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Infection control sandra
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- 2. INFECTION CONTROL Itis the discipline concerned with preventing nosocomial or health care associated infection. It is an essential part of the infrastructure of health care. Infection control addresses factors related to the spread of infections within the health care setting, including prevention, monitoring investigation of spread of infection within a particular health care setting and management.
- 3. Objectives of infectioncontrol To protect the patient and members of the hospital team from contracting infection during hospital procedures To implement a high standard of infection control when treating every patient To reduce the numbers of pathogenic micro organisms to the lowest possible level
- 4. Strategy to achieveinfection control All patients must be screened Barriers for personal protection Careful aseptic technique Sterilization and disinfection Disposal of contaminated safely
- 5. Importance of infectioncontrol Prevents post procedure infection Provide high quality safe services Prevents infection in service providers and other staff Protects the community from infection that originate from health care facilities Prevents the spread of antibiotic resistant MO Lowers the costs of health care services since prevention is cheaper than treatment
- 6. Hospital infection control programme Aim: Dissemination of information Surveillance activities Investigation Prevention and control of nosocomial infections in the hospital
- 7. Effectiveness of infectioncontrol program depends on: Organised surveillance and control activities One infection control practitioner for every major health facility Appointing a trained hospital epidemiologist
- 8. Important components ofthe infection control program Basic measures of infection control i.e standard and additional precautions Education and training of HCW Protection of HCW Identification of hazards and minimizing risks Routine practices essential to infection control such as aseptic techniques
- 9. Use ofsingle use devices, reprocessing of instruments and equipments Antibiotic usage, management of blood and body fluid exposure Surveillance Incident monitoring Outbreak investigation Infection control in specific situations Research Management of medical waste
- 10. Role of infectioncontrol Identify, investigate and monitor infections hazardous practice and procedures Participate in the preparation of documents relating to service specifications and quality standards Participate in training and educational programs and in membership of relevant committees where infection control input is needed
- 11. Educate individualsand groups about the risk, prevention, transmission and control of infection, disease specific care, appropriate precautions and appropriate assessments. Investigate, manage and conduct surveillance of suspected and confirmed outbreaks of infection Maintain infection control standards and policies
- 12. Standard precautions Handwashing Barrier precautions Sharp disposal Handling of contaminated material
- 13. Additional transmission precautions Airborne Droplet Contact
- 14. Rehabilitation Any serviceor activity that can address or prevent the health related challenges or disabilities ( HIV) Research has shown that rehabilitation interventions like stress management, maintaining a healthy weight and regular exercise can prevent or reduce the severity of many diseases
- 15. Helps peopleto manage their problems Provides support so that people can be included in their communities while continuing to live as independently as possible Services include physiotherapy, occupational therapy, speech therapy, language therapy, complimentary and alternative therapies such as AYUSH, yoga, acupuncture, meditation massage, and counselling therapies.
- 16. Nursing procedures Handwashingtechniques Moments of hand hygiene Isolation techniques Sterile techniques Standard precautions
- 17. Standard precautions mustbe used in the handling of: Standard precautions apply to all patients regardless of their diagnosis or presumed infection status blood (including dried blood) all other body fluids/substances (except sweat), regardless of whether they contain visible blood non-intact skin mucous membranes.
- 18. Standard precautions consistof the following practices: Hand hygiene before and after all patient contact The use of personal protective equipment, which may include gloves, impermeable gowns, plastic aprons, masks, face shields and eye protection The safe use and disposal of sharps The use of aseptic “non-touch” technique for all invasive procedures, including appropriate use of skin disinfectants Reprocessing of reusable instruments and equipment Routine environmental cleaning Waste management Respiratory hygiene and cough etiquette Appropriate handling of linen.
- 19. The following arethe routes of transmission The type of TBPs applied is based upon the mode of transmission of the pathogen. For diseases that have multiple routes of transmission, more than one TBP category is applied. 1. airborne transmission, e.g., pulmonary tuberculosis, chickenpox, measles 2. droplet transmission, e.g., influenza, pertussis (whooping cough), rubella 3. contact transmission (direct or indirect), e.g., viral gastroenteritis, Clostridium difficile, MRSA, scabies
- 20. Contact precautions Ensureappropriate patient placement in a single patient space or room if available in acute care hospitals. In long-term and other residential settings, make room placement decisions balancing risks to other patients. In ambulatory settings, place patients requiring contact precautions in an exam room or cubicle as soon as possible. Use personal protective equipment (PPE) appropriately, including gloves and gown. Wear a gown and gloves for all interactions that may involve contact with the patient or the patient’s environment. Donning PPE upon room entry and properly discarding before exiting the patient room is done to contain pathogens. Limit transport and movement of patients outside of the room to medically- necessary purposes. When transport or movement is necessary, cover or contain the infected or colonized areas of the patient’s body. Remove and dispose of contaminated PPE and perform hand hygiene prior to transporting patients on Contact Precautions. Don clean PPE to handle the patient at the transport location.
- 21. Airborne precautions Sourcecontrol: put a mask on the patient. Ensure appropriate patient placement in an airborne infection isolation room (AIIR) constructed according to the Guideline for Isolation Precautions. In settings where Airborne Precautions cannot be implemented due to limited engineering resources, masking the patient and placing the patient in a private room with the door closed will reduce the likelihood of airborne transmission until the patient is either transferred to a facility with an AIIR or returned home. Restrict susceptible healthcare personnel from entering the room of patients known or suspected to have measles, chickenpox, disseminated zoster, or smallpox if other immune healthcare personnel are available. Use personal protective equipment (PPE) appropriately, including a fit-tested NIOSH-approved N95 or higher level respirator for healthcare personnel.
- 22. Limit transportand movement of patients outside of the room to medically- necessary purposes. If transport or movement outside an AIIR is necessary, instruct patients to wear a surgical mask, if possible, and observe Respiratory Hygiene/Cough Etiquette. Healthcare personnel transporting patients who are on Airborne Precautions do not need to wear a mask or respirator during transport if the patient is wearing a mask and infectious skin lesions are covered. Immunize susceptible persons as soon as possible following unprotected contact with vaccine-preventable infections (e.g., measles, varicella or smallpox).
- 23. Droplet precautions Sourcecontrol: put a mask on the patient. Ensure appropriate patient placement in a single room if possible. In acute care hospitals, if single rooms are not available, utilize the recommendations for alternative patient placement considerations in the Guideline for Isolation Precautions. In long-term care and other residential settings, make decisions regarding patient placement on a case-by-case basis considering infection risks to other patients in the room and available alternatives. In ambulatory settings, place patients who require Droplet Precautions in an exam room or cubicle as soon as possible and instruct patients to follow Respiratory Hygiene/Cough Etiquette recommendations. Use personal protective equipment (PPE) appropriately. Don mask upon entry into the patient room or patient space. Limit transport and movement of patients outside of the room to medically- necessary purposes. If transport or movement outside of the room is necessary, instruct patient to wear a mask and follow Respiratory Hygiene/Cough Etiquette.
- 24. Use disposableor dedicated patient-care equipment (e.g., blood pressure cuffs). If common use of equipment for multiple patients is unavoidable, clean and disinfect such equipment before use on another patient. Prioritize cleaning and disinfection of the rooms of patients on contact precautions ensuring rooms are frequently cleaned and disinfected (e.g., at least daily or prior to use by another patient if outpatient setting) focusing on frequently-touched surfaces and equipment in the immediate vicinity of the patient.