swelling index
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It's about coal characteristics and its inspections. Swelling index test is the basic test which is performed on fresh raw coal. Higher the swelling lower the coal qualities. because it possesses high volatile materials.
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(1) Steam exists in different states such as wet steam, dry steam, and superheated steam.
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Fuel is a combustible substance, containing carbon as main constituent, which...
Energy resources: While selecting an ideal fuel for domestic or industrial purpose we should keep in mind that the fuel selected must possess the following characteristic properties.
1) It should possess high calorific value.
2) It should have proper ignition temperature. The ignition temperature of the fuel should neither be too low nor too high.
3) It should not produce poisonous products during combustion. In other words, it should not cause pollution o combustion.
4) It should have moderate rate of combustion.
5) Combustion should be easily controllable i.e., combustion of fuel should be easy to start or stop as and when required.
6) It should not leave behind much ash on combustion.
7) It should be easily available in plenty.
8) It should have low moisture content.
9) It should be cheap.
10) It should be easy to handle and transport.
Calorific value: It is defined as the total amount of heat liberated, when unit mass or unit volume of the fuel is completely burnt in air or oxygen.
Units of heat:
a) Calorie: The amount of heat required to increase the temperature of 1 gm of water through one degree centigrade.
b) Kilocalorie: It is equal to 1000 calories. The quantity of heat required to rise the temperature of 1 Kg of water through one degree centigrade.
1 K.cal = 1000 cals
c) British thermal unit (B.Th.U.): The quantity of heat required to rise the temperature of 1 pound of water through one degree Farenheit.
1 B.Th.U = 252 cals = 0.252 K.cal
d) Centigrade heat unit (C.H.U): The quantity of heat required to rise the temperature of one pound of water through one degree centigrade.
1 K. cal = 3.968 B.Th.U = 2.2 C.H.U
For solids or liquid fuel: Calorie/gm (cal/gm) (or) Kilocalorie/Kg (K.cal/Kg) (or) B.Th.U/lb
For gaseous fuels: Kilocalorie/cubic meter (K.cal/m3) (or) B.Th.U/ft3
the slides explain about fuel and combustion
The document discusses different types of fuels and combustion. It provides classifications of fuels as primary, secondary, solid, liquid, and gaseous. It defines calorific value and explains gross calorific value and net calorific value. The document discusses solid fuels like coal, its classification and analysis including proximate analysis and ultimate analysis. It explains the importance of these analyses. It also discusses the production of metallurgical coke and its required properties.
SOLID FUEL.pdf
This document discusses solid fuels, with a focus on coal and coke. It defines primary and secondary fuels, and how they are classified based on physical state as solid, liquid, or gas. Coal forms from decayed vegetation over millions of years and is composed mainly of carbon. Coke is produced from coal through carbonization and is preferred for metallurgical processes due to its strength, porosity, and removal of undesirable sulfur. The document covers proximate and ultimate analysis methods to determine the composition of coal and evaluates quality based on factors like moisture, volatile matter, ash, carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, and sulfur content. High-temperature carbonization is used to produce strong, porous metallurgical coke while retaining purity.
Fuels & fueling methods used in the blast furnace
1. The document discusses various fuels used in blast furnaces for the production of pig iron, including metallurgical coke, natural gas, coke oven gas, and liquid oil-coal slurries.
2. Metallurgical coke is the primary fuel as it provides both heat as a reductant and carbon monoxide for the reduction of iron oxides. Physical and chemical properties of coke that impact blast furnace operations are described.
3. Alternate solid and liquid/gaseous fuels that can be used include briquetted form coke, fuel oils, natural gas, and coke oven gas injected through pipes in the stack region. The use of these alternate fuels
coke and metallurgical coal
Coke is a porous, high-strength carbon material produced by heating coal in ovens without oxygen. It is a key material used in blast furnaces for ironmaking. Metallurgical coke is made specifically from bituminous coal that can withstand high heat and pressures. The coking process involves heating coal to around 2000°F for 12-36 hours to drive off impurities. Coke is then used as both a fuel and reducing agent in blast furnaces, where its combustion produces carbon monoxide to reduce iron ore into molten iron. High quality coke is necessary to support blast furnace operations and produce quality iron.
FASTMET PROCESS Minerals.pptx
The FASTMET process uses a Rotary Hearth Furnace to rapidly reduce iron ore pellets, fines, and steel mill waste into direct reduced iron using pulverized coal. Agglomerates consisting of iron ore, waste, and coal are heated to 1350°C in the furnace to promote reduction reactions that convert the iron oxide into iron within 8-16 minutes. The direct reduced iron produced has a metallization over 85% and can be fed directly into a melting furnace or blast furnace. The FASTMET process results in a high reduction rate due to the high temperatures, efficient heat transfer, and intimate contact between carbon and iron oxide within the composite agglomerates.
Module 2__solid_fuel
This document summarizes information about solid fuels and the process of carbonization of coal. It discusses how caking coals are heated in the absence of air to produce coke, a solid residue richer in carbon. There are two types of carbonization processes - low temperature carbonization produces semi-coke while high temperature carbonization produces hard metallurgical coke. The document also describes the beehive oven and modern Otto Hoffman oven methods for manufacturing coke and recovering valuable byproducts like tar, ammonia, naphthalene and benzene. Coal washing processes like dense medium separators, jigs and cyclones are also summarized to remove impurities and increase the heating value of coal.
Coal
The document discusses the impact of coal quality on plant life and performance. It states that most power stations now use imported coal due to its higher calorific value, lower ash content, and lower price per unit of energy. However, using imported coal in boilers designed for high ash Indian coal has led to operation problems and outages. The document recommends blending imported and Indian coal at a ratio of 30% imported coal, as studies showed a similar burning profile to the boiler's design. Blending helps utilize the benefits of imported coal while avoiding issues from using it solely.
Similar to swelling index (20)
COAL BRIQUETTING-use of coal fines using suitable binder
COAL BRIQUETTING-use of coal fines using suitable binder
Creating coke in a coal testing oven or pilot plant
Creating coke in a coal testing oven or pilot plant
Fuel is a combustible substance, containing carbon as main constituent, which...
Fuel is a combustible substance, containing carbon as main constituent, which...
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iso-thermal transformation of steel
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This lab report details procedures for determining the flash point and fire point of a petroleum product sample using an open cup apparatus. The flash point is the lowest temperature at which the vapors ignite briefly, while the fire point is the lowest temperature at which the vapors will sustain burning. For the given sample, the flash point was determined to be 70°C and the fire point 84°C. The measurements characterize fire hazards and are useful for product identification and contamination detection.
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determination of Cloud point
This lab report summarizes an experiment to determine the cloud point and pour point of coconut oil. The cloud point is the temperature at which the oil becomes cloudy due to wax separation as it cools, while the pour point is the temperature at which the oil stops flowing. The apparatus used includes the oil sample, thermometer, beaker, cooling bath, cork, and testing jar. The procedure cools the oil sample in the testing jar in a cooling bath while observing for cloudiness and flow. The results found were a cloud point of 17°C and pour point of 13°C for coconut oil.
how to determine the Carbon residue
This lab report details an experiment to determine the carbon residue of a kerosene oil sample. The apparatus used includes a porcelain crucible, Skidmore crucible, chimney wire support, and sand bath. The sample oil is weighed and heated in the crucibles for 28-32 minutes until vapors cease burning, leaving behind carbon residue. The experiment found 0.01g of carbon residue in the 1g kerosene oil sample.
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Bogie hearth furnance
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liquid penetration test
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Impact test
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Deep draw test
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Bend test
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Casting
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swelling index
- 1. Lab report Energy Engineering lab Title: To determine the swelling index of coal Apparatus: Transparent crucible Gas burner stand Theory: Free swelling index (FSI) is an important parameter for coke ability and combustion of coals. The free swelling index in British Standards Index (BSI) nomenclature (the crucible swelling index number (CSN) in ISO nomenclature) is a measure of increase in the volume of coal when heated, with the exclusion of air. This parameter is useful in evaluating coals for coking and combustion. This parameter is useful in evaluating coals for coking and combustion. Coals with a low free swelling index (0-2) are not suitable for coke manufacture. Coals with high swelling numbers (+8) cannot be used by themselves to produce coke, as the resultant coke is usually weak and will not support the loads imposed within the blast furnace. When bituminous coals are heated, they develop plastic properties at about 350 °C and as a result. Exhibit fluidity, swelling, expansion and contraction in volume and after carbonization produce a coherent residue the strength of which depends on the ranking of the coal. This plastic property of coals is commonly indicated in the free swelling index, When many bituminous coals are heated, they soften and form a plastic mass that swells and resolidifies into a porous solid. Coals that exhibit such behaviour are called caking coals. Strongly caking coals, which yield a solid product (coke) with properties suitable for use in a blast furnace, are called coking coals. All coking coals are caking, but not all caking coals are not coking coal. Procedure: I took the crucible and directly placed it on flame. After heating sometime it was transferred to the table, took the balance. Weighted it in cold state. Level it by tapping it on solid surface rotating it betweens taps. Cover the crucible with lid and it upright silica triangle. Support in the draft directly; cover the gas flame for time required for burning the volatile matter die out, but in any case not less than 2.5 minutes. Remove the coke bottom carefully and remove the carbon residue remaining in the crucible due to ignition. Swelling index of coal Page | 1
- 2. Lab report Energy Engineering lab Result: There is no swelling in coal. Discussion: There is no swelling in the coal. Because this is inferior type of coal. So there Is no swelling in this type. The temperature of crucible should be reached to 850°C within 2.5 minutes. But the gas pressure here is low as compared required. The apparatus which is available here for swelling index determination is not proper. Swelling index of coal Page | 2