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BEEF CATTLE PRODUCTION

The document describes beef cattle production systems and beef cattle breeding in the Philippines. It discusses the three main beef production systems: ranching/extensive, feedlot/intensive fattening operation, and backyard operation. It also covers beef cattle breeds, classification, characteristics, reproduction, and indicators of good breeding management. Some popular beef cattle breeds from around the world are also outlined such as Angus, Brahman, Charolais, and Limousin.

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BEEF CATTLE PRODUCTION MARLON S. MORALES
BEEF PRODUCTION SYSTEM IN THE PHILIPPINES 1. RANCHING OR EXTENSIVE SYSTEM 1.1. Cow- calf operation - Aim: to produce stockers or feeders. • involves production of calves and raising them to weaning age;
BEEF PRODUCTION SYSTEM IN THE PHILIPPINES 1. RANCHING OR EXTENSIVE SYSTEM 1.2. Purebred program or Breeder farm operation Aim: to produce breeder stocks to be sold to other ranchers. • involves breeding of purebred or registered cattle, needs big capital, skills, and sound judgement; • suited for those with experience, not for beginners; • popular in Batangas, Tarlac and Pangasinan. Few operations are also found in Masbate, Bukidnon, Cotabato and Iloilo;
BEEF PRODUCTION SYSTEM IN THE PHILIPPINES 2. FEEDLOT FATTENING OPERATION (INTENSIVE) Objective: add weight to the animal and increase its value Other features: • turnover of investment is faster than in ranching. feeder stocks require only 120-180 days fattening period from the date of purchased; • Needs very small land area: a. sheltered feeding area (1 1/2 - 2 sq.m /head, and loafing area (5 sq. m/ head) • located in areas where large amounts of feeds are produced • may be integrated with pineapple and sugarcane enterprise.
BEEF PRODUCTION SYSTEM IN THE PHILIPPINES 2. FEEDLOT FATTENING OPERATION Important to the livestock industry of the Philippines for three main reasons: 1. it provides the farmer with extra income 2. it gives him year-round work and allow the use of cheap, plentiful farm by products such corn stovers, hay, silage, rice straw, copra meal, rice bran and sugarcane tops which might be otherwise be wasted 3. it helps meet the urgent demand for high - protein food in the Filipino diet.
BEEF PRODUCTION SYSTEM IN THE PHILIPPINES 3. BACKYARD OPERATION • constitutes 94% of the cattle population. • aims to produces animals that can be sold to augment farm income.
BEEF PRODUCTION SYSTEM IN THE PHILIPPINES 3. BACKYARD OPERATION Backyard cattle raising is characterized by the following: a. 1 or 2 heads of either fattening or breeding cattle is raised at farmer's spare time b. farmers tethers animals to graze and supplements with farm wastes like rice straw or corn stover when back in pen c. others give ipil-ipil and 1-2 kg/ animal of rice bran, corn bran and/or copra meal d. Batangas farmers do force feeding (supak) of feed mixture.
BREEDS AND BREEDING
BREED CLASSIFICATIONS • Based on place of origin or adaptation 1. Bos indicus (Zebu breeds) • adapted to tropical conditions - has survived through centuries exposure to inadequate conditions such as food supplies, insect pests, parasites/diseases and weather extreme of tropical India. • humped cattle
BREED CLASSIFICATIONS • Based on place of origin or adaptation 2. Bos taurus (European breeds) • adapted to the temperate conditions • humpless
Characteristics of Zebu breeds compared to Temperate breeds • Large hump over top of shoulder and neck • Large pendulous ears • Dewlap having large amounts of excess skin • Highly developed sweat glands (perspire more freely) • Oily secretion from the sebaceous gland (believed to repel insect)
BREED CLASSIFICATIONS • Based on the type of products - basically, cattle are kept to provide meat, milk and labor (draft animal power); beast of burden. • BEEF CATTLE - meat • DAIRY CATTLE - milk
ZEBU BREEDS (Bos indicus)
TEMPERATE BREEDS (Bos taurus)
• Number of cattle breeds worldwide: 278 identified breeds ➢Beef breeds - 33 ➢Dairy breeds - 51 ➢Draft breeds - 18 ➢Meat-dairy breeds - 54 ➢Meat-draft breeds - 39 ➢Dairy-draft breeds - 21 ➢Meat-dairy-draft breeds - 61 - The beef breeds are quite limited in terms of distribution and importance
REPRODUCTION • Sexual Maturity (bulls/ heifer): 6-8 months • Estrus Cycle: 18-24 days (Ave: 21 days) • Estrus duration: Exotic/ European breeds- 14-18 hrs. • Indigenous/ Zebu- 10-12 hrs. • Ovulation: 10-14 hrs after end of estrus • Parturition: Ave. 283 days • Bull Ejaculate: 2- 12ml of 500 billion or more sperm cells/ml Sperm cells survive the oviduct up to a maximum of 48 hrs.
BREEDING METHOD • 1. Natural method - conventional use of bull to impregnate a heifer or cow 1.1. Handmating - a bull in good condition can serve 3-4 times/week or one service every other day: • i. 18 months old - 1:12-15 • ii. 2 years old - 1:20-25 • iii. 3 years old - 1:40-50 1.2. Pasture mating • i. 2-3 years old - 10-15 cows • ii. 9 years old - 20 -25 cows
BREEDING METHOD • 2. Artificial insemination • Process of inducing fertilization in female without the benefit of the sexual contact between male and female animals • "Females observed in estrus in the morning, are inseminated late afternoon of the same day. Those observed in the afternoon, are inseminated not later than noon time the next day. "
SIGN OF ESTRUS • reddening/swelling of the vulva • mucus discharge from the vagina • frequent urination • restlessness and lack of appetite • mounting other animals • standing still when mounted (the only reliable or true sign of estrus, estrus is defined as the period of sexual receptivity of the female to the male.)
SOME INDICATORS OF GOOD BREEDING OR REPRODUCTIVE MANAGEMENT • CALVING INTERVAL = the average length of time (in days) between the successive calving. • Can be calculated for each cow or the entire herd • One year is ideal. Eighteen (18) months is common. • GESTATION PERIOD = time/period of giving birth to calf
SOME INDICATORS OF GOOD BREEDING OR REPRODUCTIVE MANAGEMENT • CONCEPTION RATE (Pregnancy) = percent of breeding females that conceived versus the total number of females exposed to the bull or inseminated. CR = Cows pregnant at end of breeding season divide Cows exposed during breeding season x 100
SOME INDICATORS OF GOOD BREEDING OR REPRODUCTIVE MANAGEMENT • FIRST HEAT AFTER PARTURITION = the occurrence of estrus after giving birth to the young • CALF CROP = (number of calves weaned/ number of cows exposed to the bull) x 100 • KG CALF WEANED PER COW = average weaning weight of calves times percent calf crop
PROBLEM 1 • Mr. Colis, owner of Breeder farm in Pampanga, wants to breed his 35 heads of cow through artificial insemination. Mr. Colis asked the help of his veterinarian Dr. Cordova what breed is good and his farm technician Mr. Caisip inseminated the 35 heads of cow with Angus breed last January 16, 2021. As of February 2, 2021, pregnancy diagnoses was conducted by the farm manager Ms. Lingad and found out only 32 got pregnant. Only 2 out of the remaining cows got aborted and the others delivered a healthy calf weighing 145 kilogram each. Compute for the expected day of delivery, conception rate, calf crop and kilogram wean per cow.
ANSWER • DATE OF DELIVERY: OCTOBER 25 • CONCEPTION RATE: 32/35 TIMES 100 = 91.43% • CALF CROP: 30/35 TIMES 100= 85.71% • KG WEAN PER COW= 85.71% TIMES 145 KG= 124.28 KG
SOME BEEF CATTLE BREEDS
ANGUS • From Scotland • Resistant to harsh weather, undemanding, adaptable, good natured, mature extremely early • black or red in color • have high carcass yield with nicely marbled meat
BRAHMAN • From India • Strain used for breed development: Guzerat, Nellore, Gir and to a lesser extent, the Krishna Valley • Color varieties: from very light grey to red to almost black • intermediate in size • usually thrify, hardy, and adaptable to a wide range of feed and climate
CHAROLAIS • From France • white in color with pink muzzle and pale hooves • medium to large-framed • have demonstrated growth ability and efficient feedlot grains
CHIANINA • From Italy • Largest breed of cattle • Color varies from white to steel grey • Unsurpassed capacity for lean meat production
HEREFORD • From England • Dark red to red-yellow with white face, crest, dewlap and underline • known for vigor and foraging ability and for their longevity
LIMOUSIN • From France • Color is golden-red and lighter color under the stomach, inside the thighs, around the eyes and muzzle and around the anus and the end of the tail • excellent carcass
WAGYU • Refers to all Japanese beef cattle • Wa - Japanese or Hapanese style • Gyu - Cattle • Coat color of black and red • Where Kobe beef comes from
BRAFORD • created in US and Australia (5/8 Hereford, 3/8 Brahman) • Red like Hereford with white underbelly, head and feet • Stockier than a Hereford • Primarily used for beef • Heat and insect resistant
BRANGUS • 3/8 Brahman, 5/8 Angus • Black or red • Have good temperament • Very versatile being high performance on pasture and in the feed yard • resistant to heat and high humidity
BEEFMASTER • 1/2 Brahman, 1/4 Hereford, 1/4 Milking Shorthorn • Dual -purpose breed • heat, drought and insect resistant • moderate in size • light red to dark red and some will have white mottle in faces
STA. GERTRUDIS • 5/8 Shorthorn, 3/8 Brahman • Red in color • Broad, strong and well- muscled • have outstanding foraging ability and can thrive under the harshest conditions • very disease resistant
SIMBRAH • Combination of Simmental and Brahman • Medium-size • usually red with a bit white on the face or black with a bit of white on the face
BEEF CATTLE PRODUCTION