How can variables be measured in environments that are too hot, too cold, or moving too fast for traditional circuit-based sensors? A new technology for obtaining multiple, real-time measurements under extreme environmental conditions is being developed under Phase 1 and 2 funding contracts from NASA's Kennedy Space Center’s Small Business Technology Transfer (STTR) program. Opportunities for early deployment licensing and Phase 3 STTR contracts are now being accepted.
Passive, remote measuring systems can be created using new Orthogonal Frequency Code (OFC) multiplexing techniques and specially developed, next-generation SAW sensors. As a result, very cost-effective applications such as spaceflight sensing (for instance, temperature, pressure, or acceleration monitoring), remote cryogenic fluid level sensing, or an almost limitless number of other rigorous monitoring applications are possible.
Surface acoustic wave sensors rely on modulating and transducing surface acoustic waves to sense physical phenomena. They have advantages including compact size, high sensitivity, fast response, and ability to operate wirelessly in harsh environments. A basic SAW sensor consists of a piezoelectric substrate with input and output interdigital transducers to launch and receive surface acoustic waves. The transducers convert between electrical and mechanical surface waves, allowing remote sensing by analyzing signal changes induced by external factors interacting with the waves.
SAR (Specific Absorption Rate) measures the amount of radiation absorbed by the human body from cell phones. It is measured in kg/watt per gram of tissue. The FCC limits SAR to 1.6 kg/watt. High SAR values from cell phones can cause health effects like headaches, memory loss, and may increase risk of diseases like Alzheimer's. SAR is measured using phantoms that simulate the human head and body to test radiation absorption at different phone positions and frequencies. Steps are outlined to reduce radiation exposure and prevent high SAR, such as using headsets or speakerphone, keeping calls brief, and purchasing phones with low reported SAR values.
Three sentences:
Sound waves are mechanical waves that propagate through a medium as variations in pressure. Acoustic sensors convert these pressure variations into electrical signals using various transduction mechanisms like piezoelectricity, capacitance changes, or fiber optic interferometry. Common acoustic sensors include microphones, hydrophones, and surface acoustic wave sensors which propagate mechanical waves along the surface of piezoelectric materials to enable highly sensitive measurement.
The document discusses the piezoelectric effect, which causes certain crystals to generate an electric charge in response to applied mechanical stress. It produces concise summaries of key points, including that piezoelectricity is found in natural crystals like quartz as well as synthetic and polarized ferroelectric materials. Common piezoelectric material groups and their use in transducers, generators, and applications like sensors, medical imaging, and smart structures are also summarized.
This document presents a non-terminal based indoor location system called PILAS that uses pyroelectric infrared (PIR) sensors. The PILAS system architecture includes PIR sensors installed in each room, room terminals, and a smart home server that generates a virtual map and provides intelligent services. The PILAS system can locate residents within a room by analyzing the output patterns of overlapping PIR sensors without requiring residents to carry any devices. An experimental test bed demonstrated that the PILAS system can accurately track a resident's movements and locate them with a maximum error of less than 30 cm.
Power Engineers is one of the leading manufacturers and suppliers of stabilizer, UPS, invertors, batteries,step up/step down isolation transformer and much more.
Surface acoustic wave sensors rely on modulating and transducing surface acoustic waves to sense physical phenomena. They have advantages including compact size, high sensitivity, fast response, and ability to operate wirelessly in harsh environments. A basic SAW sensor consists of a piezoelectric substrate with input and output interdigital transducers to launch and receive surface acoustic waves. The transducers convert between electrical and mechanical surface waves, allowing remote sensing by analyzing signal changes induced by external factors interacting with the waves.
SAR (Specific Absorption Rate) measures the amount of radiation absorbed by the human body from cell phones. It is measured in kg/watt per gram of tissue. The FCC limits SAR to 1.6 kg/watt. High SAR values from cell phones can cause health effects like headaches, memory loss, and may increase risk of diseases like Alzheimer's. SAR is measured using phantoms that simulate the human head and body to test radiation absorption at different phone positions and frequencies. Steps are outlined to reduce radiation exposure and prevent high SAR, such as using headsets or speakerphone, keeping calls brief, and purchasing phones with low reported SAR values.
Three sentences:
Sound waves are mechanical waves that propagate through a medium as variations in pressure. Acoustic sensors convert these pressure variations into electrical signals using various transduction mechanisms like piezoelectricity, capacitance changes, or fiber optic interferometry. Common acoustic sensors include microphones, hydrophones, and surface acoustic wave sensors which propagate mechanical waves along the surface of piezoelectric materials to enable highly sensitive measurement.
The document discusses the piezoelectric effect, which causes certain crystals to generate an electric charge in response to applied mechanical stress. It produces concise summaries of key points, including that piezoelectricity is found in natural crystals like quartz as well as synthetic and polarized ferroelectric materials. Common piezoelectric material groups and their use in transducers, generators, and applications like sensors, medical imaging, and smart structures are also summarized.
This document presents a non-terminal based indoor location system called PILAS that uses pyroelectric infrared (PIR) sensors. The PILAS system architecture includes PIR sensors installed in each room, room terminals, and a smart home server that generates a virtual map and provides intelligent services. The PILAS system can locate residents within a room by analyzing the output patterns of overlapping PIR sensors without requiring residents to carry any devices. An experimental test bed demonstrated that the PILAS system can accurately track a resident's movements and locate them with a maximum error of less than 30 cm.
Power Engineers is one of the leading manufacturers and suppliers of stabilizer, UPS, invertors, batteries,step up/step down isolation transformer and much more.
The document discusses protection and coordination of electrical systems. It covers objectives like safety of humans and equipment, selectivity, and cost. Equipment protection criteria and excessive currents are explained. Common protection types like overcurrent, differential, and voltage are introduced. Low voltage protective devices like circuit breakers and fuses are described in detail, including their characteristics and trip units. Current limiting fuse operation and let-through charts are also summarized.
VLF Testing of Cables Using IEEE 400.2. Presentation by John Densley that describes the in situ testing of distribution cables using very low frequency (VLF) voltages according to IEEE Standard 400.2. The Standard includes criteria to assess the condition of XLPE, EPR and paper insulated cable circuits. How the criteria were established and their limitations will be discussed, along with Partial Discharge (PD) testing using VLF.
John, the President of ArborLec Solutions Inc. has worked on electrical ageing mechanism and diagnostics techniques in electrical insulation for more than 35 years. He has a sound practical and theoretical knowledge of ageing and failure mechanisms of insulation systems in high voltage equipment such as medium and high voltage cables, transformers and switchgears.
Synchronous Generator Loading CharacteristicsAhmed A. Arefin
The document discusses tests performed on synchronous generators to determine key parameters:
1) An open-circuit test determines the saturation characteristic curve relating internal induced voltage to field current.
2) A short-circuit test provides the short-circuit current capability and is used to calculate the synchronous reactance.
3) A DC test measures the armature resistance by applying a DC voltage and measuring the current.
Power Diagnostix produces versatile instruments for high-voltage diagnostic applications including partial discharge detection. Their ICMseries detectors are used worldwide for evaluating electrical insulation. In addition to partial discharge equipment, they also produce instruments for fiber optic transmission, GIS fault location, and high-voltage test control. The ICMsystem is their flagship partial discharge detector, known for its versatility and ability to evaluate insulation conditions across various frequencies through modular components.
This document discusses terahertz frequency, which lies between infrared and microwave frequencies in the electromagnetic spectrum. It provides a brief history of terahertz science and outlines some key properties, including its ability to penetrate many materials and resolve fine spatial details. The document then describes several applications of terahertz technology, such as security scanning, medical imaging, manufacturing quality control, and astronomy. However, it notes that terahertz equipment remains large and difficult to implement in real-world settings.
The document provides information on the Compact Light Fitting Series C-LUX 6100/6500. It includes details on the suitable mounting locations, central locking mechanism, ATEX and other certifications. Selection tables are included that list the available lamp, ballast and emergency lighting options along with their respective order numbers and weights. Accessories and spare parts such as fluorescent lamps, socket spanners and emergency exit signs are also detailed.
This document presents information on bubble power, a proposed method of nuclear fusion. Bubble power aims to use sound waves to implode bubbles of deuterium gas and cause fusion. If successful, it could provide cheap, clean, and limitless energy. However, developing the technology into a viable power plant faces challenges of scale and the need for more advanced apparatus. Evidence of fusion is assessed through measuring tritium production and detecting neutron emissions. The presentation of bubble power concludes that if these challenges can be overcome, it may revolutionize energy production.
The document discusses oscilloscopes, including:
1) An oscilloscope is a visual voltmeter that displays voltage patterns over time using a cathode ray tube (CRT) similar to a television screen.
2) There are several types of oscilloscopes including analog, digital storage, digital phosphor, and digital sampling oscilloscopes.
3) Oscilloscopes are used to measure signals and analyze waveforms, and can display different waveforms like sine waves. They have applications in measuring light intensity from a photocell and other signals.
Generation of High D.C. Voltage (HVDC generation)RP6997
Generation of high dc voltage using different methods like half wave and full wave rectifier, voltage doubler circuits, voltage multiplier circuits, cockcroft-walton circuits and van de graaff generators.
Class-E power amplifiers can operate with up to 90% efficiency, significantly higher than typical 50% efficiency of other amplifier designs. This results in lower power consumption and transistor heating. Class-E amplifiers use a tuned drain network and operate the transistor as a switch to achieve high efficiency. The design involves selecting component values using published equations to achieve the specially-shaped voltage and current waveforms. Class-E amplifiers are well-suited for efficient QRP transmitters but are not as suitable for multi-band or linear amplifier applications.
INDUSTRIAL INSTRUMENTATION. digital data acquisition systems & control. PREPA...Jobin Abraham
This document discusses digital data acquisition systems and control. It provides an outline that covers the use of signal conditioners, scanners, converters, recorders, and displays in data acquisition systems. It describes instrumentation systems as aggregations of devices that function together. It distinguishes between analog and digital instrumentation systems. Analog systems deal with continuous analog signals, while digital systems use discrete pulses. It provides details on the basic components of analog and digital data acquisition systems. Finally, it lists references and websites for additional information.
single phase half bridge inverter, full bridge inverter, parallel inverter, load commutated inverter with working and waveforms.
download and watch the animations. it will be effective.
single phase bridge inverter harmonic analysis.
The document summarizes key concepts related to electrical power systems. It discusses resistance in conductors, which depends on material, length, cross-sectional area, and temperature. It also describes bundled conductors, which are made of multiple subconductors joined together to increase current capacity. Skin effect and proximity effect are explained, where skin effect causes current to flow at the surface of conductors especially at high frequencies, and proximity effect increases resistance due to interaction between magnetic fields of nearby conductors.
Silicon Control Rectifier Phase ControlDerrick Tiew
These slides provide brief introduction to the use of silicon control rectifier in phase control circuit, i.e. half-wave as well as full-wave rectifier circuit.
This document summarizes Ankit Master's final presentation on microwave components. It describes several types of couplers - branchline, Wilkinson, modified Wilkinson, and ratrace couplers. It also discusses the design and measurement results of a gain block, low noise amplifier, and oscillator. Measurements of the S-parameters and other specifications are provided to analyze the performance of each circuit.
This document provides information about a High Voltage Engineering course, including:
- The examination scheme which includes marks for internal and end semester exams, as well as term work.
- An overview of the 6 course units which cover topics like breakdown in gases and liquids, generation of high voltages, measurement techniques, and testing of electrical apparatus.
- Detailed content on Unit 1 related to breakdown in gases, including Townsend's theory, ionization processes, and the limitations of Townsend's theory.
The document discusses symmetrical and unsymmetrical faults in power systems. Symmetrical faults include three-phase faults and three-phase faults to ground. Unsymmetrical faults include line-to-ground faults, line-to-line faults, and line-to-line-to-ground faults. The document also discusses symmetrical components including positive, negative, and zero sequences, and how they are calculated. Finally, it mentions how grounding of transformers and generators is important during unsymmetrical faults.
The document discusses limitations of vacuum tubes at microwave frequencies. Key limitations include increased parasitic inductance and capacitance from electrode leads, which reduce efficiency. Transit time effects also limit bandwidth as electrons oscillate between electrodes. Gain-bandwidth product remains constant, requiring alternative designs like reentrant cavities. Overall, vacuum tubes face challenges amplifying signals above 1 GHz due to these inherent timescale limitations. Solid state devices like transistors addressed these issues and enabled widespread microwave applications.
Mit dem Raster von IMMO-SENSOR® erfassen wir für unsere Kunden die Problemstellung von Potenzialimmobilien anhand von 100 Merkmalen systematisch und stellen das Ergebnis stark vereinfacht dar. Auf dieser soliden Grundlage erarbeiten wir Potenzialanalysen, liefern Entscheidungsgrundlagen und erarbeiten Konzepte. Jan Baumgartner, Baumgartner Immobilien-Management GmbH, Wydlerweg 17, 8047 Zürich
Surface acoustic wave (SAW) technology uses ultrasonic waves that pass over a touchscreen panel. When the panel is touched, it absorbs a portion of the wave, registering the touch event's position which is then sent to the controller. Contaminants on the surface can interfere with SAW touchscreens by disrupting the ultrasonic waves.
The document discusses protection and coordination of electrical systems. It covers objectives like safety of humans and equipment, selectivity, and cost. Equipment protection criteria and excessive currents are explained. Common protection types like overcurrent, differential, and voltage are introduced. Low voltage protective devices like circuit breakers and fuses are described in detail, including their characteristics and trip units. Current limiting fuse operation and let-through charts are also summarized.
VLF Testing of Cables Using IEEE 400.2. Presentation by John Densley that describes the in situ testing of distribution cables using very low frequency (VLF) voltages according to IEEE Standard 400.2. The Standard includes criteria to assess the condition of XLPE, EPR and paper insulated cable circuits. How the criteria were established and their limitations will be discussed, along with Partial Discharge (PD) testing using VLF.
John, the President of ArborLec Solutions Inc. has worked on electrical ageing mechanism and diagnostics techniques in electrical insulation for more than 35 years. He has a sound practical and theoretical knowledge of ageing and failure mechanisms of insulation systems in high voltage equipment such as medium and high voltage cables, transformers and switchgears.
Synchronous Generator Loading CharacteristicsAhmed A. Arefin
The document discusses tests performed on synchronous generators to determine key parameters:
1) An open-circuit test determines the saturation characteristic curve relating internal induced voltage to field current.
2) A short-circuit test provides the short-circuit current capability and is used to calculate the synchronous reactance.
3) A DC test measures the armature resistance by applying a DC voltage and measuring the current.
Power Diagnostix produces versatile instruments for high-voltage diagnostic applications including partial discharge detection. Their ICMseries detectors are used worldwide for evaluating electrical insulation. In addition to partial discharge equipment, they also produce instruments for fiber optic transmission, GIS fault location, and high-voltage test control. The ICMsystem is their flagship partial discharge detector, known for its versatility and ability to evaluate insulation conditions across various frequencies through modular components.
This document discusses terahertz frequency, which lies between infrared and microwave frequencies in the electromagnetic spectrum. It provides a brief history of terahertz science and outlines some key properties, including its ability to penetrate many materials and resolve fine spatial details. The document then describes several applications of terahertz technology, such as security scanning, medical imaging, manufacturing quality control, and astronomy. However, it notes that terahertz equipment remains large and difficult to implement in real-world settings.
The document provides information on the Compact Light Fitting Series C-LUX 6100/6500. It includes details on the suitable mounting locations, central locking mechanism, ATEX and other certifications. Selection tables are included that list the available lamp, ballast and emergency lighting options along with their respective order numbers and weights. Accessories and spare parts such as fluorescent lamps, socket spanners and emergency exit signs are also detailed.
This document presents information on bubble power, a proposed method of nuclear fusion. Bubble power aims to use sound waves to implode bubbles of deuterium gas and cause fusion. If successful, it could provide cheap, clean, and limitless energy. However, developing the technology into a viable power plant faces challenges of scale and the need for more advanced apparatus. Evidence of fusion is assessed through measuring tritium production and detecting neutron emissions. The presentation of bubble power concludes that if these challenges can be overcome, it may revolutionize energy production.
The document discusses oscilloscopes, including:
1) An oscilloscope is a visual voltmeter that displays voltage patterns over time using a cathode ray tube (CRT) similar to a television screen.
2) There are several types of oscilloscopes including analog, digital storage, digital phosphor, and digital sampling oscilloscopes.
3) Oscilloscopes are used to measure signals and analyze waveforms, and can display different waveforms like sine waves. They have applications in measuring light intensity from a photocell and other signals.
Generation of High D.C. Voltage (HVDC generation)RP6997
Generation of high dc voltage using different methods like half wave and full wave rectifier, voltage doubler circuits, voltage multiplier circuits, cockcroft-walton circuits and van de graaff generators.
Class-E power amplifiers can operate with up to 90% efficiency, significantly higher than typical 50% efficiency of other amplifier designs. This results in lower power consumption and transistor heating. Class-E amplifiers use a tuned drain network and operate the transistor as a switch to achieve high efficiency. The design involves selecting component values using published equations to achieve the specially-shaped voltage and current waveforms. Class-E amplifiers are well-suited for efficient QRP transmitters but are not as suitable for multi-band or linear amplifier applications.
INDUSTRIAL INSTRUMENTATION. digital data acquisition systems & control. PREPA...Jobin Abraham
This document discusses digital data acquisition systems and control. It provides an outline that covers the use of signal conditioners, scanners, converters, recorders, and displays in data acquisition systems. It describes instrumentation systems as aggregations of devices that function together. It distinguishes between analog and digital instrumentation systems. Analog systems deal with continuous analog signals, while digital systems use discrete pulses. It provides details on the basic components of analog and digital data acquisition systems. Finally, it lists references and websites for additional information.
single phase half bridge inverter, full bridge inverter, parallel inverter, load commutated inverter with working and waveforms.
download and watch the animations. it will be effective.
single phase bridge inverter harmonic analysis.
The document summarizes key concepts related to electrical power systems. It discusses resistance in conductors, which depends on material, length, cross-sectional area, and temperature. It also describes bundled conductors, which are made of multiple subconductors joined together to increase current capacity. Skin effect and proximity effect are explained, where skin effect causes current to flow at the surface of conductors especially at high frequencies, and proximity effect increases resistance due to interaction between magnetic fields of nearby conductors.
Silicon Control Rectifier Phase ControlDerrick Tiew
These slides provide brief introduction to the use of silicon control rectifier in phase control circuit, i.e. half-wave as well as full-wave rectifier circuit.
This document summarizes Ankit Master's final presentation on microwave components. It describes several types of couplers - branchline, Wilkinson, modified Wilkinson, and ratrace couplers. It also discusses the design and measurement results of a gain block, low noise amplifier, and oscillator. Measurements of the S-parameters and other specifications are provided to analyze the performance of each circuit.
This document provides information about a High Voltage Engineering course, including:
- The examination scheme which includes marks for internal and end semester exams, as well as term work.
- An overview of the 6 course units which cover topics like breakdown in gases and liquids, generation of high voltages, measurement techniques, and testing of electrical apparatus.
- Detailed content on Unit 1 related to breakdown in gases, including Townsend's theory, ionization processes, and the limitations of Townsend's theory.
The document discusses symmetrical and unsymmetrical faults in power systems. Symmetrical faults include three-phase faults and three-phase faults to ground. Unsymmetrical faults include line-to-ground faults, line-to-line faults, and line-to-line-to-ground faults. The document also discusses symmetrical components including positive, negative, and zero sequences, and how they are calculated. Finally, it mentions how grounding of transformers and generators is important during unsymmetrical faults.
The document discusses limitations of vacuum tubes at microwave frequencies. Key limitations include increased parasitic inductance and capacitance from electrode leads, which reduce efficiency. Transit time effects also limit bandwidth as electrons oscillate between electrodes. Gain-bandwidth product remains constant, requiring alternative designs like reentrant cavities. Overall, vacuum tubes face challenges amplifying signals above 1 GHz due to these inherent timescale limitations. Solid state devices like transistors addressed these issues and enabled widespread microwave applications.
Mit dem Raster von IMMO-SENSOR® erfassen wir für unsere Kunden die Problemstellung von Potenzialimmobilien anhand von 100 Merkmalen systematisch und stellen das Ergebnis stark vereinfacht dar. Auf dieser soliden Grundlage erarbeiten wir Potenzialanalysen, liefern Entscheidungsgrundlagen und erarbeiten Konzepte. Jan Baumgartner, Baumgartner Immobilien-Management GmbH, Wydlerweg 17, 8047 Zürich
Surface acoustic wave (SAW) technology uses ultrasonic waves that pass over a touchscreen panel. When the panel is touched, it absorbs a portion of the wave, registering the touch event's position which is then sent to the controller. Contaminants on the surface can interfere with SAW touchscreens by disrupting the ultrasonic waves.
Designing with Sensors: Creating Adaptive ExperiencesAvi Itzkovitch
How do we utilize sensor and user data to create experiences in the digital world? We all know that smart devices have sensors, but how can we use this as a resource to acquire information about the user and his environment? And how can we use this information to design a better user experience that is both unobtrusive and transparent? The simple answer: we create adaptive systems.
Join speaker Avi Itzkovitch to discover core concepts for utilizing smart device technologies and sensor data in order to understand context, and add “adaptive thinking” to the UX professional’s toolset when designing experiences. In his presentation, Avi will demonstrate the importance of understanding context when designing adaptive experiences, give ideas on how to design adaptive systems, and most important, inspire designers to think how smart devices and context-aware applications can enhance the user experience with adaptivity.
Apple's Smart Sensor Technologies -- market research report (sample)MEMS Journal, Inc.
This comprehensive 204-page report covers the latest and emerging sensors, microsystems, and MEMS technologies which Apple is developing and using for its products including the iPhone and the Watch. To order the full version, please go here: https://fs8.formsite.com/medved44/form33/index.html
PLM Open Hours - Systemtechnische Integration von Aktor-Sensor-Listen: BMK im 3DIntelliact AG
Die Grundvoraussetzung für eine sinnvolle Verknüpfung eindeutig identifizierbarer Komponenten sind folgende PLM Themenstellungen:
Mechatronische Systeme mit Integration eindeutiger physischer Komponenten
Funktionale Beschreibung von Systemen mit integrierten Aktoren und Sensoren
Know How über die exakte Systemkonfiguration d.h. Version, Teilenummer und Stückliste der interagierenden Komponenten
In diesen PLM Open Hours soll ein Review über die existierenden Technologien und Lösungen vorgenommen werden.
Smart Sensor capteurs électriques pour systèmes d’attelage par autoprestige-u...autoprestige
nouvelle génération de capteurs électriques pour systèmes d’attelage : le SMART-SENSOR. Grâce au SMART-SENSOR, qui a nécessité trois ans de recherche et de développement, BOSAL DISTRIBUTION lance une solution de connectique complétement adaptée aux véhicules actuels.
http://www.autoprestige-utilitaire.fr/categories.php?path=3
Story Lab - Sensor Journalism [23-04-2015, Liège]Gregory Berger
Présentation de 3kd à la Master Class sur les nouvelles narrations.
Comment l'utilisation de capteurs électroniques peut influencer le story telling, l'investigation ou le fact checking.
Semantic Sensor Network Ontology: Description et usagecatherine roussey
cours à l'école d'Été Web Intelligence 2013 « Le Web des objets » 3 septembre 2013, Saint-Germain-Au-Mont-d'Or, Franc. 67 slides.
ce cours en plus de décrire l'ontology ssn présente certains usages.
Wireless sensor networks combine sensing, computation and communication capabilities into small sensor nodes. A wireless sensor network consists of multiple sensor nodes that communicate wirelessly to perform distributed sensing tasks. Each sensor node contains components for power, computation, sensing and communication. Security is important for wireless sensor networks due to their widespread applications and vulnerabilities like traffic analysis attacks and Sybil attacks. Common security techniques for wireless sensor networks include encryption, cryptography and access control protocols.
Gas Leakage Detector using Arduino with SMS Alert - Engineering ProjectCircuitsToday
Gas Leakage Detector using Arduino and MQ5 Gas Sensor - with GSM Module for SMS Alerts and Sound Alarm - Ideal for Engineering Project and Seminar Presentation - Read Full Article here - http://www.circuitstoday.com/gas-leakage-detector-using-arduino-with-sms-alert -
Este documento describe la historia y el desarrollo de los sistemas de inyección electrónica de gasolina desde 1898 hasta 1997. Explica los primeros intentos de inyección directa de gasolina y cómo se perfeccionaron los sistemas mecánicos de inyección. También describe el desarrollo de los primeros sistemas de inyección electrónica en la década de 1960 y cómo evolucionaron hacia sistemas más sofisticados controlados digitalmente. Finalmente, proporciona algunas estadísticas sobre la producción de sistemas
This document provides an overview of electronic noses. It defines an electronic nose as a device that detects odors or flavors using an array of sensors that generate electrical signals in response to volatile compounds. The document then discusses the basic design of an electronic nose and how it works, comparing it to the biological nose. It also outlines common sensor technologies, applications such as medical diagnosis and food quality control, and concludes that while not as sensitive as the mammalian nose, the electronic nose is a useful analytical tool.
This document provides an overview of wireless sensor networks and their applications. It discusses that a sensor network is comprised of sensing, computing, and communication elements that allow an administrator to instrument, observe and react to events in an environment. There are typically four basic components: sensors, an interconnecting network, a central point for information clustering, and computing resources to handle the data. Common applications of sensor networks include military surveillance, environmental monitoring, and infrastructure/facility monitoring.
P6: Kiwibot Basic Shield: Sensor de distancia por ultrasonidosJosé Pujol Pérez
Este documento explica cómo funciona un sensor de distancia ultrasónico y cómo implementarlo en Arduino. El sensor mide el tiempo que tardan las ondas de sonido en rebotar en un objeto para calcular la distancia. El documento detalla cómo usar la función "pulseIn" para medir el tiempo y cómo implementar un programa para medir distancias cada cierto intervalo usando "millis()". Finalmente, propone ideas para aplicaciones como un piano aéreo, alarma o sistema de estacionamiento.
El documento presenta resúmenes de varios sensores utilizados en automóviles, incluyendo sensores de aceite, temperatura del motor, ángulo del volante, nivel de combustible, pedal del acelerador, posición de la mariposa y presión en el colector de aire. Explica brevemente la ubicación, función y posibles fallas de cada sensor.
Why Use SAW Sensors and Tags?
- Frequency/time are measured with greatest accuracy compared to any other physical measurement (10-10 - 10-14).
- External stimuli affects device parameters (frequency, phase, amplitude, delay)
- Operate from cryogenic to >1000oC
- Ability to both measure a stimuli and to wirelessly, passively transmit information
- Frequency range ~10 MHz – 3 GHz
- Monolithic structure fabricated with current IC photolithography techniques, small, rugged
This document provides an introduction to electronic warfare analyses. It discusses definitions of ELINT and EW terminology. It also covers topics like ELINT collection cycles, RF receiver characteristics, direction finding analysis, scan pattern analysis, and PRI analysis. The document puts these concepts together using examples of ESM concepts of operations and potential future ELINT threats that use techniques like LPI, frequency hopping, and spread spectrum.
Comparative Analysis of Natural Frequency of Transverse Vibration of a Cantil...IRJET Journal
This document presents a comparative analysis of the natural frequency of transverse vibration of a cantilever beam using analytical and experimental methods. Analytical calculations are performed to determine the natural frequencies of the first three modes of vibration of the cantilever beam. Experimental testing is conducted using an impact hammer, accelerometer, and FFT analyzer. The natural frequencies measured experimentally are found to be close to those calculated analytically. The results demonstrate that analytical and experimental methods can both accurately determine the natural frequencies of a cantilever beam's vibration.
This document summarizes a presentation on radio frequency integrated circuits (RFICs) and related technologies given at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute. It discusses trends in multi-band and wideband communication, challenges in RFIC design including wide frequency coverage and power consumption, and applications of technologies like cognitive radio, ultra-wideband communication, and 3D RF integration. The presentation also covers topics ranging from spectrum utilization to multi-band voltage-controlled oscillator design.
OTDR (Optical Time Domain Reflectometry) is a technique that uses light pulses to map the path and measure the quality of an optical fiber link. It works by launching light pulses into the fiber and analyzing the backscattered light. An OTDR can detect the locations and losses of splices, connectors, and faults. It provides essential information on the length, attenuation, and problems affecting the entire fiber under test.
The design of an Antenna system for a Cell Extender site needs to take into account the following specific factors:
a) The systems input and output frequencies can be relatively close.
b) The Cell (output) channels are fixed, but the Donor (RF Link) radios are frequency agile, as the channel can vary from call to call (to follow the Donor sites Traffic Channel allocation).
This Document is specially written to assist in Cell Extender antenna system design. As such, it is assumed that the reader has a good understanding of standard antenna system design techniques such as filter, multi coupler and other combiner technologies, as issues discussed in this Document only relate to specific Cell Extender application aspects. Matters such as elimination of Intermod products etc are not addressed in the context of this Document - please refer to normal common standard techniques and practices for these issues.
Please note that this Document provides design "Rules" only. Experience in antenna system design remains indispensable in actual practice!
Manufacturing state-of-the-art microwave and communication lab equipments/educational trainers for Engineering Colleges, Polytechnics, Universities, Research and defence Labs under the technical guidance of Dr. H. M. Bhatnagar, Ex-Senior Scientist, NPL, New Delhi.
Short Range Radar System using Arduino UnoIRJET Journal
This document describes the design and implementation of a short range radar system using an Arduino Uno. The system uses an ultrasonic sensor mounted on a servo motor to detect objects within 180 degrees and up to 250cm. The Arduino transmits pulse signals to the ultrasonic sensor and calculates distance based on the echo return time. Distances are sent to MATLAB via UART communication and displayed graphically. The system is able to continuously monitor and detect obstacles in a short range area.
This document provides an introduction to electromagnetic compatibility (EMC). It discusses key topics related to EMC including the EMI environment, EMC design approaches, immunity and susceptibility, EMI modeling and prediction, compliance testing, and EMC costs. The goal of the module is to explain the fundamentals of EMC and how it can be addressed through various design, testing and compliance strategies.
This document discusses amplitude modulation and demodulation. It defines amplitude modulation as varying the amplitude of a carrier wave linearly with a message signal while keeping frequency and phase constant. Modulation is used to transmit signals over long distances and allow multiple signals over the same channel. Demodulation recovers the signal intelligence by reversing the modulation process through rectification and filtering. The document describes amplitude modulation and different types of AM demodulation techniques.
This document discusses optical time domain reflectometry (OTDR) which is used to locate faults in optical fibers. It operates by launching light pulses into the fiber and analyzing the backscattered light to map the fiber. Key points covered include:
- OTDR works by measuring backscattering from Rayleigh scattering and Fresnel reflections over time to characterize the fiber.
- Features in the OTDR trace like losses and reflections indicate fiber quality or breaks.
- Parameters like pulse width and averaging time must be set correctly to get an accurate trace with good resolution of events.
A band pass filter allows signals between two specific frequencies to pass through, while blocking signals of other frequencies. To create a passive band pass filter, a low pass filter is connected in series with a high pass filter. This passes a selected range of frequencies while attenuating frequencies outside this range. In this project, the student designs a passive band pass filter with cutoff frequencies of 19 kHz and 39 kHz by using resistors R1 of 83 ohms and R2 of 500 ohms, along with capacitors C1 and C2 both of 0.01 microfarads. The student then tests the filter on different frequencies and charts the output voltages to analyze the filter's performance.
Polymer Waveguide Based Optical Interconnects for High-Speed On-Board Communi...Jian Chen
Multimode polymer waveguides constitute an attractive technology for use in board-level optical interconnects:
- Theoretical model of bandwidth estimation of MM WGs developed;
- Frequency and time domain measurements on 1 m long spiral waveguides conducted;
- Bandwidth performance of multimode WGs can be enhanced using refractive index engineering, launch conditions, waveguide layout, etc.;
- Record 40 Gb/s NRZ and 56 Gb/s PAM-4 over 1 m long waveguide demonstrated.
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Surface Acoustic Wave (SAW) Wireless Passive RF Sensor Systems
1. Surface Acoustic Wave (SAW)
Wireless Passive RF Sensor
Systems
Donald C. Malocha
School of Electrical Engineering & Computer
Science
University of Central Florida
Orlando, Fl. 32816-2450
dcm@ece.engr.ucf.edu
2. Univ. of Central Florida SAW
• UCF Center for Acoustoelectronic
Technology (CAAT) has been actively doing
SAW and BAW research for over 25 years
• Research includes communication devices
and systems, new piezoelectric materials, &
sensors
• Capabilities include SAW/BAW analysis,
design, mask generation, device fabrication,
RF testing, and RF system development
• Current group has 8 PhDs and 1 MS
• Graduated 14 PhDs and 38 MS students 2
3. Research Areas
UCF SAW Design & Analysis
Thin Films
Sensors
Device/System
Capabilities
Center for Fabrication
Applied
Processing Acoustoelectronics
Measurement
Technology
Material Modeling
Charaterization
Synthesis
• Class 100 & 1000 cleanrooms
– Sub micron mask pattern generator
– Submicron device capability
– Extensive photolithography and thin film
• RF Probe stations
• Complete SAW characterization facility
• Extensive software for data analysis and parameter
extraction
3
• Extensive RF laboratory for SAW technology
4. What is a typical SAW Device?
• A solid state device
– Converts electrical energy into a mechanical wave on
a single crystal substrate
– Provides very complex signal processing in a very
small volume
• It is estimated that approximately 4 billion SAW
devices are produced each year
Applications:
Cellular phones and TV (largest
market)
Military (Radar, filters, advanced
systems
Currently emerging – sensors,
RFID
University of Central Florida 4
School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science
5. SAW Sensors
• This is a very new and exciting area
• Since SAW devices are sensitive to
temperature, stress, pressure, liquids,
viscosity and surface effects, a wide range
of sensors are possible
6. Sensor Wish-list
– Passive, Wireless, Coded
– Small, rugged, cheap
– Operate over all temperatures and
environments
– Measure physical, chemical and biological
variables
– No cross sensitivity
– Low loss and variable frequency
– Radiation hard for space applications
– Large range to 100’s meters or more
• SAW sensors meet many of these criteria
7. SAW Background
• Solid state acoustoelectronic technology
• Operates from 10MHz to 3 GHz
• Fabricated using IC technology
• Manufactured on piezoelectric substrates
• Operate from cryogenic to 1000 oC
• Small, cheap, rugged, high performance
Quartz Filter
SAW packaged filter
2mm showing 2 transducers,
bus bars, bonding, etc.
10mm
8. Applications of SAW Devices
Military (continued)
A Few Examples
Military Applications Functions Performed
Radar Pulse Compression Pulse Expansion and Compression
Filters
ECM Jammers Pulse Memory Delay Line
ECCM Pulse Shaping, Matched Filters,
Programmable Tapped Delay Lines,
Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum- Convolvers, Fast Hop Synthesizer
Fast Frequency Hopping- Fast Hop Synthesizer
Ranging Pulse Expansion & Compression
Filters
9. SAW 7 Bank Active Channelizer
From Triquint, Inc.
10. Applications of SAW Devices
A Few Examples
Consumer Applications Functions Performed
TV IF Filter
Cellular Telephones RF and IF Filters
VCR IF Filter & Output Modulator
Resonators
CATV Converter IF Filter, 2nd LO & Output
Modulator Resonators
Satellite TV Receiver IF Filter & Output Modulator
11. VSB Filter for CATV - Sawtek
Bidirectional Transducer Technology – IF Filter w/
moderate loss; passband shaping and high
selectivity.
12. Basic Wave Parameters
Waves may be graphed as a function of time or distance. A single frequency
wave will appear as a sine wave in either case. From the distance graph the
wavelength may be determined. From the time graph, the period and frequency
can be obtained. From both together, the wave speed can be determined.
Velocity*time=distance
Velocity=distance/time= !/T
The amplitude of the wave can be
absolute, relative or normalized.
Often the amplitude is normalized
to the wavelength in a mechanical
wave. A=0.1*wavelength
14. SAW Transducer & Reflector
Degrees of Freedom
• Parameter Degrees of Freedom
– Electrode amplitude and/or length
– Electrode phase (electrical)
– Electrode position (delay)
– Instantaneous electrode frequency
• Device Infrastructure Degrees of Freedom
– Material Choice
– Thin Films on the Substrate
– Spatial Diversity on the Substrate
– Electrical Networks and Interface
22. RF Probe Station with
Temperature Controlled Chuck
for SAW Device Testing
Top view of chuck
assembly with RF
RF Probe and ANA probes
23. Response of SAW Reflector Test Structure
20_0 20_0 50_ 0 50_0
-10
-20
Reflector response is -20 Direct SAW
-30 a time echo which response
produces a frequency -30
Reflector
-40
ripple s
)
(12
-40 response
)1
S B
(2 -50 d
B -50
d
-60
Transducer -60
-70
response -70
-80 -80
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5
Tim e ( µs)
-90
62 64 66 68 70 72 74 76 78 80
Frequency (MHz)
Measurement of S21 using a swept frequency provides the required data.
24. SAW OFC Device Testing
RF Wafer Probing
Actual device with RF
probe
25. Why Use SAW Sensors and Tags?
• Frequency/time are measured with greatest
accuracy compared to any other physical
measurement (10-10 - 10-14).
• External stimuli affects device parameters
(frequency, phase, amplitude, delay)
• Operate from cryogenic to >1000oC
• Ability to both measure a stimuli and to
wirelessly, passively transmit information
• Frequency range ~10 MHz – 3 GHz
• Monolithic structure fabricated with current IC
photolithography techniques, small, rugged
26. Goals
• Applications: SAW sensors for NASA
ground, space-flight, and space-
exploration
• SAW Wireless, Passive, Orthogonal
Frequency Coded (OFC) Spread
Spectrum Sensor System
• Multiple sensors (temperature, gas, liquid,
pressure, other) in a single platform
• Operation up to 50 meters at ~ 1 GHz
• Ultra-wide band operation
University of Central Florida School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 26
27. SAW OFC Properties
• Extremely robust
• Operating temperature range: cryogenic to ~1000 oC
• Radiation hard, solid state
• Wireless and passive (NO BATTERIES)
• Coding and spread spectrum embodiments
• Security in coding; reduced fading effects
• Multi-sensors or tags can be interrogated
• Wide range of sensors in a single platform
• Temperature, pressure, liquid, gas, etc.
• Integration of external sensor
University of Central Florida
School of Electrical Engineering 27
and Computer Science
28. Basic Passive Wireless SAW
System
Interrogator Sensor 1
Clock
Post Processor
Sensor 3
Sensor 2
Goals:
•Interroga-on distance: 1 – 50 meters
• low loss OFC sensor/tag (<6dB)
•# of devices: 10’s – 100’s ‐ coded and dis-nguishable at TxRx
•Space applica-ons – rad hard, wide temp., etc.
•Single plaPorm and TxRx for differing sensor combina-ons
•Sensor #1 Gas, Sensor #2 Temp, Sensor #3 Pressure
28
University of Central Florida School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science
29. Multi-Sensor TAG Approaches
• Silicon RFID – integrated or external sensors
– Requires battery, energy scavenging, or transmit
power
– Radiation sensitive
– Limited operating temperature & environments
• SAW RFID Tags - integrated or external sensors
– Passive – powered by interrogation signal
– Radiation hard
– Operational temperatures ~ 0 - 500+ K
• Single frequency (no coding, low loss, jamming)
• CDMA( coding, 40-50 dB loss, code collision)
• OFC( coding, 3-20 dB loss, code collision solutions, wideband)
29
30. SAW Example: Schematic and Actual
Nano-film H2 OFC Gas Sensor
OFC Sensor Schematic
Actual device with RF
probe
•For palladium hydrogen gas sensor, Pd film is in only in one delay path,
a change in differential delay senses the gas (τ1 = τ2)
University of Central Florida 30
School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science
31. Schematic of OFC SAW ID Tag
Example OFC
Tag
f1 f4 f2 f6 f0 f5 f3
)
r Piezoelectric Substrate
a
e
n 1
i
L
(
0.8
e 0.5
d
u
t 0.6
i
n 0
g
a 0.4
M
0.5
0.2
1
0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8Normalized Time 1
(Chip Lengths) 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8
Normalized Frequency
University of Central 31
Florida
School of Electrical
Engineering and
32. S11 of SAW OFC RFID –
Target Reflection
f1 f4 f2 f0 f6 f3 f5
SAW
absorber
Piezoelectric Substrate
S11 w/ absorber and w/o reflectors
OFC Sensor Response
0
-0.05
-0.1
-0.1
)) -0.2
-0.15
BB -0.2
dd -0.3
(( -0.25
11 -0.4
11 -0.3
SS
-0.35
-0.5
-0.4
-0.6
-0.45
-0.5
-0.7 32
100 150 200 250 300 350 400
Frequency (MHz)
University of Central Florida School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science
33. Dual-sided SAW OFC Sensor
f3 f5 f0 f6 f2 f4 f1 f1 f4 f2 f6 f0 f5 f3
!1 !2
Piezoelectric Substrate
6.75 mm
1.25 mm 1.38 mm 2.94 mm 1.19 mm
f3 f 5 f 0 f 6 f2 f 4 f1
2.00 mm
34. SAW CDMA and OFC Tag Schematics
CDMA Tag
•Single frequency
•Time signal rolloff due to reflected
energy yielding reduced transmission
energy
•Short chips, low reflectivity
-(typically 40-50 dB IL)
•OFC Tag
f1 f4 f2 f6 f0 f5 f3
•Multi-frequency (7 shown)
•Long chips, high reflectivity
20
•Orthogonal frequency Piezoelectric Substrate
Magnitude (dB)
reflectors –low loss (0-7dB IL) 30
•Time signal non-uniformity due 40
to transducer design rolloff
50
Experimental
University of Central Florida
COM Simulated 34
School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science
60
0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8
Time (us)
36. OFC SAW Dual-Sided Temperature
Sensor
f3 f5 f0 f6 f2 f4 f1 f1 f4 f2 f6 f0 f5 f3
!1 !2
Piezoelectric Substrate
20
Magnitude (dB)
30
40
50
Experimental
COM Simulated
60
0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2 2.2 2.4
University of Central Florida 36
Time (us)
Department of Electrical and Computer
Engineering
37. Temperature Sensor using Differential Delay
Correlator Embodiment
Temperature Sensor f3 f5 f0 f6 f2 f4 f1 f1 f4 f2 f6 f0 f5 f3
Example !1 !2
250 MHz LiNbO3, 7 chip
Piezo electric Sub strate
reflector, OFC SAW sensor
tested using temperature
controlled RF probe station
University of Central 37
Florida
School of Electrical
Engineering and
39. Effect of Code Collisions from Multiple SAW
RFID Tags -Simulation
Due 3rdasynchronous nature of passive tags,
to Bit
10 the random summation of multiple correlated
tags can produce false correlation peaks and
Normalized Amplitude
erroneous information
0
10
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Time Normalized to a Chip Length
Optimal Correlation Output
Actual Recevied Correlation Output
University of Central Florida School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 39
40. OFC Coding
• Time division diversity (TDD): Extend the
possible number of chips and allow +1, 0, -1
amplitude
– # of codes increases dramatically, M>N chips, >2M*N!
– Reduced code collisions in multi-device environment
Sensor #1
Time Response
2
Normalized Amplitude
1
0
!1
!2
0 5 10
Time Normalized to Chip Length
University of Central Florida 40
School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science
41. 456 MHZ SAW OFC TDD Coding
-55 Simulation
Experiment
-60
-65
-70
)
B -75
d
( -80
1
1
s -85
-90
-95
-100
-105
1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5
Time (µs)
A 456 MHz, dual sided, 5 chip, tag COM-predicted and measured time
responses illustrating OFC-PN-TDD coding. Chip amplitude variations are
primarily due to polarity weighted transducer effect and fabrication variation.
41
University of Central Florida School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science
42. OFC FDM Coding
• Frequency division multiplexing: System uses N-frequencies
but any device uses M < N frequencies
– System bandwidth is N*Bwchip
– OFC Device is M*BWchip
• Narrower fractional bandwidth
• Lower transducer loss
• Smaller antenna bandwidth
Sensor #1
Sensor #2
University of Central Florida 42
School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science
43. 32 Sensor Code Set - TDD
Receiver Antenna Input Receiver Correlation
Not
Optimized
Optimized
43
44. Chirp Interrogation Synchronous
Transceiver- Software Radio
Approach
SAW
sensor
SAW down- SAW up-
chirp filter chirp filter
IF Oscillator
IF Filter
RF Oscillator
A/ D
Digital control and analysis circuitry
University of Central Florida 44
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering
45. 250 MHz OFC TxRx Demo
System
Synchronous TxRx SAW OFC correlator prototype
system RF
clock ADC &
section Post
processor
output
Digital
section
Wireless 250 MHz SAW OFC
temperature test using a free running
hot plate. The red dashed curve is a
TC and the solid blue curve is the
SAW extracted temperature.
University of Central Florida School of 45
Electrical Engineering and Computer Science
46. WIRELESS SAW
TEMPERATURE SENSOR
DEMONSTRATION
Post
processor
25 cm 25 cm
output
5 cm 5 cm
Receiver
Interrogator
(Transmitter)
SAW
Sensor/Tag
Thermal
78°C Couple
Thermal Hot Plate
Controller
Real-time wireless 250 MHz SAW OFC temperature
test using a free running hot plate. The red dashed
curve is a TC and the solid blue curve is the SAW
extracted temperature.
46
48. Packaged 915 MHz SAW OFC temperature
sensor and antenna used on sensors and
transceiver.
49. • Principle of operation of the adaptive matched OFC ideal filter response to
maximize the correlation waveform and extract the SAW sensor
temperature.
50. 250 MHz Wireless OFC SAW System 1st Pass
50 cm 50 cm
An initial OFC SAW
Interrogator
(Transmitter )
30 cm 30 cm
Receiver temperature sensor data
SAW
Sensor /Tag
Thermal
run on a free running
78°C
Thermal
Controller
Hot Plate
Couple
hotplate from an initial 250
MHz transceiver system.
The system used 5 chips
and a fractional bandwidth
of approximately 19%. The
upper curve is a
thermocouple reading and
the jagged curve is the
SAW temperature extracted
data .
51. 250 MHz Wireless OFC SAW System - 2nd Pass
50 cm 50 cm
30 cm 30 cm
Receiver
Interrogator
(Transmitter )
A final OFC SAW temperature sensor data
SAW
Sensor /Tag
Thermal
78°C
Thermal
Controller
Hot Plate
Couple
run on a free running hotplate from an
improved 250 MHz transceiver system.
The system used 5 chips and a
fractional bandwidth of approximately
19%. The dashed curve is a
thermocouple reading and the solid
curve is the SAW temperature
extracted data. The SAW sensor is
tracking the thermocouple very well;
the slight offset is probably due to the
position and conductivity of the
thermocouple.
52. 915 MHz Sensor System - 1st Pass
Initial results of the 915 MHz SAW OFC temperature sensor transceiver system. Four
OFC SAW sensors are co-located in close range to each other; two are at room
temperature and one is at +62◦C and another at -38◦C. Data was taken
simultaneously from all four sensors and then temperature extracted in the correlator
receiver software.
53. UCF OFC Sensor
Successful Demonstrations
• Temperature sensing
– Cryogenic: liquid nitrogen
– Room temperature to 250oC
– Currently working on sensor for operation to
750oC
• Cryogenic liquid level sensor: liquid
nitrogen
• Pressure/Strain sensor
• Hydrogen gas sensor
54. Temperature Sensor Results
Temperature Sensor Results
200
(
180
e
r 160
u 140
)
t
C
a
° 120
r
e 100
p 80
m
e 60
T
40
LiNbO3 SAW Sensor
20
Thermocouple
0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200
Time (min)
• 250 MHz LiNbO3, 7 chip reflector,
OFC SAW sensor tested using
temperature controlled RF probe
station
• Temp range: 25-200oC
• Results applied to simulated
transceiver and compared with
thermocouple measurements
University of Central Florida 54
School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science
55. OFC Cryogenic Sensor Results
50
Thermocouple
LiNbO 3 SAW Sensor
Scale
0
Vertical: +50 to -200 oC (
e
r
u
)
Horizontal: Relative time (min)
-50
t
C
°
a
r
e
p
m -100
e
T
OFC SAW temperature -150
sensor results and
comparison with -200
0 5 10
Time (min)
15 20 25
thermocouple
measurements at cryogenic Measurement
temperatures. Temperature system with
scale is between +50 to -200 liquid
oC and horizontal scale is nitrogen
Dewar and
relative time in minutes. vacuum
chamber for
DUT
University of Central Florida
School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 55
56. Schematic and Actual OFC Gas Sensor
OFC Sensor Schematic
Actual device with RF
probe
•For palladium hydrogen gas sensor, Pd film is in only in one delay path, a
change in differential delay senses the gas (τ1 = τ2) (in progress)
University of Central Florida 56
School of Electrical Engineering and Computer
Science
57. Palladium Background Information
• The bulk of PD research has
been performed for Pd in the
100-10000 Angstrom thickness
• Morphology of ultra-thin films of Without H2
Pd are dependent on substrate
CONTACT
CONTACT
conditions, deposition and many
other parameters
• Pd absorbs H2 gas which causes
lattice expansion of the Pd film –
called Hydrogen Induced Lattice
Expansion (HILE) – Resistivity
reduces
• Pd absorbs H2 gas which causes
palladium hydride formation – With H2
Resistivity increases
CONTACT
CONTACT
• Examine these effects for ultra-
thin films (<5nm) on SAW
devices
HILE - Each small circle
represents a nano-sized
cluster of Pd atoms
57
58. Measured E-Beam Evaporated Palladium
Conductivity v Film Thickness
σinf = 9.5·104 S/cm
Conductivity
measurements made in-situ
under vacuum
58
59. Ultra-thin Pd on SAW Devices
for Hydrogen Gas Sensing
• Pd is known to be very sensitive to hydrogen gas
•Due to the SAW AE interaction with resistive films and
the potentially large change in Pd resistivity, a sensitive
SAW hydrogen sensor is possible
•Experimental investigation of the SAW-Pd-H2 interaction
59
60. Pd Films on SAW Devices
Schematic of Test Conditions
• Control: SAW delay line on YZ
LiNbO3 wafers w/ 2
transducers and reflector w/o
Pd film
• Center frequency 123 MHz
1.27 mm
• (A) SAW delay line w/ Pd in
Pd Film
propagation path between (A)
transducer and reflector
Pd Film
• (B) SAW delay line w/ Pd on (B)
reflector only
60
61. Test Conditions and Measurement
S21 Time Response
• S21 time domain 0
4 SAW Main
8
Reflector
measurement of SAW 12
16
20
Normalized Magnitude (dB)
delay line 24
28
32
TTE
– Main response
36
40
44
48
– TTE 52
56
60
64
– Reflector return 68
72
76
response 80
0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1 1.25 1.5 1.75 2 2.25
Time (micro-seconds)
DL w/o Pd
Before Exp Pd Film
During 1st Exp
After 1st Exp
During 2nd Exp
After 2nd Exp
During 3rd Exp
After 3rd Exp
During 4th Exp
61
After 4th Exp
62. SAW Propagation Loss and Reflectivity
Pd Film ~ 15 Ang. (prior to H2)
No
• S21 time domain comparison of Pd S21 Time Response
delay line with Pd in propagation 20
23
path vs. on the reflector
26
29
32
• Greater loss when Pd is placed in 35
Normalized Magnitude (dB)
38 Pd Film
propagation path than in the 41
44
reflector 47
50
– ~7dB loss when Pd is on
53
Pd Film
56
59
reflector 62
65
• reflector length 1.47 mm 68
71
– ~22dB loss when Pd is in 74
77
propagation path 80
1.7 1.75 1.8 1.85 1.9 1.95 2 2.05 2.1 2.15 2.2 2.25
• 1.27 mm one-way path length Time (micro-seconds)
DL w/o Pd
• Propagation loss ~75dB/cm loss DL w/ Pd In Delay Path
DL w/ Pd on Reflector Bank
m
v fs := 3488
s
62
63. SAW Device
Pd in Propagation Path w/ 2% H2 Exposure
• Close-up of reflector bank S21 Time Response
S21 time domain response. 20
23
• A comparison of the traces 26
29
labeled “DL w/o Pd” and”
32
35
Normalized Magnitude (dB)
38
Before Exp” shows a 41
44
change in reflectivity due to 47
50
the presence of the Pd film. 53
56
59
• A gradual reduction in 62
65
propagation loss with 68
71
increased H2 exposure. 74
77
– Irreversible change
80
1.7 1.75 1.8 1.85 1.9 1.95 2 2.05 2.1 2.15 2.2 2.25
Time (micro-seconds)
– ~ 20 dB reduction in DL w/o Pd
loss
Before Exp
Pd Film
During 1st Exp
After 1st Exp
• Minimum propagation During 2nd Exp
loss ~6.8 dB/cm After 2nd Exp
During 3rd Exp
After 3rd Exp
During 4th Exp
After 4th Exp
63
64. SAW Device
Pd on Reflector w/ 2% H2 Exposure
S21 Time Response
• Close-up of reflector bank 0
S21 time domain response. 4
8
12
• A comparison of the traces 16
20
Normalized Magnitude (dB)
labeled “DL w/o Pd” and” 24
28
Before Exp” shows a change 32
36
in delay as well as reflectivity 40
44
48
due to the presence of the 52
56
Pd film. 60
64
• A gradual increase in 68
72
76
reflectivity with each 80
1.7 1.75 1.8 1.85 1.9 1.95 2 2.05 2.1 2.15 2.2 2.25
exposure to H2 gas is Time (micro-seconds)
observed DL w/o Pd
Before Exp
Pd Film
During 1st Exp
– ~ 7 dB change in IL After 1st Exp
During 2nd Exp
– Irreversible After 2nd Exp
During 3rd Exp
After 3rd Exp
During 4th Exp
64 After 4th Exp
65. Nano-Pd Film – 25 Ang.
20
Hydrogen Gas
24
28
Normalized Magnitude (dB)
32
Sensor Results:
36
40
44
48
2% H2 gas 52
56
Pd F ilm
60
64
68
72
Propagation Loss (dB/cm) and Velocity(m/s) vs. Film Resistivity 76
240 3500
80
SAW Velocity (m/s)
200 3485
1.7 1. 8 1.9 2 2.1 2.2
Loss (dB/cm)
160 3470
120 3455
Time (micro-seconds)
80 3440 Delay Line w/o Pd •The change in IL
40 3425 After Pd Film indicates >10x
0 3410 During 1st H2 Exp osure
100
3
1 .10
4
1 .10 1 .10
5
After 1s t H2 Exp osure
change in Pd
Resistivity (ohm-cm)
During 2nd H2 Exp osure resistivity – WOW!
Loss/cm @ 123 MHz
Pd Film
After 2n d H2 Exposure
Loss/cm due to Pd Film •The large change
Loss/cm due to Pd Film After Final H2 Gas Exposure During 3rd H2 Exposure
Loss/cm due to successive H2 exposure suggests an
SAW Velocity After 3rd H2 Exposure
SAW Velocity due to Pd Film During 4th H2 Exposure unexpected change in
SAW Velocity due to Pd Film After Final H2 Gas Exposure
SAW Velocity due to successive H2 exposure After 4th H2 Exposure Pd film morphology.
65
67. OFC Cantilever Strain Sensor
Plot generated by ANSYS demonstrating the
strain distribution along the z-axis of the
crystal.
Test fixture, this shows the surface mount
package, which contains the cantilever
device, securely clamped down onto a PC
board which is connected to a Network
Analyzer.
68. Applications
• Current efforts include OFC SAW liquid level,
hydrogen gas, pressure and temperature sensors
• Multi-sensor spread spectrum systems
• Cryogenic sensing
• High temperature sensing
• Space applications
• Turbine generators
• Harsh environments
• Ultra Wide band (UWB) Communication
– UWB OFC transducers
• Potentially many others
School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science
68
69. Vision for Future
• Multiple access, SAW RFID sensors
• SAW RFID sensor loss approaching 0 dB
– Unidirectional transducers
– Low loss reflectors
• New and novel coding approaches using
OFC-type transducers and reflectors
• Operation in the 1-3 GHz range for small size
• Single platform for various sensors
(temperature, gas, pressure, etc.)
• SAW sensors in space flight and support
operations in 2 to 5 years
69
University of Central Florida
School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science
70. NASA Support and
Collaborations
• NASA support
– KSC
• 4 Phase I STTRs and 4 Phase II STTRs: 2005-
2011
• Latest STTR Phase II begins this summer
– JSC
• 900 MHz device development in 2008
– Langley
• GRA OFC sensor funding: 2008-2010
70
71. Collaborations
• Micro System Sensors 2005-2006, STTR
• ASR&D, 2007-present, STTR
• Mnemonics, 2007-present, STTR
– United Space Alliance (USA): 2nd order collaboration
• MtronPTI – 1995-present, STTR
• Triquint Semiconductor -2009
• Vectron -2009 (SenGenuity 2nd order collaboration)
• Univ. of South Florida 2005-present, SAW
sensors
• Univ. of Puerto Rico Mayaguez – initiating SAW
sensor activity
71
72. SAW Research at UCF
• Approximately 200 publications and 7 patents
+ (5 pending) on SAW technology
• Approximately $5M in SAW contracts and
grants
• Approximately 50 graduate students
• Many international collaborations
• Contracts with industry, DOD and NASA
• Current efforts on SAW sensors for space
applications funded by NASA
73. Current Graduate Research
Student Contributors
• Brian Fisher
• Daniel Gallagher
• Mark Gallagher
• Nick Kozlovski
• Matt Pavlina
• Luis Rodriguez
• Mike Roller
• Nancy Saldanha
74. Acknowledgment
•The authors wish to thank continuing support from
NASA, and especially Dr. Robert Youngquist, NASA-
KSC.
•The foundation of this work was funded through
NASA Graduate Student Research Program
Fellowships, the University of Central Florida - Florida
Solar Energy Center (FSEC), and NASA STTR
contracts.
•Continuing research is funded through NASA STTR
contracts and industrial collaboration with Applied
Sensor Research and Development Corporation, and
Mnemonics Corp.
Thank you for your attention!
University of Central Florida 74
School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science
75. Contact US
Contact:
Doug Foster
Fuentek, LLC
(919) 249-0327
www.fuentek.com/technologies/SAW.htm
University of Central Florida 75
School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science