The document discusses how to properly cite sources in an essay using signal phrases and parenthetical citations. It describes three ways to incorporate outside information: summaries, paraphrases, and quotes. For each, it emphasizes using a signal phrase and parenthetical citation. The document also explains how to integrate sources using a "source sandwich" approach of a signal phrase, the source text, and an explanation of how it supports the writer's point.
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The presentation introduces the tips on how to format a research paper. If you need more details or any help, you can turn to the team of professionals:
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.Reading Source IntegrationWhen you begin drafting your pap.docxboadverna
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Reading: Source Integration
When you begin drafting your paper, you will be using information from your sources as evidence to support your points. However, there are multiple ways to integrate that information into your writing, and some of those methods are more appropriate than others in particular circumstances. In what follows, we'll discuss methods of source integration including quotation and summary.
Guidelines for Quotations
When you quote a source, you use the exact words and phrases your source used to convey information. Plagiarism* occurs when quotes are not attributed to the appropriate sources, so it is important that you keep careful notes so that you don't unintentionally represent someone else's work or ideas as your own. Overquotating can also be problematic. This happens when writers rely too heavily on quotations. Over quoting can result in stilted writing where the author contributes too little. Ultimately, you will want to balance quotations with summaries.
The following graphic reviews tips for successfully integrating quotation into your writing
The following graphic reviews tips for successfully integrating quotation into your writing.
1: Use quotations only when the specific words or phrases employed by the source are necessary to support the point you are making.
2: Never quote anything you don't fully understand.
3: Make quotes as short as possible by eliminating anything that isn't absolutely necessary. Place ellipses (. . .) in the text where you removed words or sentences from the original source. Example: "The mechanization of Charlie's body . . . is vividly dramatized in the film by his continuing to use his wrenches on objects other than those he is supposed to."
4: Provide context for your quotes. Don't assume the reader will know when and why your source said what they did. In the text surrounding the quote, provide information about the context in which the original quote took place as well as information about how you take the quote to support your point or project.
5: Always quote directly from what the source said. To make changes within a quote so that the quote fits grammatically with the rest of the sentence, place brackets ([ ]) around the altered material. Example: The witness testified "[the defendant] was engaged in the hit-and-run accident."
6: Mix quoted material with your own writing. Never present an entire quoted sentence without any introductory qualifying, or contextualizing information. Example: According to the anthropologist Brian Hoey, the purpose of ethnographies is "to provide a detailed, in-depth description of everyday life and practice."
Introduction to Summarizing: Why Summarize?
Students are often tempted to draw quotations* from their research sources to support points they want to make. Well-chosen quotations from respected authorities can indeed be valuable evidence; however, too many quotations break up the flow of your writing, so you should use t ...
Make sure to enhance your argument by using a variety of sources and.docxjessiehampson
Make sure to enhance your argument by using a variety of sources and different methods to incorporate those sources into your paper.
You can summarize, paraphrase and quote sources of information.
Summarizing -
When writing a summary, you find the most important ideas in a text and restate them in your own words in shortened form.
Paraphrasing -
Paraphrasing is restating someone else’s ideas in your own words—not necessarily shortened.
Quoting -
Use quotes to back up your main points. Every quotation should be introduced and integrated into your essay to show the relationship between the quotation and your own ideas. When you use a quote, you should always explain what the quote means in relation to what you are trying to explain.
Don’t forget that whether you are quoting, summarizing or paraphrasing, you must tell your reader where and/or from whom you got your information from.
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CHAPTER 6
Using Sources Effectively
The abilities to find and document sources and to develop an argument about or
interpretation of them have many applications in school and on the job. The genres of
researched writing used in academic disciplines include the argumentative research
paper (often called a term paper), the proposal, the annotated bibliography, the book
review, the literature review, the personal research report (often called an "I-Search"
paper, the name given to it by Ken Macrorie, an early advocate of this genre). You may be
asked to a build a Web site based on library research. You may be asked to simply report
on your research, or to use it as a starting point for experimentation or observation in the
laboratory or on field observations. Usually oral presentations and the visuals that sup-
port them are rooted in extensive research. Research reports in the sciences (lab reports)
and social sciences, although their formats differ from papers in the humanities, usually
begin with a review of the previous research that led to the hypothesis currently under
investigation. All these genres of researched writing involve similar strategies for find-
ing and evaluating sources, taking notes, and using quotations, summaries, and para-
phrases skillfully. However, when and how sources are used and how they are cited vary
for different kinds of writing and from field to field. Thus, these general information
literacy and research writing skills must be adapted to meet discipline-specific expecta-
tions for format, style, and means of presentation in specific academic fields.
SKILLS FOR ACADEMIC INQUIRY: QUOTATION,
PARAPHRASE, SUMMARY, AND SYNTHESIS
There are four basic means for using sources when writing researched papers and reports:
quotation, paraphrase, summary, and synthesis. These techniques help writers progress
from taking notes to drafting. It is always necessary to cite sources as you use them and to
consistently distinguish between your own words and ideas and those of your sources.
1. Quotations are exact repetitions of a writer's work. Quotations are less often used
in disciplines that use APA (American Psychological Association) style than those
who use MLA (Modern Language Association) style because arguments in most
101
102 Chapter 6 • Using Sources Effectively
disciplines that use APA depend more on summary and synthesis of previous
research than on close analysis of texts.
2. Paraphrases are restatements of the writer's ideas in your own words, following
the source closely in the order in which an argument is developed or evidence is
laid out. Paraphrases must be clearly identified as such, by direct attribution to the
author, because they can be mistaken for your own thinking.
3. Summaries give an overall representation of a writer's argument or part of one,
and also must ...
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2. Citing a Source
When using an outside source, it is key to cite your use
of the source in your essay. In other words, you need to
give credit to another person’s ideas.
There are two ways of citing an outside source in the
text of your essay:
Signal Phrase – using a short introductory phrase that tells
who the author is and/or where the outside information is
from.
Ex. In her book Badlands, Sarah Jones argues…
Parenthetical citation – a citation at the end of the section
that uses outside ideas that tells who the author is and/or
where the outside information is from.
Ex. (Jones 12)
3. Ways of Source Use
There are three main ways to use a source:
Summaries
Paraphrases
Quotations
4. Summaries
A summary is restating the main ideas or points of an
outside source in your own words.
A summary needs to stay true to what the author of the
outside source is saying. A summary is a way of
presenting the general ideas of an author to your
reader.
You should also tailor your summary to meet the goals of
your essay. Avoid summarizing information that is
irrelevant to the points that you are making.
Always use a signal phrase to introduce a summary and
use a parenthetical citation if possible.
5. Paraphrases
A paraphrase is when you restate a specific portion of a
text in your own words; usually a sentence or two.
A paraphrase needs to be syntactically different than
the original source. This means that you cannot simply
substitute words when paraphrasing. Your paraphrase
needs to be written in a completely different manner
from the original language.
Always use a signal phrase and a parenthetical citation
when using a paraphrase.
6. Quotes
A quote is copy word-for-word of what the author said
in your essay.
It is important to be sure to use quotation marks “”
when using a quote.
Also remember that a quote can be shorter than a full
sentence. The use of a short phrase or specific term
from a source will need to be cited.
Always use a signal phrase and a parenthetical citation
when using a quote.
7. Integrating a Source
Anytime you use a source, it is key that you properly
integrate the outside information into your essay, so
that it makes sense in your essay.
To properly integrate your source it is key to create a
Source Sandwich, which has three parts:
A signal phrase (the top bun)
The use of the source (the meat)
An explanation of what the outside information means and
how it supports your point (the bottom bun)
8. Explaining Your Source
There are several ways of starting the explanatory
sentence of your source sandwich. For example:
Basically, X is saying…
In other words, X believes…
In making this comment, X argues that…
X’s point is that… and as you can see this supports my point
by…