Standard precautions are a set of infection control practices used to reduce transmission of microorganisms in healthcare settings. They include proper hand hygiene, use of personal protective equipment like masks, gloves, and gowns, and cleaning and disinfection of rooms and equipment. Standard precautions protect both healthcare workers and patients and are the basic level of precautions used with all patients. They also include contact, droplet, and airborne precautions which have additional requirements for isolating patients with certain infectious diseases.

1.  Prepared by,
 Jerenett Joy Mahinay
 Lalaine Solis
 Aldrin Bangcal
 Kristel Angela Pilongo
 Sussane Vincoy

2.  REFERS TO THE PROCEDURES USED TO KEEP THE OBJECT
OR AREAS STERILE OR COMPLETELY FREE FROM
MICROORGANISM.
 IN SURGICALASEPSIS ALL PRACTICES ARE DIRECTED TO
THE ELIMINATION OF BOTH PATHOGENIC AND
NONPATHOGENIC MICROORGANISMS.

3. STANDARD
PRECAUTION

4. Standard precautions
 Standard precautions are a set of infection control
practices that healthcare personnel use to reduce
transmission of microorganisms in healthcare settings.
 Standard precautions protect both healthcare personnel
and patients from contact with infectious agents.

5. Standard precautions include:
hand hygiene- this is the most important and basic preventive technique
for interrupting the infectious process. Wash hands before patient
care after touching blood, body fluids, secretions, excretions and
contaminated items, immediately after gloves are removed; between
patient contacts, and which otherwise indicated.

6. Personal protective equipment
Mask , eye protection and face shields
Wear a mask and eye protection, or face shield, during procedures that
are likely to generate splashes or sprays of blood, bodily fluids,
secretions, and excretions.

7. Personal protective equipment
Gloves
you should use new gloves when hands may become contaminated with
blood, body fluids, excretions, or secretions or when touching mucous
membranes or non-intact skin, or contaminated surfaces or objects.
 Remove gloves after caring for a patient do not wear the same gloves
for more than one patient
 Do not reuse or wash gloves
 Don’t forget hand hygiene after removing gloves. Gloves are not
replacement for hand hygiene

8. Personal protective equipment
Gowns
 wear a gown during procedures that are likely to generate splashes or
sprays of blood, bodily fluids, secretions, or excretions.
 Secure gown appropriately.
 Remove a soiled gown as soon as possible, and practice hand hygiene
after removing the gown.

9. Personal protective equipment
Shoe cover
protective coverings for shoes worn by surgical personnel working in a
sterile environment in order to minimize contamination.

10. Personal protective equipment
Surgical cap
surgical caps are used to protect both the medical professional and the
patient. The surgical cap is in place to prevent hazardous bodily fluids
from splashing onto the doctor or nurse’s hair and head. They are
also used to prevent hair from affecting the vision of the medical
professionals.

11.  A STERILE OBJECT REMAINS STERILE WHEN TOUCHED
ONLY BY ANOTHER STERILE OBJECT
 ONLY STERILE OBJECT MAY BE PLACED ON STERILE FIELD
 AN OBJECT HELD BELOW A PERSON’S WAIST IS
CONTAMINATED
 A STERILE OBJECT BECOMES CONTAMINATED BY
PROLONGED EXPOSURE TO AIR
 WHEN STERILE COMES IN CONTACT WITH A WET
CONTAMINATED SURFACE THE STERILE OBJECTOR FIELD
BECOME CONTAMINTED
 FLUID FLOWS IN DIRECTION OF GRAVITY
 EDGES OF STERILE FIELD OR CONTAINER ARE CINSIDERED
TO BE CONTAMINATED

12. PRINCIPLES IN
SURGICALASEPSIS

13. PRINCIPLES RATIONALE
Always face the sterile field. Do not turn back
or side on a sterile field
Sterile objects which are out of vision are
considered questionable and their sterility
cannot be guaranteed
Keep sterile equipment above your waist level
or above table level
Waist level and table level are considered
margins of safely and will promote maximum
visibility of the sterile field
Do not speak, sneeze and cough over a sterile
field.
To prevent or droplet infections
Never reach across sterile field When non sterile object is held above a sterile
object, gravity causes micro organisms to fall
into the sterile field
Keep the unsterile objects away from the
sterile field
Micro organisms may be transferred
whenever a non sterile object touches a sterile
field
Keep the sterile field dry Micro organisms do not pass easily through a
dry surfaces
The edge of the sterile field is considered
unsterile
Proximity to contaminated area makes
sterility doubtful

14. PRINCIPLES RATIONALE
Handle liquids caustiously near the sterile
field or prevent drapes or wrappers from
becoming wet
When a liquid wets it connects a non sterile
field with a sterile field
Each sterile supply should be clearly labeled
as to its contents, time and date of
sterilization
To ensure sterility
Never assume that a object is sterile. Always
check the sterility expiration date
Sterility of an object wrapped in paper or
cloth becomes doubtful after 4 weeks
Avoid sweeping and dusting when the sterile
objects are opened
Micro organisms travel in the dust particles
Put on mask, wash hands, put on gowns and
gloves before handling sterile supplies
To prevent contamination

16. Types
 Contact precautions
 Droplet precautions
 Airborne precautions

17. Contact precautions
Apply to patients with any of the following conditions and/or disease
 Presence of stool incontinence (may include patients with norovirus,
rotavirus, or clostridium difficile)
 Draining wounds
 Uncontrolled secretions
 Pressure ulcers or presence of ostomy tubes and/or bags draining body fluids
 methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus(MRSA)
 Presence of generalized rash or exanthems
 Perform hand hygiene before touching patient and prior to wearing gloves
 Personal protective equipment (PPE) use:
 Wear a gown if substantial contact with the patient or their environment is
anticipated
 Perform hand hygiene after removal of PPE; note: use soap and water when
hands are visibly soiled (e.g. blood, body fluids), or after caring for patients
with known or suspected infectious diarrhea (clostridium difficile, norovirus)
 Clean/disinfect the room and surroundings
 Donning e upon room entry and discarding before exiting the patient room is
done to contain pathogens, especially those that have been implicated in
transmission through environmental contamination (e.g. vancomycin
resistant enterococci Clostridium difficile, noroviruses, and other intestinal
tract pathogens; Respiratory synctial virus)

18.  Provide a private room- if possible otherwise in multi-patient rooms, 3 feet
spatial separation between beds is advised to reduced the opportunities for
inadvertent sharing items between the infected/colonized patient and other
patients

19. Droplet precautions
Apply to patients known or suspected to be infected with a pathogen (more than 5
microns) that can be transmitted by droplet route; these include, but are not
limited to:
 Respiratory viruses (e.g. influenza, parainfluenza virus, adenovirus,
respiratory synctial virus, human metapneumovirus)
 For first 24 hours of therapy;: neisseria meningitides, group A streptococcus
 A single patient room is preferred
 When a single-patient room is not available, do cohorting (keeping the patient
with an existing roommate with a spatial separation of more than 3 feet)
 Healthcare personnel wear a mask (a respirator is not necessary) for close
contact with infectious patient; the mask is generally donned upon room
entry
 Patients on droplet precautions who must be transported outside of the room
should wear a mask if tolerated and follow respiratory hygiene/cough
etiquette*. Minimize the patient transfer/transportation
 If substantial spraying of respiratory fluid is anticipated, gloves and gown as
well as goggles (or face shield in the place of goggles) should be worn
 Perform hand hygiene before and after touching the patient and after contact
with respiratory secretions and contaminated objects/materials; note: use
soap and water when hands are visibly soiled (e.g. blood, body fluids)
 Clean and disinfect the room

20. RESPIRATORY / COUGH ETIQUETTE
 Cover your mouth and nose with a tissue when coughing or sneezing
 Use the nearest waste receptacle to dispose of the tissue after use
 Perform hand hygiene (e.g. hand washing with non-antimicrobial soap and
water, alcohol-based hand rub, or antiseptic hand wash) after having contact
with respiratory secretions and contaminated objects/materials.

21. Airborne precautions
Apply to patients known or suspected to be infected with pathogen than can be
transmitted by airborne route; these include, but are not limited to:
 Tuberculosis
 Measles
 Chickenpox (until lesions are crusted over)
 Localized (in immunocompromised patient) or disseminated herpes zoster
(until lesions are crusted over)
 Place the patient immediately in an airborne infection isolation room (AIIR)
 PPE use:
 Wear a fit-tested n-95 or higher level disposable respirator, if available, when
caring for the patient; the respirator should be donned prior to room entry
and removed exiting room*
 If substantial spraying of respiratory fluids is anticipated, gloves and gown as
well as goggles face shield should be worn
 Perform hand hygiene before and after touching the patient and after contact
with respiratory secretions and/or body fluids and contaminated
objects/materials; note: use soap and water when hands are visibly soiled (e.g.
blood, body fluids)
 Instruct patient to wear a facemask when exiting the exam room, avoid
coming into close contact with other patients, and practice respiratory
hygiene and cough etiquette

22.  once the patient leaves, the room should remain vacant for generally one hour
before anyone enters; however, adequate wait time may vary depending on the
ventilation rate of the room
 If staff must enter room during the wait time, they are required to use respiratory
protection
 Minimized the patient transfer/transport
 Clean and disinfect the room accordingly
 Whenever possible, non-immune healthcare workers should no care for patients
with vaccine-preventable airborne diseases (e.g. measles, chickenpox, and
smallpox)

24. Chain of infection
Chain of infection is a process of infection that begins when
an agent leave its reservoir through portal of exit and is
conveyed by mode of transmission then enters through an
appropriate portal of entry to infect a susceptible host.

26. INFECTIOUS AGENT OR CAUSATIVE AGENT
 These are any microorganism than can cause a disease such as a bacteria,
virus, parasites, fungus. Reasons that the organism will cause an infection are
virulence (ability to multiply and grow), invasiveness (ability toenter tissue),
and pathogenicity (ability to cause disease).
 Any organism is capable of causing infection if all the links/components are
present.

27. Bacteria -are present inside us, on us and around us in our environment.
 Resident flora- bacteria present inside us, helps in digestion of food.
(Unharmful)
 Transient flora-bacteria which we get from environment
 Air, drinking water, food, dust, clothes etc.
 Harmful
 Get activated when meet favorable environment
Viruses
 Respiratory infections influenza, cold etc.
 GI infections- norovirus
 Others- HIV, hepatatis etc.
Parasites
 Present in environment.
 Affects people with weak immune system.
 Example – malaria, tape worm infection etc.

28. Reservoir
It is the place where the microorganism resides, thrives, and reproduces, i.e,.
Food, water, toilet seat, elevator buttons, human feces, respiratory secretions
etc.

29. Portal of exit
It is the place where the microorganism leaves the reservoir, such as the
respiratory tract (nose, mouth),intestinal tract (rectum via stool),
urinary tract, or blood and other body fluids.

30. Mode of transmission
Mode of transmission is the means by which an organism transfer from one
carrier o another by either direct transmission or indirect transmission.

31. Contact transmission- direct and indirect
Contact transmission is the most common route of transmission of organisms in
healthcare settings.

32. Droplet transmission
Droplet should come in contact with mucus membrane directly or indirectly
through sneezing, coughing, taking etc. examples of droplet transmission
include influenza, meningitis etc.

33. Airborne transmission
There are three common disease that are transmitted through the airborne route;
chickenpox (varicella), tuberculosis, and measles.

34. Vector transmission
Vector transmission occurs when an insect or animal transmits disease to humans
e.g. malaria and dengue fever etc.

35. Portal of entry
The opening when an infectious disease enters the host’s body such as
mucus membranes, open wounds, or tubes inserted in body cavities
like urinary catheters or feeding tubes.

36. Susceptible host
It is a person who is at risk for developing an infection from the disease.
Factors include young people and elderly people, chronic disease such
as diabetes or asthma, conditions that weaken the immune system like
HIV, certain types of medications, invasive devices like feeding tubes,
and malnutrition.

37. BREAKING OF
INFECTIOUS CYCLE

39. 1. Control or elimination of infectious agent
 Cleaning, disinfection and sterilization of contaminated objects significantly
reduce and often eliminate microorganism. It includes 4 steps
1. Cleaning-it is removal of all soil from objects and surface.
2. Asepsis – it is absence of pathogenic microorganism. It is of 2 types medical
and surgical asepsis
3. Disinfection-it is process of killing microorganisms, spores are not involved.
4. Sterilization- it is process of killing microorganisms and their spores.
 Clean contaminated objects (reduces the number of organisms)
 Perform disinfection and sterilization (kills or inactivates organisms).
 Use antiseptics to inhibit growth.
 Uses antiseptic agents/antimicrobial agents.

40. 2. Control or elimination of reservoir
 Eliminate source of body fluids and drainage
 Bathe with soap and water
 Change soiled dressings
 Remove standing water on bedside tables.
 Cover bottles of used solutions
 Maintain patency of surgical wound drains
 Empty and rinse suction bottles
 Empty drainage bags every shift
 Place syringe and uncapped needles in moisture-resistant, puncture-
proof containers
 Limit contact with persons with infection or exposed to infection

41. 3. Control of portal of exit
 Cover your mouth and nose with tissue, when coughing or sneezing
 Dispose the used tissue in the garbage can, immediately after use.

42. 4. Control of transmission
 Reduce microorganisms spread
 Wash hands
 Use personal set of care items for each client
 Avoid shaking bed linens or clothes
 Discard any item that touches the floor

43. Hand hygiene moments
 Before touching the patient
 Before clean/aseptic procedure
 After body fluid exposure risk
 After touching a patient
 After touching patient surroundings

44. 7 steps to hand washing
1. Rub palms together
2. Run the back of both hands
3. Interlace fingers and rub hands together
4. Interlock fingers and rub the back of fingers of both hands
5. Rub thumb in a rotating manner followed by the area between index
finger and thumb for both hands
6. Rub fingertips on palm for both hands
7. Rub both wrist rotating manner

45. Control of portal entry
 Skin mucous membrane- maintain skin and mucous membrane
integrity, use proper hygiene measures.
 Clean wound sites thoroughly. Disposed of used needles in proper
receptacles.
 Urinary- keep all drainage systems closed and intact.
 Discard facial tissues, wound dressings, and other body excreta
without touching

46. Protection of susceptible host
 Provide adequate nutrition
 Ensure adequate rest
 Promote body defenses against infection
 Provide immunization
 Maintenance of hygiene
 Use of personal protective equipments like gloves, gowns, shoe cover,
mask and cap

47. REFERNCES
http://www.slideshare.net
www://www.registerednursing.org
opentextbc.ca