Common Terminology of Swine breeds and selection methods of sow .pptx

Common Terminology of Swine breeds and selection methods of sow .pptx

• 1.
  POST GRADUATE INSTITUTEOF VETERINARY EDUCATION & RESEARCH JAIPUR Presented by Ramesh kumar Mvsc scholar DEPARTMENT OF LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION MANAGEMENT
• 2.
  Common Terminology  Speciescalled as- Swine or sus (Sus scrofa domestica – indigenous pig)  Group of animals- Drove  Adult male/a male pig over 6 months of age that can be used for breeding - Boar  Adult female/an adult female pig that has farrowed a litter of piglets.- Sow  Young male- Boarling  Young female/young female pig, has not had a litter of pigs yet- Gilt  Castrated male- Stag/Barrow  The smallest/Last piglet in a litter –Crit/Cad/Runt
• 3.
   a malepig that was castrated before reaching sexual maturity - Barrow  a male pig that was castrated after reaching sexual maturity - Stag  Act of parturition- Farrowing  Act of mating- Coupling  Sound produced : Grunting  Shoat: a young pig (don’t say piglet)  Feeder: weaned barrow or gilt between 40-80 pounds  Grower: market pig between weaning and or sale to breeding herd  Rooting – when pigs dig up the earth with their noses in search of food.  Boar effect: The phenomenon of exposure to Gilt with mature male pigs causing early puberty in female pigs.
• 4.
   Non-productive sowdays: Any period of time when a mature female pig is not either carrying a litter or suckling piglets  Periodic farrowing: The process of producing piglets on a smaller scale, usually twice per year.  Continuous farrowing: Producing litters of pigs on a continual basis so new litters are constantly being produced  Early segregated weaning: The removal of piglets from their mother between the ages of 4 and 14 days, to help prevent the spread of disease  Teat pattern:  Porker: A pig reared to pork weight, normally about 60kg live weight, rather than to bacon weight. Usually achieved between four and six months of age, depending on breed.  Baconer: A pig being reared for bacon rather than pork, and which will be slaughtered at 80kg - 100kg live weight, at about 8 - 10 months of age.
• 5.
   Blind Teat:An irregular teat that is sometimes removed to prevent piglets from attempting to nurse on a useless teat  Chitterlings: The small intestines of a pig. Can be prepared for consumption.  Creep Feed: creep feed is a starter ration for for piglets. It is high in protein, usually from sugar and milk proteins for high energy.  Creep area: area accessible to small pigs but not their dams, in which a high protein supplement is provided.  Guard Rail:  Lard: lard is rendered pork fat.  Meat of pig – pork  House –Sty or Piggery  Species-procine
• 6.
  Boar A male ofbreeding age
• 7.
  Sow A mature femalethat has produced young.
• 8.
  Barrow A castrated male
• 9.
  Gilt An immature female
• 10.
  Needle teeth Set of8 very sharp teeth in swine that are usually removed from days old piglets to prevent injury to other piglets and sow’s udder.
• 11.
   Gestation periodof pig : 114 days (3 month 3 week 3 days)  Chromosome number : 38 (2N)  Dentition of pig : 3/3, 1/1, 4/4, 3/3= 44  Estrous cycle 21 days  Heat period 2-3 days
• 12.
   Total PigPopulation in the country is 9.06 million during 2019.  9.06 million(12% decreased)- - Indiginous= 7.16 million - Exotic =1.9 million  Total Pig Population decreased by 12% over previous livestock census(2012) due to outbreak of African Swine Fever disease, it ia highly contagious viral disease affecting pigs mainly in three state of northeast region(Mizoram, Sikkim, Assam).
• 13.
  Swine breeds Hampshire Characters  Origin-Kentucky(southern Scotland and North England  Ears- Erect  Color- Black with a White  Belt  Misc.-The “Meat Breed”  Excellent Carcass
• 14.
  Berkshire  Origin- England Ears-Erect  Color-Black with 6 White Points  Misc.-Short Snout, Meat type hog
• 15.
  Yorkshire  Origin- England Ears-Erect  Color- White  Misc.-The Mother Breed, Largest Litters
• 16.
  Landrace  Origin- Denmark Ears-Droopy  Color-White  Misc.- Extremely Long Body
• 17.
  Tamworth  Origin- Tamworth(U.K.)  Ears-Erect  Color-Red  Bacon type breed  Misc.-Not Very good
• 18.
  Chester White  Origin-Pennsylvania  Ears-Droopy  Color-White with blue freckles  Misc.-good mothers, large frame
• 19.
  Poland China  Origin-Ohio Ears-Droopy  Color- Black /6White points  Misc.-Long body thick hams
• 20.
  Spots (Spotted PolandChina)  Origin- Ohio  Ears- Droopy  Color-no less than 20% or more than 80% White  Misc.-Good mothers, fast gainers
• 21.
  Duroc  Origin-New York/NewJersey  Ears- Droopy  Color- Cherry Red  Misc.-Large Frame, Fast gainers, good mothers, Popular breed
• 22.
  Indigenous breeds  Total-13 registered breeds in India (NBAGR, Karnal)  New registred breeds:- Mali- Tripura Purnea – Bihar and Jharkhand
• 23.
   Traditionally knownas “Gavthi Dukor”  This breed found in Goa  Mostly Black. Few animals have white patches on legs and face  These are small sized having short ears, short snout, pot belly and are wild in nature with rough bristles Agonda goan
• 24.
  Doom  Indigenous pigsof Assam. Name derived from a community locally known as ‘Doom’ rearing these pigs for generations  Colour- Black  These pigs have short concave snout. They are large; flat belly type with short erect ears. Top line is straight with long bristles extending up to thoraco-lumber area
• 25.
  Ghoongroo  Pig foundin West Bengal  Colour- Black, Occasionally hooves are white  Thick coarse and long hair coat, long tail, upwardly curved snout, broad and flattened face with large and heart shaped ears resembling those of elephant. Seven pairs of Thoraco-abdominal teats  More prolific breeds – litter size up to 17
• 26.
  Ghurrah  These pigsare native to Bareilly division and adjoining pats of Lucknow division of Uttar Pradesh.  Produces peculiar sound (Ghur) and so named as Ghurrah  Black. Few are greyish black or brownish  Medium sized pigs with flat belly, angular body and long straight snout. Legs below hock joint are white. Thick line of hairs is present from neck to shoulders. Head is elongated with triangular face and short leaf shaped vertically erected ears
• 27.
  Niang Megha  Thisbreeds found in Meghalaya and known as Khasi  Black, star shaped white patches at forehead and sometimes hock joint  Snout-medium tapering partially white at nostril, Bristle-Long on midline, uniformly other places  Peculiarity - typical wild look, erect bristle in dorsal mid-line, small erect ear extended vertically
• 28.
  Nicobari  This breedfound in Andaman & Nicobar known as Naut  Nicobari pig rearing is considered as a symbol of pride and asset in a family and pigs are linked with all socio-cultural activity/ ceremony of Nicobari tribes  Mostly Black and brown  Short with long body. Medium to short snout and short erect ears. Marked bristle crest (mane) on the back extending from mid head/shoulder to base of the tail. Facial profile varied from flat to concave. Neck is short with very large jowl. No curling is the characteristic feature of the tail.
• 29.
  Tenyi Vo This breedfound in Nagaland Mostly black These are pot bellied animals with sagging back and pendulous belly touching the ground in females, straight tail ending with white switch reaching the hock joint, white stocking, white markings on the forehead and ventral body. Tenyi Vo pigs have strong and long tapering snout, small erect ears and bright alert eyes.
• 30.
  Zovawk  This breedfound in Mizoram  Black. White spot on the forehead (star), white patches on belly (sometimes) and white boot  Erect ears, concave snout, pot belly, concave top line and long bristles on mid-line are characteristics of the Zovawk pig  Zovawk are social animals, they never stay alone. they search food together in groups and sleep together and sleep under houses in head to tail system. They communicate with one another by emitting a specific grunting sound indicating food, warning to danger, calling the young ones, etc. In danger, the leader emits a loud grunting sound and the group huddles together forming a circle pointing their snout outwards with the weaker and young pigs in the centre
• 32.
  Selection of sow Gilts should have at least 12 functional teats  Gilt are selected from mother pigs having good mothering ability as shown by large litter size and weight at weaning. first farrowing at one year of age and farrowing interval of seven month.  Selection of breeding gilts should be done 5-6 months of age.  Select fast growing weaners.  The selected gilts should have good body confirmation i.e. strong legs, sound feet etc.  Gilt should not select for breeding purpose having supernumerary and inverted teats, and fat deposited at the base of the teats
• 33.
  Selection of boar Boar to have sound feet with good full hams, uniform curve at the back and good length  Boar to be selected from sows, which wean 8-10 or more piglets per litter and are known to be good mothers  Boar to be selected from the herd which is having normal sex organs, active, healthy and strong  Selection to be done before castration i.e at 4 weeks. Select biggest from the litter  Boar must be at least 8 months old at first service  Boar should be healthy and free from any disease
• 34.
  Methods of breeding 1.Pure-breeding  Mating purebred individuals of the same breed. The progeny has the same genetic makeup.  The major objective of pure-breeding is to identify and propagate superior genes for use in commercial production primarily in crossbreeding programs as well as to propagate and identify superior females for maintaining valuable genetic material.
• 35.
  Selection and out-crossing This can be adopted in all pig-breeding farms and by farmers who produce breeding stock.  This is a common method of breeding and multiplying purebred swine.  The best procedure is intensive selection and out-crossing (mating of unrelated individuals of the same breed).  Generally the results are quite good as some vigour will be obtained in the offspring with some gain in litter size, livability and growth rate. Out crossing is also done frequently to introduce a trait, which is lacking in a herd.
• 36.
  Out breeding  Matingbetween individuals of the same breed but who are less closely related than the average of the breed.  There should not be a common ancestor for at least four generation back in the pedigree of the boar and the females with which he is mated.  It is a useful mating system in purebred individuals.
• 37.
  In breeding Mating betweenindividuals of the same breed but which are more closely related than the average of the breed. This could be between as close individuals as full sibs or sire – daughter, mother - son. Pure breeding is a special kind of in-breeding. The effect of inbreeding is the concentration of common genes in the offspring.
• 38.
   This highfrequency of homozygous gene pairs applies to both desirable and undesirable traits. Many undesirable traits e.g. hernia and cryptorchidism involve recessive genes thus inbreeding perpetuates their expression phenotypically.  In breeding causes decrease in litter size and increases mortality.  Inbred sows are inferior in milking and mothering ability. It delays sexual maturity in gilts and boars.  Inbred boars have less sexual libido.  Inbred gilts have fewer eggs during oestrus and farrow smaller litters than those out bred.
• 39.
  Cross breeding  Matingbetween two individuals from different breeds thus introducing into the progeny a gene combination that is different from that existing in either parent or in the breed of either parent.  Cross breeding can involve two or more breeds, depending on the desired result.  The sole purpose of cross breeding is to take advantage of the observed improvement in performance of the progeny above that of either parent- hybrid vigour or heterosis
• 40.
  Single crossing andcriss-crossing  Single crossing is the mating of a boar and a sow of two different breeds.  The resulting crossbred pigs are all marketed and the cross is repeated for the next crop of pigs.  This system has one disadvantage in that the sows as well as boars have to be purchased and brought into the herd, which can be a means of spreading diseases.  Criss-crossing is the alternating use of boars of two breeds on the female stock produced in a herd.  For instance, Yorkshire gilts are bred to a Land-race boar. The resulting crossbred gilts are mated to a Yorkshire boar.  The next cross is bred back to a Landrace boar, and so on.  The gilts and sows, which are sired by a boar of one breed, are always mated to the boar of the second breed. This system of crossbreeding works well and is widely used.
• 41.
  SYSTEMS OF CROSSBREEDING Two – Breed Rotational Cross  This system is often called the back cross or crisscross method. Boars of two different breeds are used in alternate generations.  Crossbred gilts are retained and mated to boars from one of the two-parent breeds.  The two breeds should complement to each other eg. litter size, growth, carcass characteristic etc. Three – Breed Rotational Cross  The three – breed rotational cross is most widely used system. It increases the hybrid vigor by use of three breeds instead of two.  A third breed can strengthen certain performance characteristic is the crossbred offspring.
• 42.
  Grading Up  Thenon-descript indigenous pig forms the bulk of the pig population in the country.  It would be advantageous to grade up this population by the successive use of boars of either Yorkshire or Landrace breed, depending on the suitability of the breed to be used in the area.  This would bring about an improvement in the productive traits of indigenous pigs in graded stages.  This method is also suited to many areas when management and feeding conditions do not justify the introduction of high-quality purebred stock.
• 43.
  Breeding management inswine  Age to breed gilts - 8 months  Weight of breed gilts -100-120 kg  Length of heat period -2-3 days  Best time to breed in heat period Gilts – first day and Sows- Second day  Number of services per sow -2 services at an interval of 12-14 hours  Period of oestrous cycle -18-24 days (Average 21 days)  Occurrence of heat after weaning -2-10 days(3-5)  Gestation period -114 days
• 44.
  Age of breedingstock  Gilt should be bred to farrow when 12 to 14 months old..  Gilts should weigh at least 100 kg before breeding.  Ovulation rate increases during successive oestrous periods (up to fifth) following puberty. Thus, it is advantageous to delay breeding of gilts until the second or third oestrus.  Litter size increases, on an average, in succeeding pregnancies up to fifth or sixth litter.  Atvantageous to cull the sow from a breeding herd or a commercial herd after her fifth or sixth litter, as the litter size goes down thereafter.
• 45.
  Boar effect  Exposureof gilt to the sight, sound, touch, and smell of a mature boar and gilt attend early puberty and decrease age of puberty in gilt.
• 46.
  Heat detection  Commonsigns of heat 1st stage: Early heat signs  General restlessness  Vulva turns red and swollen  White mucus discharge
• 47.
  2nd stage: Serviceperiod signs  Real Estrus lasts for 40 - 60 hours  Vulva becomes less red and swollen  Slimy mucus discharge  Tendency to mount and be mounted by others.  The sow or gilt will stand still when pressure is applied to her back (can accept a man's weight sitting on her. Thus the right stage to send her to the boar).
• 48.
  3rd stage: Postoestrus-period signs  The sow/gilt will not stand still when pressure is applied to her back.  The swelling of the vulva disappears.
• 49.
  Method of mating A.Natural service 1. hand mating 2. Pen mating B. Artificial Insemination
• 50.
  Care and managementof breeding boar  Testing of boar before introducing in herd  boars should be fed at a level of energy that will prevent excessive fat deposition.  Boar should physical healthy and sexually active  Boar should be provide sufficient open space for regular exercise  Flushing- given extra concentration ration 2-3 week prior to breeding season  Regular vaccination and deworming  Regular trimming of hoof
• 51.
   Boar shouldbe evaluated for reproductive soundness at least 7 ½ months of age.  Boars should be evaluated: 1. Mating behavior - may be evaluated by bringing a gilt in standing heat into the boar's pen and observing libido- Observe aggressiveness and desire to mate Mounting- the ability to mount correctly.  Some boars may be interested in mounting but lameness, arthritis, or injury may prevent success.
• 52.
  c. Mating- Observeability to erect the penis and properly enter the gilt.  Examine penis for normal size and condition.  Any abnormalities viz. (1) adhered or tied penis, (2) limp penis, (3) infantile penis, and (4) coiling of the penis in the diverticulum.  These conditions may be heritable, and boars exhibiting these problems should not be used to produce breeding stock.
• 53.
  2.Semen- check thesemen quality of boar for several times at weekly interval  fail to produce sperm cells  watery or bloody semen  Sperm concentration  Sperm motility