Organizational Structure of Television

2.  Introduction
 History
 TV in Pakistan
 Organizational structure
 Terminologies

3.  Television is a widely used
telecommunication system for
broadcasting and receiving moving
pictures and sound over a distance.
 The word “television” is derived from
Latin word “tele” which means” far” and
Latin word “visio” means “sight”.

4.  By the 1930s, radio was woven into the fabric
of American life. It allowed millions to enjoy
public events in the comfort of their own home.
 By the 1950s, television had already become the
main medium for shaping public opinion
 In 1945 the first experimental microwave relay
system was introduced by Western Union
between New York and Philadelphia. This
distribution system transmitted
communication signals via radio along a series
of towers.

5.  Between 1945 and 1948, the number of
commercial television stations grew from 9 to
48 and the number of cities having commercial
service went from 8 to 23.

6.  There was an initial introduction of a color
television set in 1951, but production was
stopped because the federal government ruled
the color set used strategic material necessary
for the Korean War effort.
 In 1954, the color television was introduced by
RCA in the United States.
 Color became the dominant television set in
1966

7. Black and White TV Color TV

8. In Ayub Khan’s Era:
 On November 26, 1964 the first official
television station commenced transmission
broadcasts from Lahore, followed by Dhaka in
1965. A third centre was established in
Rawalpindi, Islamabad, in 1965 and the fourth
in Karachi in 1966. Later centers in Peshawar
and Quetta were established by 1974.

9.  In 1988, the then government launched the first
semi government TV network of the country by
the name of "Peoples Television Network (PTN)
under the umbrella of Shalimar Recording
Company (which is Shalimar Recording and
Broadcasting Company now).

10.  PTN was later renamed as Shalimar Television
Network (STN). STN started from Islamabad
first and then from Karachi, Lahore and by
mid-1990s the network made its way to the
whole of the country.

11.  PTV Network launched a full-scale satellite
broadcasting service in 1991-1992. PTV-2, the first
ever satellite channel of Pakistan started in 1992,
later on PTV-1 also joined the satellite channel
along with PTV 2. PTV 2 was renamed as PTV
World in 1998.
 PTV News started in 2007. Recently started PTV
Sports becomes available on terrestrial beams only
during the important national and international
sports events. PTV launched an exclusive channel
for Americas and Europe in 2006 i.e. PTV Global.

12. General Manager:
A general manager, or GM, is the chief executive
officer of a television station. This person manages the
budget for the station, sets the human resources
policies, hires and fires senior staff, and oversees all
programming and sales initiatives. These individuals
create a strategic plan for the organization and set
benchmarks for achieving goals. General managers
often have a high profile in the community and form
strategic partnerships with local organizations to raise
the visibility of the station within the market.

13. News:
The news department does reporting and local content for
the daily newscast. This department is run by the news
director, who enforces editorial policy and hires and
manages staff. The rest of the news department consists of
both on-air and off-air positions. Newscasts require an
anchor, a sports person, a meteorologist, and
correspondents or reporters. Behind the scenes news staff
can include a desk assistant, who monitors news and can
refer stories to reporters; researchers, who provide
background for stories; producers, who write scripts and
perform technical duties for the news show; and online
staff, who adapt television material for online or create
original content.

14. Engineering:
The director of operations, or chief engineer, assures
that the station stays on the air and that all of the
physical and technical aspects of the station are in
working order and in compliance with standards set
by the Federal Communications Commission. This
includes management and maintenance of all
equipment, including the transmitter as well as all
cameras, monitors and digital editing equipment. This
individual may manage the camera operators, the
directors, who oversee the content and technical
aspects of the television program, and the engineers,
who operate and maintain internal and external
electronic television equipment.

15. Sales and Advertising:
The sales and advertising departments are focused on
selling on-air advertising and assuring those commercials
air as scheduled, respectively. A sales department consists
of a sales manager who oversees a staff of salespersons,
who meet with clients in person and on the phone to sell
air time, and sales assistants, who handle the
administrative work of the sales department, which can
include writing ad copy and interacting with the traffic
department. The manager of the traffic department assures
that ads air as scheduled, that the correct number of spots
air, and that there are no conflicts in the ad schedule. For
example, there shouldn't be two ads for two different local
car dealers airing back to back.

16. Organizational Structure

17. Master Control Room (MCR):
 Master Control Room (MCR) is a centre of
major broadcast operations. MCR has very
number of monitor screens, Video Tape
Recorders (VTR), Video Switchers, Video
Mixer, automation systems for recording and
playback of programs etc.


19. Production Control Room (PCR):
 In General, The production control room
(PCR), also known as the gallery or Studio
Control Room (SCR), is the place in a television
studio in which the composition of the
outgoing program takes place.

20. HDTV:
 HDTV (high definition television) is a
television display technology that provides
picture quality similar to 35 mm. movies with
sound quality similar to that of today's
compact disc. Some television stations have
begun transmitting HDTV broadcasts to users
on a limited number of channels

21.  TVB (Television Bureau of Canada):
The sales, marketing and resource center of the
Canadian commercial television industry,
established to promote the effective use of the
television medium.

22.  People Meter:
An electronic set-up box television audience
meter that monitors station selection. The use
of push buttons serves to register members of a
household in the viewing audience. The system
was introduced to succeed the TV diary
method.
 Person viewing Television:
The number or percent of people in a market
viewing television at any given time.

23.  Day parts:
 Blocks of time throughout the broadcast day in
a station or network’s daily programming
schedule, used to distinguish viewing and
listening patterns.
 Direct-to-Home (DTH):
 TV signals delivered via satellite without need
for cable TV. By means of digitally compressed
signals, small household satellite dishes only
(only 36 inches in diameter) can receive
hundreds of TV channels .