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Introduction to poultry

This document discusses poultry production in Pakistan. It begins by defining poultry and describing common poultry species. It then discusses the history and development of the commercial poultry industry in Pakistan from the 1960s onward. Key points include that poultry provides a source of income and employment for many Pakistanis and plays an important role in meeting the country's protein demand. The poultry sector has grown significantly in recent decades and contributes substantially to Pakistan's economy and agriculture.

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Dr Ghulam Abbas Assistant Professor
Poultry are domesticated birds kept by humans for their eggs, meat or feathers. These birds are most typically members of the super-order Galloanserae (fowl), especially the order Galliformes (which includes chickens, quails and turkeys). Poultry science is the study of practices and principles involved in production and marketing of poultry and its products. It include breeding, nutrition, management, housing, disease control and marketing.
Commercial chicken  BROILERS: Broilers are those fast growing poultry birds of young age which are kept and used only for meat purpose and produce tender meat with soft pliable and flexible breast bone cartilage. They attain live body weight of 1.5 kg or more by consuming 2.75-3.00 kg of feed in 37-42days.  LAYERS: Which lay table quality egg (for food of human consumption). Laying starts from 17 weeks and may lay 150 to 300 eggs per year.  BREEDERS: Birds of both sexes which are kept for breeding purpose to obtain fertilized eggs for hatching to get chicks i.e. broilers or layers.
Pakistan has an agriculture based economy with livestock and poultry as an integral part of it. Nearly every family in the rural areas and every 5th family in the urban areas is associated with poultry in one way or the other . The current and future scenario point out probable shortages of live stock in the country influenced by the recent reduction in agriculture land which is abruptly converting in to residential area due to unwise resource utilization and negligence of rules and regulations in this regard. However poultry production can help to fulfill the protein demand in resource scarcity situation.
Poultry versus L/S  Birds have the best feed conversion ratio (FCR) and feed efficiency.  Incubation period of chicken is shorter (21 days) while large animals have long gestation period.  Embryo development takes place outside rather than inside the body of dam through placenta.  There is a continuous return of income while in case of Agriculture; land, seasons, labor, seeds etc. required in fairly high amount and income return is based on yearly basis while, poultry farming makes the least demand of land than crop production and give maximum yield per unit area.  Dressing percentage is more (60%) in poultry as compared to large animals (50-55%).  Several crop by-products and agricultural wastes are used in poultry feeding.  Poultry farming is within the reach of small farmers and offer good opportunity for investors with limited financial resources
Importance of poultry business  Poultry eggs and meat are considered to be one of the best healthy sources of animal protein of high biological value.  It provides source of income and opportunities of employment at poultry farms, hatcheries, poultry processing units, equipments manufactures, meat and egg marketing channels etc.  In rural areas, since less investment is required to start the enterprises, it has attained a status of “Cottage Industry”.  Quick returns can be expected from the investment.  Poultry manure is extremely rich source of nitrogen and organic matter. It contains 1.0-1.8% nitrogen. 1.4-1.8% P2O2 and 0.8-0.9% K2O, hence is very good fertilizers.  In animal and medical research, birds are used as experimental unit.  Part time as well as full time occupation  Managed by Ladies and Children
Poultry Production in Pakistan  Poultry Production on commercial scale was established in Pakistan in early 1960 and since then this sector has shown spectacular progress and development.  At present, poultry production is one of the most dynamic and well organized sectors in Pakistan which has emerged as a source of employment for more than 1.7 million people.  Poultry industry is playing a significant role in poverty alleviation in the country. It contributes 1.7% of GDP of Pakistan.  The growth rate in this sector has been about 12.5% per annum for about last one decade.  Poultry production has assumed the status of one of the leading sectors in the country.  The province of Punjab has been showing a tremendous contribution in the poultry production sector which can be appreciated from the fact that the major share in poultry production at national level has been from this province which comes to about 70 percent.
Poultry production is presently in the active phase of transformation from its conventional housing and management in to modern high-tech housing. There exists a strong correlation (89.0%) between the human population and poultry growth in Pakistan.  Poultry industry is playing a pivotal role in bridging the gap between the supply and demand for protein.
Poultry production is presently in the active phase of transformation from its conventional housing and management in to modern high-tech housing. There exists a strong correlation (89.0%) between the human population and poultry growth in Pakistan.  Poultry industry is playing a pivotal role in bridging the gap between the supply and demand for protein.
Poultry species 1. Domestic Fowl (Gallus gallus domesticus)
Domestic fowl were domesticated from red jungle fowl over 8000 years ago, and the basis of modern breeds existed by Roman times. Modern commercial hybrid chickens have been selected for maximum egg or meat output from minimum food intake. New genetic techniques will increase the tendency to produce lines with very specific characteristics.
Ostriches (Struthio camelus) Recently declared as poultry birds
Ostriches (Struthio camelus) are large flightless (ratite) birds present on the planet as a species for over 40 million years (Abbas et al., 2017). Ostriches are member of Struthioniformes (order of ratites). The extinct members of the order were Aepyornis (Elephant bird).
The zoological classification of the ostriches is as under. Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Aves Order: Struthioniformes (Emus, kiwis, and other ratites) Family: Struthionidae Genus: Struthio Species: S. camelus
Ostrich farming for delicious meat, feathers and the hide is a new addition among agricultural businesses in Pakistan. Markets for ostrich eggs, meat, leather, feathers and related products are developing rapidly throughout the globe. However at the present, ostrich producers are merely meeting 10 percent of the consumer demand. This is best/exact time for Pakistan to exploit the resource for ostrich farming to make our big share in the local and global market (Abbas et al., 2017).
Turkeys Turkey (Meleagris gallopavo) is a large fowl domesticated in the America over 2000 years ago. Most commercial birds are now white feathered, and very heavy. Due to their heavy weight turkeys have fertility problems with natural mating therefore, AI artificial insemination is commercially routine.
Quails (Coturnix coturnix) Japanese quail were first domesticated about 1000 years ago, but systematic selection for egg and meat production began about 100 years ago. Bobwhite quail are more common in the America, where they are still used as game birds as well as for meat and sometimes eggs.
Pheasants are birds of several genera within the subfamily Phasianinae, of the family Phasianidae in the order Galliformes. The family's native range is restricted to Central Asia. Pheasants are still mostly game birds, but some are now bred for meat.
Guinea Fowls: sometimes also called "pet speckled hen", or "original fowl" or guineahen) are birds of the family Numididae in the order Galliformes. They are endemic to the continentof Africa and rank among the oldest of the gallinaceous Guinea fowl are grown mainly for meat.
Ducks  Domestic ducks derived from the mallard. Most breeds are kept for meat but some are prolific egg layers. Muscovy ducks are from Central and South America, and have less fat than domestic ducks. Domestic geese are primarily descended from the grey lag in Asia, and their husbandry was well developed in Roman times.
Pigeons Domestic pigeons, derived from the rock dove, are now a minority interest in most countries.
 Broiler Parent Stock Placement 12 Million  Broiler Day Old Chicks 1.2 Billion  Broiler (Table Birds) Produced 1.05 Billion  Average Annual Growth 12.5%  Live Weight 1.84 Billion Kg  Broiler Meat including Giblets 1.34 Billion Kg  Per Capita Poultry Meat Availability 7.4 Kg  Layer Parent Stock 0.75 Million  Table Egg Layers 40 Million  Total Table Egg Production 11.2 Billion  Poultry farm over 26000  Feed mills 154  Feed 7 Million MT  Hatcheries 400  Dependent peoples 1.7 millions  Contribution to GDP 1.7%  Processing/Value Addition 1% only  Turn over 750 billion RS
Prior to 1963 the native breed "Desi" was mainly raised which produced a maximum of 73 eggs per year under local conditions. An improved breed "Lyallpur Silver Black" was evolved in 1965-66 in the department of Poultry Husbandry, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad.
The layers of this breed are capable of producing 150 egg/year and gaining 1.4 kg weight in 12 weeks of age under favorable management and feeding conditions. Poultry in Pakistan was kept as backyard business for household needs. In early sixties the need of commercial poultry was felt which resulted in 1963, in the form of a national campaign to enhance the production of feed products in the country.
Under this campaign the government announce a tax exemption policy on the income derived from poultry farming. Pakistan International Airlines (PIA) in collaboration with Shaver Poultry Breeding Farms of Canada started first commercial hatchery in Karachi. Simultaneously, a commercial poultry feed mill was started by Lever Brothers (Pvt), Pakistan Ltd., at Rahim Yar Khan, which was followed by other pioneers like Arbor Acres Ltd.
Special emphasis was laid by the Government on development of poultry industry in the country during 1965-75. The Government made major policy decisions to provide all possible facilities to poultry industry in the annual development plans. The incentives provided to poultry farmers/poultry industry included.
1. Tax exemption on income derived from poultry farming. 2. Import of flock and incubators was permitted under free list. 3. Allotment of state land on lease for poultry farming at very nominal rates.
4. Established poultry research institutes at Karachi and Rawalpindi through Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO) of the United Nations to facilitate research services specifically concerning disease control programs.
5. Two meatless days were announced to encourage poultry meat consumption. 6. Subsidy on grains to form low cost quality ration, through UNDP-grains. 7. Loan through ADBP for the construction, of poultry sheds.
8. Established directorates of Poultry Production in Karachi and Punjab to provide extension services to the poultry farmers. 9. Establishment of Federal Poultry Board to coordinate government and industry activities in the poultry business. 10. Pakistan Poultry Association (PPA)
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