adsorption of the additive was found to follow
the Langmuir adsorption isotherm.
Ginger extract as corrosion inhibitor from natural resources was studied to prevent corrosion of mild steel in acid media. Ginger rhizome was extracted to produce green corrosion inhibitor (G-1) while ginger powder bought at supermarket was also extracted to form a green corrosion inhibitor (G-2). Effectiveness of inhibitor in preventing corrosion process of mild steel was studied in 1.0 M of hydrochloric acid
Combination of urea-Sn+2 in SCP solution was examined as a corrosion inhibitor for concrete reinforced steel by potentiodynamicpolarization, surface synergist parameter and cyclic voltammetry methods comparing with urea–Zn+2 combination. A synergism parameter (SI) indicated a synergistic effect between urea and Sn+2was exist. Polarization study revealed that formulation consisting of 300 ppm urea+50 ppm Sn+2 in SCP solution provided inhibition efficiency (IF) of 85.93% while 300 ppm urea +50 ppm Zn+2 provided 82.3% IF, and this combination acts as anodic type inhibitor. Cyclic voltammetry curves showed that the steel samples immersed in this formulation has low tendency to pitting corrosion. From these results it can be concluded that urea – Sn+2 inhibitor formulation is a good corrosion n inhibitor for concrete reinforced steel, it can maintain stable passive film on steel surface even in the presence of aggressive chloride ions so it can be used instead of the high toxicityZn+2 inhibitor to improve the corrosion inhibition of urea fertilizer inhibitor.
Investigative studies on the inhibitive effects of Newbouldialaevis extracts ...researchinventy
The inhibitive effects ofNewbouldiaLaevis (NL) leaf extract and magnetic field on copper corrosion in 0.5M H2SO4 aqueous solution were investigated experimentally by gravimetric technique and theoretically using Quantum Chemical calculations. The results show that both NL and the magnetic field caused reduction in corrosion rate. The inhibition efficiency increased with concentration. The magnetic field caused greater increase in the inhibition efficiency. Temperature increase caused a decrease in inhibition efficiency. The activation energy is low and oscillates, possibly due to error factor from non-linearity of the Arrhenius plot. Among the tested isotherms, Langmuir has the highest correlation coefficient of 0.9963 and 0.7935 with and without magnet field respectively. The magnetic field increased the change in free energy, caused the reaction to become spontaneous, one mole of the inhibitor to replace 4 moles of water mole while reducing the number of monolayer of the inhibitor on the metal. The quantum chemical calculations performed on newbouldiaquinone and lapacholconstituents of NL showed that lapachol contributed more to the inhibition efficiency due its low binding energy, high dipole moment, chemical softness and fractional electron transfer. The magnetic field and temperature played opposite roles.
The corrosion protection of mild steel in 1 M H3PO4 solution by apricot juice was studied
at different temperatures by weight loss technique. Adsorption, activation and statistical studies
were addressed in this work. Adsorption studies showed that inhibitor adsorbed on metal surface
according to Langmuir isotherm. Average value of heat of adsorption was 14.93 kJ/mol indicates
a spontaneous physical adsorption on metal surface. Activation parameters did not changed with
addition of inhibitor indicates that there is no change in reaction mechanism. Analysis of variance
(ANOVA) was also applied. This analysis showed that the corrosion rate influenced by temperature,
inhibitor concentration and combined interaction of them.
Red Dragon Fruit (Selenicereus costaricensis) Waste Peels as Corrosion Inhibi...Innspub Net
Metal corrosion is brought about by the oxidation of atoms on the surface, resulting in irreversible damage to structures at staggering costs. Hence, the search for efficient and cost-effective corrosion inhibitors is relevant. Waste agricultural by-products which have no food or economic value serve as good potential sources for these environmentally benign corrosion inhibitors. Ethanolic extracts of Red Dragon Fruit (RDF) have been previously reported to contain high amounts of flavonoids and polyphenols, which can manifest inhibitory activity against corrosion brought about by aggressive electrolytes. In this study, the ethanolic extract of Selenicereus costaricensis waste peels was tested for its anti-corrosion property using weight loss method. We have also probed its performance as a potential corrosion inhibitor at a range of different temperatures from 303 to 343 K. The calculated inhibition efficiency of 2% RDF was 97%. Thermodynamic studies reveal that increasing inhibitor concentration raises the activation parameters of mild steel in an acidic medium such as activation energy (Ea) and changes in enthalpy (DHo) and entropy (DSo). It was found that the corrosion inhibition process using RDF waste peel extract mainly occurs under diffusion control. Moreover, increased immersion time, inhibitor concentration, and temperature led to increased inhibition efficiency. The spontaneous process (DGoads = -23.47 kJ/mol) of adsorption of RDF on mild steel surfaces obeys the Langmuir isotherm model.
The effect of ethanol extract of leaves of Conyza Dicorides plant on the corrosion inhibition
of mild steel in 1M HCl solution was investigated by weight loss and electrochemical polarization
techniques at temperature range (25–65 ̊C). The Results obtained showed that the percentage
inhibition efficiency increases with the increasing of inhibitor concentration and decreases with the
increasing of temperature. At a concentration of 2 g/L, the percentage inhibition efficiency reached
about (94.87%) at 25 ̊C. The thermodynamic activation functions of dissolution process and
adsorption parameters were calculated and discussed. Adsorption of the additive was found to follow
the Langmuir adsorption isotherm.
Ginger extract as corrosion inhibitor from natural resources was studied to prevent corrosion of mild steel in acid media. Ginger rhizome was extracted to produce green corrosion inhibitor (G-1) while ginger powder bought at supermarket was also extracted to form a green corrosion inhibitor (G-2). Effectiveness of inhibitor in preventing corrosion process of mild steel was studied in 1.0 M of hydrochloric acid
Combination of urea-Sn+2 in SCP solution was examined as a corrosion inhibitor for concrete reinforced steel by potentiodynamicpolarization, surface synergist parameter and cyclic voltammetry methods comparing with urea–Zn+2 combination. A synergism parameter (SI) indicated a synergistic effect between urea and Sn+2was exist. Polarization study revealed that formulation consisting of 300 ppm urea+50 ppm Sn+2 in SCP solution provided inhibition efficiency (IF) of 85.93% while 300 ppm urea +50 ppm Zn+2 provided 82.3% IF, and this combination acts as anodic type inhibitor. Cyclic voltammetry curves showed that the steel samples immersed in this formulation has low tendency to pitting corrosion. From these results it can be concluded that urea – Sn+2 inhibitor formulation is a good corrosion n inhibitor for concrete reinforced steel, it can maintain stable passive film on steel surface even in the presence of aggressive chloride ions so it can be used instead of the high toxicityZn+2 inhibitor to improve the corrosion inhibition of urea fertilizer inhibitor.
Investigative studies on the inhibitive effects of Newbouldialaevis extracts ...researchinventy
The inhibitive effects ofNewbouldiaLaevis (NL) leaf extract and magnetic field on copper corrosion in 0.5M H2SO4 aqueous solution were investigated experimentally by gravimetric technique and theoretically using Quantum Chemical calculations. The results show that both NL and the magnetic field caused reduction in corrosion rate. The inhibition efficiency increased with concentration. The magnetic field caused greater increase in the inhibition efficiency. Temperature increase caused a decrease in inhibition efficiency. The activation energy is low and oscillates, possibly due to error factor from non-linearity of the Arrhenius plot. Among the tested isotherms, Langmuir has the highest correlation coefficient of 0.9963 and 0.7935 with and without magnet field respectively. The magnetic field increased the change in free energy, caused the reaction to become spontaneous, one mole of the inhibitor to replace 4 moles of water mole while reducing the number of monolayer of the inhibitor on the metal. The quantum chemical calculations performed on newbouldiaquinone and lapacholconstituents of NL showed that lapachol contributed more to the inhibition efficiency due its low binding energy, high dipole moment, chemical softness and fractional electron transfer. The magnetic field and temperature played opposite roles.
The corrosion protection of mild steel in 1 M H3PO4 solution by apricot juice was studied
at different temperatures by weight loss technique. Adsorption, activation and statistical studies
were addressed in this work. Adsorption studies showed that inhibitor adsorbed on metal surface
according to Langmuir isotherm. Average value of heat of adsorption was 14.93 kJ/mol indicates
a spontaneous physical adsorption on metal surface. Activation parameters did not changed with
addition of inhibitor indicates that there is no change in reaction mechanism. Analysis of variance
(ANOVA) was also applied. This analysis showed that the corrosion rate influenced by temperature,
inhibitor concentration and combined interaction of them.
Red Dragon Fruit (Selenicereus costaricensis) Waste Peels as Corrosion Inhibi...Innspub Net
Metal corrosion is brought about by the oxidation of atoms on the surface, resulting in irreversible damage to structures at staggering costs. Hence, the search for efficient and cost-effective corrosion inhibitors is relevant. Waste agricultural by-products which have no food or economic value serve as good potential sources for these environmentally benign corrosion inhibitors. Ethanolic extracts of Red Dragon Fruit (RDF) have been previously reported to contain high amounts of flavonoids and polyphenols, which can manifest inhibitory activity against corrosion brought about by aggressive electrolytes. In this study, the ethanolic extract of Selenicereus costaricensis waste peels was tested for its anti-corrosion property using weight loss method. We have also probed its performance as a potential corrosion inhibitor at a range of different temperatures from 303 to 343 K. The calculated inhibition efficiency of 2% RDF was 97%. Thermodynamic studies reveal that increasing inhibitor concentration raises the activation parameters of mild steel in an acidic medium such as activation energy (Ea) and changes in enthalpy (DHo) and entropy (DSo). It was found that the corrosion inhibition process using RDF waste peel extract mainly occurs under diffusion control. Moreover, increased immersion time, inhibitor concentration, and temperature led to increased inhibition efficiency. The spontaneous process (DGoads = -23.47 kJ/mol) of adsorption of RDF on mild steel surfaces obeys the Langmuir isotherm model.
Effect of plant extracts on corrosion rate of mild steel in acidic mediumPremier Publishers
2.5ml Ethanol is used on plant extracts of locus bean (parkiabiglobosa) and banana sap (musaparadisiaca) as corrosion inhibitors for mild steel in 1M dilute HCl was investigated using weight loss techniques. Corrosion tests were first carried out for 1 and 3 hrs of immersion time respectively at various concentrations of extracts (0.5ml, 1.0ml, 1.5ml, 2.0ml and 2.5ml) and 2.5ml were used as corrosion inhibitors and at different temperatures (38oC, 45oC and 55oC). Results showed that the minimum corrosion rate obtained for 1 hr at 38oC with extract of Pakiabiglobosa is 0.85×10-4g/cm3/min and efficiency of 18.75% for 1hr, while at 55oC the corrosion rate was 4.37×10-4 g/cm3/min and efficiency of 33%. With ethanol extract of banana sap, minimum corrosion rate and efficiency recorded at 38°C were (4.16×10-4 g/cm3/min and efficiency of (22.1%), while at 55oC they were (0.83×10-4 g/cm3/min) and (7.6%) respectively. From these results, it is concluded that extracts of locust bean and banana sap can be successfully used as corrosion inhibitors in specified acidic medium.
Experimental and Quantum Chemical Studies on the Corrosion Inhibition Perform...inventionjournals
Corrosion inhibition nature of a synthesized Schiff’s base was studied on the corrosion of mild steel in 1.0 M HCl using weight loss and electrochemical methods. The results indicated that the synthesized Schiff base is an effective inhibitor in reducing the corrosion of mild steel in 1.0 M HCl solution. The inhibitor efficiency of inhibitor increased with inhibitor concentration and showed maximum inhibition efficiency at 300 ppm concentration. The adsorption of inhibitor molecules on to the metal surface obeyed Langmuir Adsorption isotherm. The adsorption mechanism involved both physical and chemical adsorptions. The potentiodynamic polarization studies showed that the inhibitor is a mixed typed inhibitor with more cathodic nature. Potential of zero charge was also determined and the adsorption mechanism discussed. Quantum mechanical studies showed that the Schiff base molecules have the strong tendency to donate electron pairs to the metallic atoms on the surface
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
Chemical and electrochemical studies of ranitidine as a corrosion inhibitor f...Premier Publishers
The corrosion inhibition of ranitidine on mild steel in hydrochloric acid medium was studied employing chemical and electrochemical methods. The results showed that the studied compound possessed good interaction on the metal surface and control both anodic and cathodic reactions. Studies pertaining to the determination of corrosion rate, percentage inhibition efficiency and variation of inhibitor concentration and temperature for the corrosion control process. Both anodic and cathodic polarized potentials were measured under galvanostatic and linear polarization techniques. The corrosion current density, corrosion potentials, Tafel slops and percentage inhibition efficiency were calculated. Thermodynamic parameters for the adsorption process were calculated and interpreted. The percentage inhibition efficiency obtained from both the methods was good agreement with each other. The corrosion protection was explained on the basis of adsorption of inhibitors on the metal surface. Adsorption of a compound on the mild steel surface was confirmed by FTIR spectra.
Corrosion Inhibition of Mild Steel in HCl Medium by a Condensation Productijtsrd
A condensation product CP was successfully synthesized from reaction of dimethyl amino benzaldehyde and aniline giving yields of 80 . The compound was characterized by Fourier Transform Infrared FTIR Spectroscopy. The corrosion inhibiting property of the CP on mild steel in HCl solution were investigated by the weight loss measurements, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy EIS and linear polarization resistance LPR . The concentrations of CP were varied from 1 x 10 3 M to 5 x 10 3 M. The inhibition efficiencies obtained from all the methods employed were in good agreement where the percentage of inhibition efficiencies increased with concentration of CP. Results showed that CP was the better inhibitor with inhibition efficiency of 90 at 5 x 10 3 M additive concentration. This is likely due to the effect of its large molecular size, higher number of electroactive heteroatoms and bigger p electron cloud of the conjugated double bond system. Ganesha Achary "Corrosion Inhibition of Mild Steel in HCl Medium by a Condensation Product" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-4 , June 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd30869.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/chemistry/physical-chemistry/30869/corrosion-inhibition-of-mild-steel-in-hcl-medium-by-a-condensation-product/ganesha-achary
Study of corrosion control effect of H2S scavengers in drilling fluidsMutiu K. Amosa, Ph.D.
Selected environmentally benign iron compounds (synthetic magnetite and ferrous gluconate) have been evaluated as corrosion inhibitors for oil-well steel (N-80) in 50 mg/l sulphide concentration at various pH ranging from 5.5 to 11.5 and at High Temperature, High Pressure (HTHP) conditions by the weight loss method. The test temperatures were 150 °F, 275 °F and 350 °F respectively for pressures of 3 000 psi, 5 000 psi and 6 000 psi. The ferrous complex was found to be a better corrosion inhibitor compared to the synthetic magnetite. It exhibited up to 99.2% inhibition efficiency (IE) when the dose of the scavenger was doubled (i.e. when the sulphide to scavenger ratio was 1:2) irrespective of other factors such as pH, temperature and pressure. Whereas, the synthetic magnetite’s optimum inhibition efficiency (IE) was observed to be up to 75.1% only when the ratio of the sulphide to scavenger was 1:4 at the lowest pH of the experiment (pH 5.5) which is not desirable for a drilling mud. As the pH increases, the inhibition efficiency of the magnetite decreases and found to be lowest at the alkaline pH of 11.5.
Topology and Control of Current-Fed Quasi Z-Source InverterIJERA Editor
Quasi Z-source inverter is improvement to traditional Z-source inverter. Current-fed quasi Z-source inverter
(CF-QZSI) is an enhancement to Z-source inverter (ZSIs), it owns lower component rating, decreased source
stress, decreased component compute and prosaic control synthesis. With its distinct structure, the CF-QZSI can
operate the traditional zero states to buck the output voltage, which improves the inverter dependability greatly,
and provides a tantalizing single stage dc-ac conversion that is able to buck and boost the voltage. For dedications
with a variable input voltage, this inverter is a very competitive topology. The paper presents a comprehensive
study on the new features of CF-QZSI which include the advantageous buck-boost function, improved reliability
and reduced passive component rating, its characteristics is verified by the simulation results .
New Method for Determination of Inductive Influence of One or More Power Line...IJERA Editor
The paper presents the method solving the problem of inductive influence of high voltage power lines on nearby
insulated metal installation in the cases when it appears in the urban surroundings, or when many relevant
parameters are uncertain, or completely unknown. The problem appears as a consequence of the fact that many
of surrounding urban installations are situated underground and cannot by visually determined or verified. The
method developed here enables compensation of deficiency of all relevant, but unknown data. This has been
done by determining the resulting screening factor involving the screening effects of all, known and unknown,
surrounding metal installations in any concrete urban conditions. Also, the method enables determination of the
relevant parameters of the equivalent screening conductor imagined around of the considered induction-affected
installation and along the section of its exposition. The method is composed of the on-the site measurements and
the calculation procedure based on the results of these measurements. The accuracy of the presented method has
been verified by using a numerical example.
Efficient load rebalancing for distributed file system in CloudsIJERA Editor
Cloud computing is an upcoming era in software industry. It’s a very vast and developing technology.
Distributed file systems play an important role in cloud computing applications based on map reduce
techniques. While making use of distributed file systems for cloud computing, nodes serves computing and
storage functions at the same time. Given file is divided into small parts to use map reduce algorithms in
parallel. But the problem lies here since in cloud computing nodes may be added, deleted or modified any time
and also operations on files may be done dynamically. This causes the unequal load distribution of load among
the nodes which leads to load imbalance problem in distributed file system. Newly developed distributed file
system mostly depends upon central node for load distribution but this method is not helpful in large-scale and
where chances of failure are more. Use of central node for load distribution creates a problem of single point
dependency and chances of performance of bottleneck are more. As well as issues like movement cost and
network traffic caused due to migration of nodes and file chunks need to be resolved. So we are proposing
algorithm which will overcome all these problems and helps to achieve uniform load distribution efficiently. To
verify the feasibility and efficiency of our algorithm we will be using simulation setup and compare our
algorithm with existing techniques for the factors like load imbalance factor, movement cost and network traffic.
Image Resolution Enhancement using DWT and Spatial Domain Interpolation Techn...IJERA Editor
Image Resolution is one of the important quality metrics of images. Images with high resolution are required in
many fields. In this paper, a new resolution enhancement technique is proposed based on the interpolation of
four sub band images generated by Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT) and the original Low Resolution (LR)
input image. In this technique, the four sub band images generated by DWT and the input LR image are
interpolated with scaling factor, α and then performed inverse DWT to obtain the intermediate High Resolution
(HR) Image. The difference between the intermediate HR image and the interpolated LR input image is added
to the intermediate HR image to obtain final output HR Image. Lanczos interpolation is used in this technique.
The proposed technique is tested on well known bench mark images. The quantitative and visual results shows
the superiority of the proposed technique over the conventional and state of art image resolution enhancement
techniques in wavelet domain using haar wavelet filter.
Room Transfer Function Estimation and Room Equalization in Noise EnvironmentsIJERA Editor
Audio quality in listening situation is degraded by indoor room reverberation. Room equalization can be used to
increase the audio quality by applying the inverse transfer function to the input audio signals. In noise
environments, however, it is hard to exactly measure the room transfer function. In this work, we developed the
techniques to measure the room transfer function in indoor noise environments and to enhance the audio quality
by room equalization. From the experimental results, we showed that the proposed techniques can be
successfully used in indoor noise environments
Effect of plant extracts on corrosion rate of mild steel in acidic mediumPremier Publishers
2.5ml Ethanol is used on plant extracts of locus bean (parkiabiglobosa) and banana sap (musaparadisiaca) as corrosion inhibitors for mild steel in 1M dilute HCl was investigated using weight loss techniques. Corrosion tests were first carried out for 1 and 3 hrs of immersion time respectively at various concentrations of extracts (0.5ml, 1.0ml, 1.5ml, 2.0ml and 2.5ml) and 2.5ml were used as corrosion inhibitors and at different temperatures (38oC, 45oC and 55oC). Results showed that the minimum corrosion rate obtained for 1 hr at 38oC with extract of Pakiabiglobosa is 0.85×10-4g/cm3/min and efficiency of 18.75% for 1hr, while at 55oC the corrosion rate was 4.37×10-4 g/cm3/min and efficiency of 33%. With ethanol extract of banana sap, minimum corrosion rate and efficiency recorded at 38°C were (4.16×10-4 g/cm3/min and efficiency of (22.1%), while at 55oC they were (0.83×10-4 g/cm3/min) and (7.6%) respectively. From these results, it is concluded that extracts of locust bean and banana sap can be successfully used as corrosion inhibitors in specified acidic medium.
Experimental and Quantum Chemical Studies on the Corrosion Inhibition Perform...inventionjournals
Corrosion inhibition nature of a synthesized Schiff’s base was studied on the corrosion of mild steel in 1.0 M HCl using weight loss and electrochemical methods. The results indicated that the synthesized Schiff base is an effective inhibitor in reducing the corrosion of mild steel in 1.0 M HCl solution. The inhibitor efficiency of inhibitor increased with inhibitor concentration and showed maximum inhibition efficiency at 300 ppm concentration. The adsorption of inhibitor molecules on to the metal surface obeyed Langmuir Adsorption isotherm. The adsorption mechanism involved both physical and chemical adsorptions. The potentiodynamic polarization studies showed that the inhibitor is a mixed typed inhibitor with more cathodic nature. Potential of zero charge was also determined and the adsorption mechanism discussed. Quantum mechanical studies showed that the Schiff base molecules have the strong tendency to donate electron pairs to the metallic atoms on the surface
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
Chemical and electrochemical studies of ranitidine as a corrosion inhibitor f...Premier Publishers
The corrosion inhibition of ranitidine on mild steel in hydrochloric acid medium was studied employing chemical and electrochemical methods. The results showed that the studied compound possessed good interaction on the metal surface and control both anodic and cathodic reactions. Studies pertaining to the determination of corrosion rate, percentage inhibition efficiency and variation of inhibitor concentration and temperature for the corrosion control process. Both anodic and cathodic polarized potentials were measured under galvanostatic and linear polarization techniques. The corrosion current density, corrosion potentials, Tafel slops and percentage inhibition efficiency were calculated. Thermodynamic parameters for the adsorption process were calculated and interpreted. The percentage inhibition efficiency obtained from both the methods was good agreement with each other. The corrosion protection was explained on the basis of adsorption of inhibitors on the metal surface. Adsorption of a compound on the mild steel surface was confirmed by FTIR spectra.
Corrosion Inhibition of Mild Steel in HCl Medium by a Condensation Productijtsrd
A condensation product CP was successfully synthesized from reaction of dimethyl amino benzaldehyde and aniline giving yields of 80 . The compound was characterized by Fourier Transform Infrared FTIR Spectroscopy. The corrosion inhibiting property of the CP on mild steel in HCl solution were investigated by the weight loss measurements, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy EIS and linear polarization resistance LPR . The concentrations of CP were varied from 1 x 10 3 M to 5 x 10 3 M. The inhibition efficiencies obtained from all the methods employed were in good agreement where the percentage of inhibition efficiencies increased with concentration of CP. Results showed that CP was the better inhibitor with inhibition efficiency of 90 at 5 x 10 3 M additive concentration. This is likely due to the effect of its large molecular size, higher number of electroactive heteroatoms and bigger p electron cloud of the conjugated double bond system. Ganesha Achary "Corrosion Inhibition of Mild Steel in HCl Medium by a Condensation Product" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-4 , June 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd30869.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/chemistry/physical-chemistry/30869/corrosion-inhibition-of-mild-steel-in-hcl-medium-by-a-condensation-product/ganesha-achary
Study of corrosion control effect of H2S scavengers in drilling fluidsMutiu K. Amosa, Ph.D.
Selected environmentally benign iron compounds (synthetic magnetite and ferrous gluconate) have been evaluated as corrosion inhibitors for oil-well steel (N-80) in 50 mg/l sulphide concentration at various pH ranging from 5.5 to 11.5 and at High Temperature, High Pressure (HTHP) conditions by the weight loss method. The test temperatures were 150 °F, 275 °F and 350 °F respectively for pressures of 3 000 psi, 5 000 psi and 6 000 psi. The ferrous complex was found to be a better corrosion inhibitor compared to the synthetic magnetite. It exhibited up to 99.2% inhibition efficiency (IE) when the dose of the scavenger was doubled (i.e. when the sulphide to scavenger ratio was 1:2) irrespective of other factors such as pH, temperature and pressure. Whereas, the synthetic magnetite’s optimum inhibition efficiency (IE) was observed to be up to 75.1% only when the ratio of the sulphide to scavenger was 1:4 at the lowest pH of the experiment (pH 5.5) which is not desirable for a drilling mud. As the pH increases, the inhibition efficiency of the magnetite decreases and found to be lowest at the alkaline pH of 11.5.
Topology and Control of Current-Fed Quasi Z-Source InverterIJERA Editor
Quasi Z-source inverter is improvement to traditional Z-source inverter. Current-fed quasi Z-source inverter
(CF-QZSI) is an enhancement to Z-source inverter (ZSIs), it owns lower component rating, decreased source
stress, decreased component compute and prosaic control synthesis. With its distinct structure, the CF-QZSI can
operate the traditional zero states to buck the output voltage, which improves the inverter dependability greatly,
and provides a tantalizing single stage dc-ac conversion that is able to buck and boost the voltage. For dedications
with a variable input voltage, this inverter is a very competitive topology. The paper presents a comprehensive
study on the new features of CF-QZSI which include the advantageous buck-boost function, improved reliability
and reduced passive component rating, its characteristics is verified by the simulation results .
New Method for Determination of Inductive Influence of One or More Power Line...IJERA Editor
The paper presents the method solving the problem of inductive influence of high voltage power lines on nearby
insulated metal installation in the cases when it appears in the urban surroundings, or when many relevant
parameters are uncertain, or completely unknown. The problem appears as a consequence of the fact that many
of surrounding urban installations are situated underground and cannot by visually determined or verified. The
method developed here enables compensation of deficiency of all relevant, but unknown data. This has been
done by determining the resulting screening factor involving the screening effects of all, known and unknown,
surrounding metal installations in any concrete urban conditions. Also, the method enables determination of the
relevant parameters of the equivalent screening conductor imagined around of the considered induction-affected
installation and along the section of its exposition. The method is composed of the on-the site measurements and
the calculation procedure based on the results of these measurements. The accuracy of the presented method has
been verified by using a numerical example.
Efficient load rebalancing for distributed file system in CloudsIJERA Editor
Cloud computing is an upcoming era in software industry. It’s a very vast and developing technology.
Distributed file systems play an important role in cloud computing applications based on map reduce
techniques. While making use of distributed file systems for cloud computing, nodes serves computing and
storage functions at the same time. Given file is divided into small parts to use map reduce algorithms in
parallel. But the problem lies here since in cloud computing nodes may be added, deleted or modified any time
and also operations on files may be done dynamically. This causes the unequal load distribution of load among
the nodes which leads to load imbalance problem in distributed file system. Newly developed distributed file
system mostly depends upon central node for load distribution but this method is not helpful in large-scale and
where chances of failure are more. Use of central node for load distribution creates a problem of single point
dependency and chances of performance of bottleneck are more. As well as issues like movement cost and
network traffic caused due to migration of nodes and file chunks need to be resolved. So we are proposing
algorithm which will overcome all these problems and helps to achieve uniform load distribution efficiently. To
verify the feasibility and efficiency of our algorithm we will be using simulation setup and compare our
algorithm with existing techniques for the factors like load imbalance factor, movement cost and network traffic.
Image Resolution Enhancement using DWT and Spatial Domain Interpolation Techn...IJERA Editor
Image Resolution is one of the important quality metrics of images. Images with high resolution are required in
many fields. In this paper, a new resolution enhancement technique is proposed based on the interpolation of
four sub band images generated by Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT) and the original Low Resolution (LR)
input image. In this technique, the four sub band images generated by DWT and the input LR image are
interpolated with scaling factor, α and then performed inverse DWT to obtain the intermediate High Resolution
(HR) Image. The difference between the intermediate HR image and the interpolated LR input image is added
to the intermediate HR image to obtain final output HR Image. Lanczos interpolation is used in this technique.
The proposed technique is tested on well known bench mark images. The quantitative and visual results shows
the superiority of the proposed technique over the conventional and state of art image resolution enhancement
techniques in wavelet domain using haar wavelet filter.
Room Transfer Function Estimation and Room Equalization in Noise EnvironmentsIJERA Editor
Audio quality in listening situation is degraded by indoor room reverberation. Room equalization can be used to
increase the audio quality by applying the inverse transfer function to the input audio signals. In noise
environments, however, it is hard to exactly measure the room transfer function. In this work, we developed the
techniques to measure the room transfer function in indoor noise environments and to enhance the audio quality
by room equalization. From the experimental results, we showed that the proposed techniques can be
successfully used in indoor noise environments
Analytical Study of Response of Multi-Storey Building under Biaxial Excitation IJERA Editor
Conventional practice of dynamic analysis using seismic codes recommends that the dynamic analysis is done by
considering earthquake force in one direction at a time i.e. uniaxial excitation. But the simultaneous effect of
asymmetricities in both orthogonal directions is neglected because of uniaxial excitation approach. Also the
behaviour of building during earthquake depends upon its shape size and overall geometry. The partial and
complete collapse of reinforced concrete buildings in recent earthquakes has raised the need to design the
building considering biaxial forces. Limited research has been carried out on effect of such biaxial excitation.
To get reliable results a regular and C shape model of multi-storey building is analysed using various timehistories
in SAP2000 v17. The angle of incidence of earthquake forces will be varying between 0 to 360 degrees.
The influence of the orthogonal horizontal component of input ground motion on seismic response of reinforced
concrete building is analysed by comparing the response of biaxial excitation with the response of uniaxial
excitation.
Change in maximum displacement values, considering this as the basic criteria, comparison of the responses due
biaxial excitation and uniaxial excitation is done. Time history analysis has been carried out using SAP2000
after validating the model with results available in reference literature.
It is observed and recommended that considering biaxial forces is necessary for an accurate determination of
response and also to reach an adequate design for serviceability earthquakes.
Modeling and Simulation of Five Phase Induction Motor using MATLAB/SimulinkIJERA Editor
Three phase Induction motors are invariably used in many residential, commercial, industrial & utility
applications because of low cost, reliable operation, robust operation and low maintenance. Multiphase motor
drives with phase number greater than three phase leads to an improvement in the medium to high power drives
application. The multiphase induction motor find application in special and critical area where high reliability is
demanded such as Electric vehicles/Hybrid Electric vehicles, aerospace application, ship propulsion and
locomotive traction and in high power application. This paper presents the MATLAB/Simulink implementation
of Induction motor. Reference frame theory is used for simulation of the five phase induction motor. Dynamic
model are employed to better understand the behavior of the induction motor in both steady state and transient
state.
Modeling Precipitating Tub (Settling Basin) For Reduction Sedimentation Effec...IJERA Editor
Potential irrigation channels widely in Indonesia and suitable for turbine type Plopeler Open Flume. From
observation this sedimentation processes was effect on turbin and quality electric power generated. This study
was determine the relationship effect of sedimentation on parameter MHP and modeling sedimentation basin to
reduce its influence.
The settling basin modeling into 3 design models and 2 codition,. MHP conditions in the rain without modeling
with the data voltage deviation Vd = 17.6%, frequency deviation Fd = 6.8% and rotation deviation Nd = 6.8% at
concentration sedimentation between 2.551 C (g/l) and 3.864 (g/l) where the value of C category (C > 2.5 (g/l)
(bad sedimentation) MHP operates abnormally. By modeling setling basin designs III at time rain, was
obtained deviation voltage Vd = 3%, deviation frequency Fd = 1% and the deviation of rotation Nd = 1% at a
concentration of sedimentation C between 1.160 (g/l) and 1.340 (g/l) in which the value C category (under C
<2.5 (g/l)), condition of the MHP normal operating.
This research beneficial to reduce the cost of investment the load control electronic equipment and reference in
the development National Irrigation Project.
Studying the Advance Maintenance Practice & Computerised MaintenanceIJERA Editor
Many companieѕ think of maintenance aѕ an inevitable ѕource of coѕt. For theѕe companieѕ maintenance
operationѕ have a corrective function and are only executed in emergency conditionѕ. Today, thiѕ form of
intervention iѕ no longer acceptable becauѕe of certain critical elementѕ ѕuch aѕ product quality, plant ѕafety,
and the increaѕe in maintenance department coѕtѕ which can repreѕent from 15 to 70% of total production coѕtѕ.
The managerѕ have to ѕelect the beѕt maintenance policy for each piece of equipment or ѕyѕtem from a ѕet of
poѕѕible alternativeѕ. For example, corrective, preventive, opportuniѕtic, condition-baѕed and predictive
maintenance policieѕ are conѕidered in thiѕ paper.
Effect of Cotton Fibers and Their Trash Characteristics on the Performance of...IJERA Editor
Technological revolution in the age old cotton textile industry has made spinning preparatory section as a
control centre for quality and economy of the outgoing product. Spinners have to chase these goals by cleaning
the cotton mix without detoriating feed cotton characteristics and undue increase in the waste levels at higher
productivity level. The successful efforts demand through investigation of the cotton fibers and their trash
characteristics as well as identification of their best fit interrelationship with process parameters. Set of
experimentations done in this direction are described in this paper as case study.
Analysis of Natural Sensitizers to Enhance the Efficiency in Dye Sensitized S...IJERA Editor
Three vegetable dyes are used for the study: anthocyanin dye from pomegranate arils extract, betalain dye from
beet root extract and chlorophyll dye from tridax procumbens leaf. The anthocyanin and betalain, anthocyanin
and chlorophyll, betalain and chlorophyll dyes are blended in cocktail in equal proportions, by volume. This
study determines the effect of different extraction concentrations and different vegetable dyes on energy gap
using dye sensitized solar cells. The experimental results show that the cocktail dye blended using extracts of
pomegranate arils, beet root and tridax procumbens leaf, in the volumetric proportion 1:1, using an extraction at
room temperature the greatest energy gap (eg) of up to 1.87eV.
Dynamic Response of Rcc and Composite Structure with Brb Frame Subjected To S...IJERA Editor
Concrete structures impart more seismic weight and less deflection whereas Steel structures instruct more
deflections and ductility to the structure, which is beneficial in resisting earthquake forces. Composite
Construction combines the better properties of both steel and concrete. Buckling restrained braced frames
(BRBFs) are primarily used as seismic-force resisting systems for buildings in seismically-active regions.The
objective of the present work is to compare a twenty storied RCC and composite framed structure with BRB
frame subjected to Seismic and different Temperatureloadings using Non-Linear Time History Analysis. Three
dimensional modeling and analysis of the structure is carried out with the help of SAP-2000 v16 software. It is
observed that the storey displacements were decreased by 36% for twenty storey RCC building and for
composite buildings it was decreased by 45% for twenty storeys suggesting the effectiveness of Buckling
restrained brace frame. The overall results suggested that BRB were excellent seismic control device for
composite building as the roof displacement is reduced by 40% but whereas for RCC it is reduced only by 25%.
For Seismic prone areas composite building with BRB frame is more effective. Under Temperature loading
RCC building is more effective than composite structure.
Characterization And Study of Friction Stir Welding of AA6101 Aluminum Alloy IJERA Editor
Friction stir welding (FSW) combines two plates by frictional heating at the interface with the localized plastic
deformation within the material. In friction stir welding heat is generated by the friction between rotating tool
shoulder and the plates to be welded. The heat thus generated results in thermal softening of the material. The
softened material is then forced to flow by the translation of the tool from the front to the back of the pin. There
it cools, consolidates and results in joint formation. In the process, strength of the joint and percentage
elongation varies from the parent material. AA6101 is equivalent to AA 6061 and AA6063. At present AA6101
is used by the electrical industries only. A detailed experimental study has been done on AA 6101 to its utility as
an Aluminum alloy for structural fabrication.
Analysis of Natural Sensitizers to Enhance the Efficiency in Dye Sensitized S...IJERA Editor
Three vegetable dyes are used for the study: anthocyanin dye from pomegranate arils extract, betalain dye from
beet root extract and chlorophyll dye from tridax procumbens leaf. The anthocyanin and betalain, anthocyanin
and chlorophyll, betalain and chlorophyll dyes are blended in cocktail in equal proportions, by volume. This
study determines the effect of different extraction concentrations and different vegetable dyes on energy gap
using dye sensitized solar cells. The experimental results show that the cocktail dye blended using extracts of
pomegranate arils, beet root and tridax procumbens leaf, in the volumetric proportion 1:1, using an extraction at
room temperature the greatest energy gap (eg) of up to 1.87eV.
Hard Decision Viterbi Decoder: Implementation on FPGA and Comparison of Resou...IJERA Editor
Viterbi decoder is the most important part in receiver section of wireless communication system. Viterbi
algorithm is one of the most common decoding algorithms used for decoding convolutional codes. Viterbi
decoder employs Maximum Likelihood technique to decode the convolutionally encoded data stream. In
practice, most of the communication systems use Viterbi decoding scheme in processors. But increased interest
on high speed Viterbi decoder in a single chip forced to realize with the speed of Giga-bit per second, without
using memory or off-chip processors. Implementation of proposed design and realization is possible due to
advanced Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) technologies and advanced Electronic Design Automatic
(EDA) tools. This paper involves designing an optimum structure of Viterbi decoder and implementing it on
different FPGA devices to compare the resource utilizations.
Chemical Analysis of Emu Feather Fiber Reinforced Epoxy CompositesIJERA Editor
A composite is usually made up of at least two materials out of which one is binding material called as matrix and other is a reinforcement material known as fiber. For the past ten years research is going on to explore possible composites with natural fiber like plant fibers and animal fibers. The important characteristics of composites are their strength, hardness light in weight. It is also necessary to study about the resistance of the composites for deferent chemicals. In the present work, composites prepared with epoxy (Araldite LY-556) as resin and „emu‟ bird feathers as fiber have been tested for chemical resistance. The composites were prepared by varying fiber loading (P) of „emu‟ feathers ranging from 1 to 5 and length (L) of feather fibers from 1 to 5 cm. The composites thus prepared were subjected to various chemicals (Acids, Alkalis, solvents etc.). Observations were plotted and studied. The results reveal that there will be weight gain for the composite samples after three days, when treated with Hydrochloric acid, Sodium carbonate, Acetic acid, Sodium hydroxide, Nitric acid and Ammonium hydroxide. Weight loss was observed for all the samples including pure epoxy when treated with Benzene, Carbon tetra chloride and Toluene.
Performance and Emission Characteristics on Glow Plug Hot Surface Ignition C....IJERA Editor
The concept of using alcohol fuels as alternative to diesel fuel in diesel engine is recent one. The scarcity of transportation petroleum fuels due to the fast depletion of the petroleum deposits and frequent rise in their costs in the international market have spurred many efforts to find alternatives. Alcohols were quickly recognized as prime candidates to displace or replace high octane petroleum fuels. Innovative thinking led to find varies techniques by which alcohol can be used as fuel in diesel engine. Amongst the fuel alternative proposed, the most favourest ones are methanol and ethanol. The specific tendency of alcohols to ignite easily from a hot surface makes it suitable to ignite in a diesel engine by different methods. The advantage of this property of alcohols enables to design and construct a new type of engine called surface ignition engine. Methanol and ethanol are very susceptible to surface ignition, this method is very suitable for these fuels. The hot surfaces which, can be used in surface ignition engine are electrically heated glow plug with hot surface. Hence present research work carries the experimental investigation on glow plug hot surface ignition engine, by adding different additives with methanol and ethanol as fuels, with an objective to find the best one performance, emission and compression parameters.
An ANN Based Capicitor Voltage Balancing Method For Neutral Point Clamped Mul...IJERA Editor
Multi-level inverters are became popular for usage in medium voltage, low voltage power applications due to
flexibility in control and better performance characteristics in terms of harmonic regulation. Neutral point
clamped are popular as they require less number of sources as their input when compared with their counter
parts i.e. cascaded multi-level inverters and found to be reliable when compared with flying capacitor based
multi-level inverters. But when neutral clamped technologies are used for generation of three-phase voltages,
the capacitors that are connected at input side experiences imbalance in their voltages, this makes neutral point
clamped multi-level inverters less reliable. In the proposed work an attempt is made to study circuits that
balances the capacitor voltages and a scheme is investigated for balancing the capacitor voltages. Method
proposed in [1] uses PID controller for balancing the capacitor voltages. In this project PI based control scheme
and artificial neural network (ANN) based control scheme for the front end circuit shown in [1] are designed for
achieving balance among the capacitor voltages. The proposed control scheme is simulated with the help of
Simpowersystems block set and neural network toolbox of MATLAB software for different load conditions.
Results obtained from ANN based controller and PI controller are presented.
Effect of Packaging materials on Quality Parameters of GarlicIJERA Editor
Studies were carried out to evaluate the effect of storage period and different packaging material on the quality
of garlic flakes dried by convective-cum-microwave (CCM) and fluidized-cum-microwave (FCM) hybrid
drying. Garlic flakes were packaged and stored in high density polyethylene (HDPE), low density polyethylene
(LDPE) and laminated aluminium foil for 3 months under ambient conditions. Samples were investigated to
observe for change in rehydration ratio, colour, physiological loss in weight % and overall acceptability. Among
the hybrid drying techniques adopted, the garlic flakes developed under optimized condition of fluidized bedcum-
microwave was found better in terms of shelf life and quality attributes. The aluminium packaging was
adjudged to be the best in retaining the quality of dried garlic flakes up to 3 months of storage. Overall, it can
be concluded that the fluidized bed cum microwave dried garlic flakes packed in Aluminium package were the
best, and can be stored safely up to 3 months.
Inhibition of Sulphuric Acid Corrosion of Mild Steel by Surfactant and Its Ad...IOSR Journals
Abstract: The corrosion inhibition effect of surfactant, N,N-Dimethyl-N-(2-Phenoxyethyl)dodecan-1- aminiumbromide(DPDAB) on mild steel corrosion in 0.5M Sulphuric acid was investigated by weight loss, potentiodynamic polarization and Electrochemical impedance spectroscopic techniques. DPDAB is an excellent inhibitor and its inhibition efficiency increases with increase in concentration and maximum inhibition efficiency was observed above the critical micelle concentration (CMC). The polarization curves reveal that DPDAB acts as mixed type inhibitor with predominantly of anodic type. The corrosion inhibition efficiency of DPDAB increases with increase in concentration and decreases with increase in temperature from 298K to 308K and then increases and shows maxima at 318K and then decreases at 328K.. The adsorption of the inhibitor on the mild steel in 0.5M H2SO4 was found to obey Langmuir’s adsorption isotherm. Scanning electronic microscopy (SEM) confirmed the existence of an adsorbed protective film on the metal surface. The kinetic and thermodynamic parameters were calculated and discussed.
STUDY THE CORROSION INHIBITION OF UREA FERTILIZER –Sn+2 FORMULATION ON REINFO...IAEME Publication
Combination of urea-Sn +2 in SCP solution was examined as a corrosion inhibitor for concrete reinforced steel by potentiodynamic polarization, surface synergist parameter and cyclic voltammetry methods comparing with urea–Zn +2 combination. A synergism parameter (SI) indicated a synergistic effect between urea and Sn +2 was exist. Polarization study revealed that formulation consisting of 300 ppm urea+50 ppm Sn +2 in SCP solution provided inhibition efficiency (I F) of 85.93% while 300 ppm urea +50 ppm Zn +2 provided 82.3% IF , and this combination acts as anodic type inhibitor. Cyclic voltammetry curves showed that the steel samples immersed in this formulation has low tendency to pitting corrosion. From these results it can be concluded that urea – Sn +2 inhibitor formulation is a good corrosion n inhibitor for concrete reinforced steel, it can maintain stable passive film on steel surface even in the presence of aggressive chloride ions so it can be used instead of the high toxicityZn +2 inhibitor to improve the corrosion inhibition of urea fertilizer inhibitor.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Studies on Corrosion Characteristics of Carbon Steel Exposed to Na2CO3, Na2SO...theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Corrosion Behaviour of 6061 Al-SiC Composites in KOH MediumEditor IJCATR
The present research work deals with the corrosion behaviour of 6061 Al-15% (vol) SiC(P) composites. The addition of the
reinforcement like SiC to Aluminium has been reported to decrease the corrosion resistance of the matrix due to several reasons, one
of them being galvanic action between the reinforcement and the matrix. In the present work, the corrosion behaviour of 6061 Al-15%
(vol) SiC(P) composites in KOH at different concentration (0.5M, 1M, 1.5M) and different temperature (300C, 350C, 400C, 450C, 500C)
was determined by Tafel extrapolation technique. The inhibition action of 8-Hydroxyquinoline on corrosion behaviour of 6061 Al-
15% (vol) SiC(P) composites in KOH at different concentration of inhibitor (200ppm, 400ppm); different concentration of medium
(0.5M, 1M,1.5M) and different temperature (300C, 350C, 400C, 450C, 500C) was investigated. The results indicate that corrosion rate
of Al-SiC composite in KOH increases as the concentration of medium increases and also as temperature of medium increases. The
results indicate that the inhibitor is moderately effective in inhibiting the corrosion of 6061 Al-15% (vol) SiC(P) composites. As the
inhibitor concentration increases, the corrosion rate decreases. The surface morphology of the metal surface was investigated using
scanning electron microscope (SEM). Activation energy was evaluated using Arrhenius equation, and enthalpy of activation and
entropy of activation values were calculated using transition state equation
Some factors affecting on the behavior ofsteel electrode in citric acid solut...IJERA Editor
Potential-time curves are constructed for the steel electrode in naturally aerated citric acid solutions devoid of
and containing some aggressive and inhibitive compounds. Cl- and SO4
2- ions cause the destruction of passivity
and initiation of pitting corrosion. The rate of oxide film growth by citric acid and oxide film destruction by Cl-
and SO4
2- ions follows a direct logarithmic law as evident from the linear relationships between the open-circuit
potential and the logarithm of immersion time. Urea, phenylhydrazine and 1,2-phenylenediamine compounds
inhibit the pitting corrosion of steel. The rate of oxide film healing and thickening increases with their
concentrations. In presence of constant inhibitor concentration, the efficiency of pitting inhibition increases in
the order: (weak) urea<phenylhydrazine><1,2-phenylenediamine(strong).
Effect of Inhibitor Concentration and Immersion Time on the Corrosion Rate an...AJSERJournal
The effect of inhibitor concentration and immersion time on the corrosion rate and inhibition efficiency of
AISI 1019 steel in seawater environment were investigated by means of weight loss measurement (WLM) at an interval
of 6days for a period of 60 days. AISI 1019 steel were immersed in seawater solution in the absence and presence of
varying inhibitor concentrations of potassium chromate (PC), Sodium Nitrite(SN), Methyl Orange (MO), Methyl Red
(MR), Terminalia Catappa Leaves (TCL) Extract, Carica papaya Leaves (CPL) Extract. The results showed that there is an
increase in inhibition efficiency with increase in inhibitor concentration and decrease in inhibition efficiency with
increase in immersion time. The inorganic inhibitor (potassium chromate), inorganic inhibitor (Sodium Nitrite), the
organic Inhibitor (Methyl Orange), the organic inhibitor (Methyl Red), the green inhibitor (Terminalia Catappa Leaves)
and green inhibitor (Carica Papaya Leaves) produced their best inhibition efficiency of 71.94%, 634%, 68.94%, 68.32%,
627% ,59.79% respectively at a concentration of 10g/L. From the result obtained, the potassium chromate inhibitor has
better inhibitory property than other inhibitors, which revealed that it is best suited for inhibition of corrosion of mild
steel in seawater environment.
Thermodynamic characterization of metal dissolution and inhibitor adsorption ...IJRES Journal
The inhibition effect of 1-hexyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride (HMIC) on the corrosion of mild
steel in 2M sulphuric acid solution has been investigated by weight loss. potentiodynamic polarization and
electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The effect of temperature on the corrosion behavior of mild steel in
2M H2SO4 with addition of inhibitor was studied in weight loss method at the temperature range of 308-328 K.
Results obtained that the inhibition efficiency increases with increasing the concentration of the inhibitor and
decreases with increasing the temperature. Polarization and impedance measurements were in good agreement.
The adsorption of this inhibitor on the mild steel surface obeys the Langmuir adsorption isotherm. Fourier
transform spectroscopy (FTIR) and Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was also carried out to establish the
corrosion inhibit property of this inhibitor in sulphuric acid medium. Quantum chemical calculations were
performed using density functional theory to find out whether a clear link exists between the inhibitive effect of
the inhibitor and the electronic properties of its main constituents.
Inhibition Effect of Hydantoin Compounds on the Corrosion of Iron in Nitric a...Al Baha University
The inhibition of corrosion of iron in 2M nitric acid and 2M sulfuric acid solutions by substituted phenylhydantoin, thiohydantoin, and dithiohydantoin compounds was measured using thermometric, weight loss, and polarization methods. The three methods gave consistent results. The polarization curves indicated that the hydantoin compounds act as mixed-type inhibitors. The adsorption of the inhibitors were found to obey the Temkin adsorption isotherm. The higher inhibition ef®ciency of the additives in nitric with respect to sulfuric acid solution may be attributed to the reduced formation of soluble quaternary nitrogen salts in nitric acid medium, favouring adsorption of the parent additive on the metal surface. The obtained results indicate that the corrosion rate of iron in both acids increases with increasing temperature, both in absence and presence of the tested inhibitors. Kinetic-thermodynamic model functions and Temkin isotherm data are compared and discussed. The synergistic effect of halide anions on the inhibition ef®ciency of the hydantoin compounds was also investigated.
Performance of blended corrosion inhibitors for reinforced concreteeSAT Journals
Abstract Use of chemical corrosion inhibitors has been recognized as one of the effective way of controlling rebar corrosion in reinforced cement concrete (RCC). Corrosion inhibiting admixtures fall into the specialty admixture category and are used to slow down corrosion of reinforcing steel in concrete. The addition of corrosion inhibitors to the mix, offers a viable corrosion protection measure. There are generally three groups of inhibitors: anodic, cathodic and mixed inhibitors. The effect of these chemicals on various physical properties of cement such as setting time, pH, and compressive strength needs to be explored before use. In the present investigation an attempt has been made to mix two commercially available corrosion inhibitors and evaluate its effect on setting time, pH and compressive strength. In the next part of the study electrochemical test involving the blended chemical corrosion inhibitor were also conducted on RCC slab specimen. Corrosion kinematic parameters have been estimated using potentio-dynamic polarization tests. It has been observed that the corrosion inhibitor does not have any adverse effect on physical properties of cement and cement concrete. The low corrosion current density exhibited by the inhibitor proves their potential in controlling corrosion initiation and propagation. Keywords - Corrosion inhibitors, setting time, compressive strength, corrosion kinematic parameters
In the present investigation the corrosion measurements were carried out in 5% NaCl
aqueous solution, 2.5% HCl. solution for predetermined time intervals and varying
percentage concentrations of HCl solution at room temperature. Kinetics of corrosion
effect on samples of Al-Zn alloy, Al-Zn –5wt% flyash and silicon carbide particles and
Al-Zn –10wt% flyash and silicon carbide particles as reinforcement in composite are
studied.
Similar to Corrosion Inhibition of Carbon Steel in Chloride and Sulfate Solutions (20)
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
Courier management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
It is now-a-days very important for the people to send or receive articles like imported furniture, electronic items, gifts, business goods and the like. People depend vastly on different transport systems which mostly use the manual way of receiving and delivering the articles. There is no way to track the articles till they are received and there is no way to let the customer know what happened in transit, once he booked some articles. In such a situation, we need a system which completely computerizes the cargo activities including time to time tracking of the articles sent. This need is fulfilled by Courier Management System software which is online software for the cargo management people that enables them to receive the goods from a source and send them to a required destination and track their status from time to time.
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Democratizing Fuzzing at Scale by Abhishek Aryaabh.arya
Presented at NUS: Fuzzing and Software Security Summer School 2024
This keynote talks about the democratization of fuzzing at scale, highlighting the collaboration between open source communities, academia, and industry to advance the field of fuzzing. It delves into the history of fuzzing, the development of scalable fuzzing platforms, and the empowerment of community-driven research. The talk will further discuss recent advancements leveraging AI/ML and offer insights into the future evolution of the fuzzing landscape.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
Vaccine management system project report documentation..pdfKamal Acharya
The Division of Vaccine and Immunization is facing increasing difficulty monitoring vaccines and other commodities distribution once they have been distributed from the national stores. With the introduction of new vaccines, more challenges have been anticipated with this additions posing serious threat to the already over strained vaccine supply chain system in Kenya.
Event Management System Vb Net Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
In present era, the scopes of information technology growing with a very fast .We do not see any are untouched from this industry. The scope of information technology has become wider includes: Business and industry. Household Business, Communication, Education, Entertainment, Science, Medicine, Engineering, Distance Learning, Weather Forecasting. Carrier Searching and so on.
My project named “Event Management System” is software that store and maintained all events coordinated in college. It also helpful to print related reports. My project will help to record the events coordinated by faculties with their Name, Event subject, date & details in an efficient & effective ways.
In my system we have to make a system by which a user can record all events coordinated by a particular faculty. In our proposed system some more featured are added which differs it from the existing system such as security.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
Forklift Classes Overview by Intella PartsIntella Parts
Discover the different forklift classes and their specific applications. Learn how to choose the right forklift for your needs to ensure safety, efficiency, and compliance in your operations.
For more technical information, visit our website https://intellaparts.com
Corrosion Inhibition of Carbon Steel in Chloride and Sulfate Solutions
1. Amr Ahmed Elsayed Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN: 2248-9622, Vol. 6, Issue 2, (Part - 3) February 2016, pp.01-06
www.ijera.com 1|P a g e
Corrosion Inhibition of Carbon Steel in Chloride and Sulfate
Solutions
Amr Ahmed Elsayed*, Yehia Mohamed Sabry ElShazly**
*(Corrosion Engineer at Egyptian Projects Operation & Maintenance)
**(Associate Professor, Chemical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Alexandria University,
Alexandria 21544. Egypt)
ABSTRACT
Corrosion is a major problem in industry and in infrastructure; a huge sum of expenditure every year is spent on
preventing, retarding, and repairing its damages. This work studies the engineering of an inhibitor for carbon
steel metal used in the cooling systems containing high concentration of chloride and sulfate ions. For this
purpose, the synergy between the dichromate, molybdate and nitrite inhibitors is examined and optimized to the
best results. Moreover, care was taken that the proposed inhibitor is compliant with the environmental laws and
regulations.
Keywords - Corrosion inhibitor, Passivation, Steel, Molybdate, Nitrite, Dichromate.
I. INTRODUCTION
Corrosion is a worldwide known problem. The
serious consequences of the corrosion process is not
represented in the loss of the material, but the loss of
reliability and efficiency: process shutdown and
failure, product contamination and loss, and
personals fatality. Most studies and researches have
attacked this problem from two different fronts;
either the development of new materials and alloys
that are more immune and resistant to corrosion, or
the continuous arrest or retardation of the corrosion
process itself. The second approach embrace many
different techniques, such as surface coating of
metals, cathodic and anodic protection, and the use of
corrosion inhibitors. In industry, it is not unusual to
apply one or more of these methods depending on the
importance and economics.
Cooling water systems are found in a lot of
important industries such as oil refineries,
petrochemicals and energy plants. In cooling water
systems, many factors will have an impact on the rate
of the corrosion process, such as the high
temperature, the fluid turbulence and the quality of
water. Thus, they have to be included in the design
and operation of the corrosion protection scheme.
Previous researches agreed that most cooling water
will usually have at maximum 300 ppm Cl-
ion [1].
Chloride ions can cause pitting or general corrosion.
However, most cooling water systems have also high
concentrations of SO42-
ion, which restrain the
adsorption of Cl-
ions on the passive film [2], and
increases the pitting potential which impede the
pitting corrosion [3, 4]. Usually, in cooling systems,
the protection against corrosion will include the
addition of inhibitors to the solution that will
passivate the metal or form a persistent protective
film on the surface of the metal. Of these compounds,
the dichromate, nitrite, molybdate and
orthophosphate have proven their successfulness. The
dichromate ion is an excellent corrosion inhibitor,
particularly from a cost prospective [5, 6]. However,
the hexavalent chromium is also known to be a very
noxious compound. It affects the respiratory system,
the gastrointestinal tract, the liver, the kidney and the
immune system. Also it is a known human
carcinogen [7-9]. Thus, local environmental laws
limit its discharge in wastewater to 0.5 ppm [10].
This has caused the decrease of the use of dichromate
salts significantly. Nitrite is an oxidizing agent with
corrosion inhibitive properties. It has been used for
improving the corrosion inhibition efficiency of
molybdate [11, 12]. However, though nitrite ion has
no environmental limit, but it can be easily oxidized
to the nitrate form which has a limit of 50 ppm [10].
Molybdate can be a very effective inhibitor,
especially when combined with other chemicals. Its
main drawbacks are its high cost and its inefficiency
in the absence of oxygen due to its weak oxidizing
power [13].
This work studies the design of a corrosion
inhibition mixture based on the combination of
dichromate, nitrite and molybdate salts. The mixture
should demonstrate a high corrosion inhibition for
water cooling systems while not exceeding the limits
established by the environmental laws.
II. EXPERIMENTAL WORK
The process was simulated by rotating a steel
coupon in a synthetic solution containing 0.01 M
NaCl (equivalent to 335 ppm Cl-
), 0.02 M (NH4)2SO4
(equivalent to1920 ppm SO4
2-
) [14]. The speed was
fixed at 1000 rpm and the time at two hours. The
RESEARCH ARTICLE OPEN ACCESS
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corrosion rate was determined by the weight loss
technique using a 0.0001 g accuracy balance. The
steel coupons composition was as follows: C=
0.042%, Si= 0.034%, Mn= 0.161%, P= 0.007%, S=
0.003%, Cr= 0.015%, Ni= 0.01%, Cu= 0.024%, and
the balance iron. The radius of the coupons used was
70 mm, and the thickness was 3 mm. Before each
run, both sides of the coupons were abraded with
decreasing number waterproof silicon carbide paper
then washed with tap water followed by distilled
water, and the solution pH was adjusted to 5.
The corrosion rate is determined in (g/m2
d) according
to:
(1)
The inhibition efficiency was calculated accordingly:
(2)
In order to find the best combination of ions, the
experimental work was divided into four consecutive
parts: the start of each part depends on the final
results of its precedent.
The first part is the study of the stability of the
protective passivation layer formed on the steel using
the different ions. The coupon was submerged in a
1% sodium salt solution of the inhibitor and heated at
80 0C for 15 minutes to insure the formation and
thermal stability of the passive layer. These tested
ions were: dichromate, nitrite, molybdate, mixtures of
dichromate and nitrite in the ratio of 4 to 1, and
mixture of dichromate and permanganate in the ratio
of 4 to 1. The coupons were then immersed in the test
solution with no inhibitors and rotated for 2 hours at
1000 rpm.
In the second part, the interaction among the
three corrosion inhibitor ions is studied. Therefore,
the coupons were immersed in the passivating
solution for 15 minutes. Table 1 shows the different
concentrations of the salts used. After the 15 minutes,
the corrosive species were added to the solution and
coupons were rotated at 1000 rpm for 2 hours. The
interaction between the different species is studied
using the factorial design technique [15]. This is an
experimental strategy which allows the different
factors to be varied together, instead of one at a time,
to determine the best combination of ions and the
extent of their interaction. The Minitab statistical
software was used to design and interpret the results
of this part.
TABLE I
CONCENTRATION OF PASSIVATING SPECIES
Inhibitor level; ppm
Sodium
molybdate
150 250
Sodium
dichromate
1 3
Sodium nitrite 50 250 350
The third part is dedicated to study the effect of
the change of the concentration of each ion on the
corrosion inhibition of the carbon steel. Starting from
the best combination of ions previously determined at
the second part, the one-factor-at –a-time approach
was used to locate any other possible alternative
combinations.
And in the last part, the effect of the change of
the conditions and environment of the test
(concentration of corrosive species, rotation speed,
and pH of solution) on the performance of the chosen
combination is addressed.
III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
The results of the four different parts are
presented and discussed as follows:
III.1. Passivation of Steel
The test was conducted as described in the
experimental part. The results in figure 1 shows the
following points:
The dichromate ion formed the most passive
layer, with corrosion inhibition of about 85%.
Nitrite ion developed the weakest passive layer,
and even increased the corrosion rate by 10%
more than the control sample. The oxidation of
the nitrite to the corrosive nitrate in the test
solution is a possible cause.
The addition of either nitrite or permanganate to
the dichromate resulted in decreasing the
passivation power of the dichromate. The
inhibition was only 42, and 70 % respectively,
instead of the 85% accomplished by the
dichromate solely.
Fig. 1 Corrosion rate of different passivating
solutions for carbon steel.
III.2. Ions interaction study
The results of this part are shown in figures 2
and 3. Figure 2 shows that, in general, increasing the
concentration of each salt when present solely in the
solution results in decreasing the corrosion rate.
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However, the study of the interaction of these ions,
presented in figure 3, shows that:
While the rate of corrosion decreased with
the increase of the concentration of sodium nitrite at
150 ppm sodium molybdate, the opposite was found
at the 250 ppm of sodium molybdate. This may be
ascribed to the oxidation of nitrite to the nitrate with
a subsequent decrease of the pH which favors the
polymerization of the molybdate to the
heptamolybdate (Mo7O24)-6 according to the
reaction [16, 17]:
(3)
The resultant heptamolybdate ions are known to form
soluble complexes with iron ions and hence
increases the rate of corrosion [18].
250150
2.7
2.4
2.1
1.8
1.5
35025050
31
2.7
2.4
2.1
1.8
1.5
Na2MoO4
Mean
NaNO2
Na2Cr2O7
Main Effects Plot for corrosion rate
Data Means
Fig. 2 The individual effect of each component
(sodium molybdate, sodium nitrite and sodium
dichromate).
Fig. 3 The interaction effects of components (sodium
molybdate, sodium nitrite and sodium dichromate).
Increasing the concentration of sodium
dichromate resulted in a decrease of corrosion
rate. Nevertheless, this decrease was
comparatively low in the case of the presence of
50 ppm of sodium nitrite.
However, since as discussed previously that
most environmental laws limit the concentration of
the dichromate ion to below 1 ppm, thus the best
combination was fixed at the 1 ppm sodium
dichromate, while the sodium molybdate and sodium
nitrite were found to be best at 250 and 50 ppm
respectively.
III.3. Concentration study
III.3.1. Effect of Nitrite
The optimum sodium nitrite concentration is 100
ppm (66.7 ppm of nitrite) as shown in figure 4.
Increasing the sodium nitrite concentration beyond
the 50 ppm decreased the corrosion rate by 50 %
owing to the formation of insoluble and stable
hydrous ferric oxide FeOOH layer which inhibits
further corrosion [13, 19]. Moreover, at concentration
higher than 100 ppm of sodium nitrite, the corrosion
rate increases again due to the formation of the
aggressive nitrate ion [20]. Nevertheless, some
environmental laws [10] limits he concentration of
the nitrate to 50 ppm, which can forbid the use of the
100 ppm concentration of the sodium nitrite.
However, in case of closed systems, this
concentration can be allowed to reach the up to 100
ppm.
Fig. 4 Effect of sodium nitrite conc. on the corrosion
inhibition of steel.
III.3.2. Effect of Molybdate
Figure 5 shows that the optimum sodium
molybdate concentration is 250 ppm (equivalent to
194 ppm molybdate). This is slightly lower than the
300 ppm previously reported by Ali et al [21]. This is
a result of the adsorption of the molybdate ions on
the steel surface which renders the surface negatively
charged and protected [22, 23]. It is noted that
increasing the molybdate ion beyond this
concentration will result on the increase of the rate of
corrosion. This is a result of the polymerization
reaction of the molybdate to the heptamolybdate
(Mo7O24)6- ion which forms soluble complexes
with iron ions as shown previously in (3).
III.3.3. Effect of Dichromate
As previously discussed, According to the results
shown in figure 6, concentration of sodium
dichromate as low as 1 ppm (0.4 ppm hexavalent
chromium) is effective in inhibiting the corrosion and
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does not violate local environmental law. Thus, the
optimum concentration recommended by this part is
250 ppm sodium molybdate, 50 ppm sodium nitrite,
and 1 ppm sodium dichromate, which did not differ
from the concentration deduced in the second part.
Fig. 5 Effect of sodium molybdate conc. on the
corrosion inhibition of steel.
Fig. 6 Effect of sodium dichromate conc. on the
corrosion inhibition of steel.
III.4. Effect of environmental parameters
In this part, the experimental parameter were
changed to study of the performance of the inhibitor
in different environments. It is seen from figure 7 that
as the sodium chloride concentration increases, the
corrosion rate first decreases by 66 %, and then starts
to increase again: the sodium chloride does not only
increase the corrosion rate and attacks the protective
passive layer, but, on the other hand, decreases the
concentration of oxygen in the solution. This is the
reason for the change of the corrosion rate behavior
with the increase of the sodium chloride
concentration. This indicate that the designated
combination is even able to withstand hand
concentration of chloride ion.
As expected, the corrosion rate increases with
the increase of the concentration of the sulfate ions in
the test solution (fig. 8): The corrosion rate increased
by 200% for just an increase of 25% in concentration.
This outcome indicate that the combination is very
sensitive to the sulfate ion concentration and care
must be taken to limit its presence. Furthermore,
either the increase or decrease of the rotation speed
and turbulence resulted in increase of the corrosion
rate (fig. 9). The turbulence is expected to increase
the diffusion of the attacking or passivating ions as
well as the oxygen to the surface of the metal.
Moreover, the shear velocity of the fluid is expected
to affect the stability of the oxide layer. The
interaction and competetion between these
repercussions is considered responsible for this
adverse behaviour of the circulation rate.
Regarding the effect of the pH of the solution, it
is seen in figure 10 that at higher pH, the corrosion is
nearly almost nonexistent. However, at lower pH, the
rate of corrosion increases extensively. This is
because oxide layer cannot exist on the steel surface
below pH 4, and iron oxide layer is converted to the
ferric oxychloride according to:
(4)
which is highly soluble, and thus the iron surface is
left bare and is attacked according to: [1, 21]:
(5)
Moreover, at this low pH, molybdate tends to form
the heptamolybdate according to (3) and more iron is
allowed to dissolve in the solution.
Fig. 7 Effect of Sodium chloride concentration on the
corrosion rate of steel in the presence of the selected
corrosion inhibitor.
Fig. 8 Effect of Ammonium sulfate concentration on
the corrosion rate of steel in the presence of the
selected corrosion inhibitor.
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Fig. 9 Effect of coupon rotation speed on the
corrosion rate of steel in the presence of the selected
corrosion inhibitor.
Fig. 10 Effect of solution pH on the corrosion rate of
steel in the presence of the selected corrosion
inhibitor.
IV. CONCLUSIONS
The pursuit of a combination between known
corrosion inhibitors for a better performance in
industrial water cooling systems with high
concentrations of chloride and sulfate ions has
revealed that a corrosion inhibitor of sodium
dichromate, molybdate and nitrite in the
concentration of 1, 250 and 50 ppm respectively, has
shown to be an effective corrosion inhibitor. The
corrosion inhibition reached 98.6% in the case of
solution of sodium chloride and ammonium sulfate
solution of 0.01 and 0.02 M respectively. This
inhibition is very sensitive to the increase of the
sulfate ion or the decrease of the pH, and to a lesser
extent to the change in the turbulence of the flow or
the chloride ion concentration.
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