This document provides a summary of Shailendra Kumar Singh's practical training experience at Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL) in Lucknow, India from May 20 to June 18, 2010. HAL is India's largest aerospace company that collaborates with many international partners to produce various aircraft, helicopters, engines, satellites and more. During the training, Singh learned about HAL's divisions and key products like the Sukhoi Su-30MKI fighter jet. He described the jet's fuel system in detail, including how the fuel flow metering, quantity gauging and automatic control systems work together to manage fuel levels during flight operations.

1. A PRESENTATION ONPRACTICAL TRAINING ATLUCKNOWFROM MAY 20 TO JUNE 18 2010SHAILENDRA KUMAR SINGHC.R. NO. 07/126B.TECH FINAL YEAR ECUCE , RTU, KOTA

3. “To become a global player in the aerospace industry”> Hindustan Aeronautics Limited is the largest PSU under the Department of Defence Production and is a Navaratana Company. > HAL is one of the largest aerospace companies in Asia with its annual turnover to be running above US$ 2 billion.> It has several facilities throughout India includingNasik, Korwa, Kanpur, Koraput,Lucknow, Bangalore and Hyderabad.THE MISSION

4. DIVISIONS OF HAL

5. COLLABORATIONS WITH COMPANIESAirbusBoeingSukhoi Aviation CorporationIsrael Aircraft IndustriesRSK MiGBAE SystemsRolls-Royce plcDassault AviationDornier FlugzeugwerkeIndian Aeronautical Development AgencyIndian Space Research Organisation.

6. PRODUCTS OF HALSatellite Launch Vehicles1.PSLV2.GSLV3.IRS4.INSATFighter Aircraft1.Su-30 MKI2. Mig Series3.Tejas 4.Jaguar 5.MIRAGE -2000Helicopters1.Dhruv 2.Cheetah 3.Chetak 4.Advanced Light HelicoptersPassenger Aircraft1.Dornier 2.Indian Regional JetLight Trainer Aircraft1.Kiran 2.Basant 3.Sitara Unmanned Aerial VehiclesEngines1.Lakshya PTATransport Aircraft1.Saras Glider1.HAL G-12.Ardhra

7. SUKHOI-30 MKI

8. Sukhoi Su-30 MKIThe Sukhoi Su-30MKI has been jointly-developed by Russia's Sukhoi Corporation and India's Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL) for the Indian Air Force (IAF). It is a heavy class, long-range air superiority fighter aircraft.

9. The Su-30 MKI is more advanced than the basic Su-30MK, the Chinese Su-30 MKK, and the Malaysian Su-30 MKM. The aircraft features state of the art avionics developed by Russia, India , Israel , France and South Africa which includes display, navigation, targeting and electronic warfare systems.MKI stands for "ModernizirovannyiKommercheskiyIndiski" meaning "Modernized Commercial India".

10. General Features of Sukhoi 30 MKISukhoi 30 MKI is a 4.5 generation fighter aircraft . Fifth generation planes are yet to come. Cost of single Su-30 MKI is $ 35 million or Rs 1.61 billion

11. As per deal between Russia’s Sukhoi Corporation and India’s HAL , in the first phase, components will be imported from Russia and only assembling will be done in India. In the second phase , there will be transfer of technology from Russia to India , and then both manufacturing & assembling will be done in India. Various independent sources have claimed Su-30 MKI to be the most superior fighter plane in present World.

12. Fuel Flow And Metering SystemIn Sukhoi 30 MKI Fuel capacity of Sukhoi 30 MKI: 12 ton or 12000Kg

13. There are 5 fuel tanks of which one is service tank or main tank.

14. Service tank is centrally located is the most important one.

15. Fuel from all other tanks pass through service tank before consumption. So in the end fuel remains only in the service tank.

16. All the 5 tanks are so placed that the aircraft isaerodynamically balanced.TANK 3SERVICETANKTANK 1TANK 2TANK 4TANK 5

17. STRUCTUREFuel quantity & flow metering system can be subdivided into:Fuel Flow Metering > It computes the total quantity of fuel available in aircraft. Uses impeller type of sensors.2. Fuel Quantity Gauging > It computes the quantity of fuel in the service tank. Uses capacitance type electronic sensors.3. Automatic Control > It manages the sequence of fuel flow to/from various tanks during refueling and consumption.

18. FUEL FLOW METERING Computes the quantity of fuel left in aircraft.

19. Based on the principle of impeller movement.

20. Impeller is a device which rotates due to the movement of liquid(fuel) through pipe. One complete rotation of impeller is associated with a unique amount of fuel flow. This gives us the volume of fuel consumed. So weight of fuel consumed: weight of fuel = volume * density Net fuel remaining = initial quantity of fuel – fuel consumedFUEL QUANTITY GAUGING Computes the quantity of fuel left in service tank.

21. It is an electronic system based on the principle of variation of capacitance with change in dielectric medium. It consists of uniform cylindrical shaped capacitor with the fuel acting as the dielectric. As the fuel gets consumed , the fuel is replaced by air as dielectric and there is a change in capacitance. So , the remaining fuel in the service tank can be calculated on the basis of variation in capacitance.Fuel quantity gauge is of utmost importance when 1. Only service tank is left with fuel. 2. Flow metering system fails.

22. Continued…….. The system comprises of 1 . A capacitance based gauging probe. 2. Cable assembly. 3. Sensing amplifier box. The gauging probe assembly in the fuel tank is connected to the sensing box by means of cable assembly. Depending on the fuel level in the tank , the capacitance formed is sensed and amplified by the amplifier box and the data is sent to the electronic display in the cockpit.CableassemblyElectronicDisplay incockpitCapacitanceBasedGaugingprobeAmplifierboxdisplay