The document discusses referencing in academic writing. It states that academic writing relies on citing published sources to support arguments and ideas. Referencing tells readers which ideas from other sources are being used. Correct citation and referencing is important to avoid plagiarism and demonstrate where information is coming from. There are different ways to integrate sources, such as summarizing, paraphrasing, synthesizing, and quoting. Quotations should only be used sparingly and require attribution with page numbers.
The document discusses paraphrasing vs plagiarism, with paraphrasing defined as restating essential ideas from a source in one's own words. Plagiarism is presenting another's words as one's own. Plagiarism has serious consequences like failing grades or expulsion. The document provides tips to avoid plagiarism such as putting all text in one's own words, citing sources, and using summarization techniques.
This document provides instructions for citing sources and creating bibliographies in Microsoft Word. It explains how to insert citations, manage sources by adding and editing them, choose a bibliography style such as APA or MLA, and generate a bibliography from the citations and sources in a document. Creating a bibliography requires having at least one citation and corresponding source entry.
This document provides instructions for inserting footnotes, endnotes, and citations in a Microsoft Word document. It explains that footnotes appear at the bottom of the page, endnotes appear at the end of the document, and citations are references to specific legal documents or sources. It outlines how to insert each item by clicking the References tab and choosing the appropriate insertion option. The document aims to help readers create reports with lively source referencing that helps audiences understand where information comes from.
This document provides an overview of academic writing. It discusses how academic writing is clear, concise, and based on research to increase knowledge. It uses deductive reasoning, a third-person voice, and a more formal style than other types of writing. Academic writing also avoids slang, acronyms, contractions, and uses a higher level of vocabulary. Sources should be cited using quotes, paraphrases, or summaries and attributed properly according to the required format.
This document defines plagiarism as presenting someone else's work as your own. It explains that plagiarism is considered fraud and stealing because the work belongs to someone else. The document provides tips for avoiding plagiarism such as not copying text from websites, not reusing other papers, paraphrasing and citing sources properly using quotes. It includes examples of proper paraphrasing and using citations. The key lessons are that plagiarism violates copyright law, presents ideas without properly giving credit to the original author, and does not demonstrate your own learning.
This document provides an overview of the key elements of papers formatted in APA style, including the title page, body text, reference list, in-text citations, reference citations, paraphrasing, and quoting. It details the information that should be included on the title page, the formatting of the body text and reference list, and the proper way to structure in-text and reference citations.
This presentation is useful for all who are preparing their projects in colleges. This presentation helps you in giving proper reference of data source.
The document discusses paraphrasing and provides information about what paraphrasing is, the different types of paraphrasing, rules for paraphrasing, common mistakes to avoid, and steps for paraphrasing. It defines paraphrasing as restating someone else's work in your own words while maintaining the original meaning. The document outlines three main types of paraphrasing: acknowledging, organizing, and abstracting. It also lists rules like using your own words and structure, understanding the original text, and citing sources properly.
The document discusses paraphrasing vs plagiarism, with paraphrasing defined as restating essential ideas from a source in one's own words. Plagiarism is presenting another's words as one's own. Plagiarism has serious consequences like failing grades or expulsion. The document provides tips to avoid plagiarism such as putting all text in one's own words, citing sources, and using summarization techniques.
This document provides instructions for citing sources and creating bibliographies in Microsoft Word. It explains how to insert citations, manage sources by adding and editing them, choose a bibliography style such as APA or MLA, and generate a bibliography from the citations and sources in a document. Creating a bibliography requires having at least one citation and corresponding source entry.
This document provides instructions for inserting footnotes, endnotes, and citations in a Microsoft Word document. It explains that footnotes appear at the bottom of the page, endnotes appear at the end of the document, and citations are references to specific legal documents or sources. It outlines how to insert each item by clicking the References tab and choosing the appropriate insertion option. The document aims to help readers create reports with lively source referencing that helps audiences understand where information comes from.
This document provides an overview of academic writing. It discusses how academic writing is clear, concise, and based on research to increase knowledge. It uses deductive reasoning, a third-person voice, and a more formal style than other types of writing. Academic writing also avoids slang, acronyms, contractions, and uses a higher level of vocabulary. Sources should be cited using quotes, paraphrases, or summaries and attributed properly according to the required format.
This document defines plagiarism as presenting someone else's work as your own. It explains that plagiarism is considered fraud and stealing because the work belongs to someone else. The document provides tips for avoiding plagiarism such as not copying text from websites, not reusing other papers, paraphrasing and citing sources properly using quotes. It includes examples of proper paraphrasing and using citations. The key lessons are that plagiarism violates copyright law, presents ideas without properly giving credit to the original author, and does not demonstrate your own learning.
This document provides an overview of the key elements of papers formatted in APA style, including the title page, body text, reference list, in-text citations, reference citations, paraphrasing, and quoting. It details the information that should be included on the title page, the formatting of the body text and reference list, and the proper way to structure in-text and reference citations.
This presentation is useful for all who are preparing their projects in colleges. This presentation helps you in giving proper reference of data source.
The document discusses paraphrasing and provides information about what paraphrasing is, the different types of paraphrasing, rules for paraphrasing, common mistakes to avoid, and steps for paraphrasing. It defines paraphrasing as restating someone else's work in your own words while maintaining the original meaning. The document outlines three main types of paraphrasing: acknowledging, organizing, and abstracting. It also lists rules like using your own words and structure, understanding the original text, and citing sources properly.
The document provides an overview of the American Psychological Association (APA) style guide for formatting research papers. It discusses the basics of APA formatting including stylistics, in-text citations, references, types of APA papers, general format, title pages, the abstract, the main body, and references pages. Specific guidelines are provided for in-text citations, references, and formatting various parts of the paper according to APA style.
This document provides definitions and guidelines for key terms used in research such as references, bibliographies, and citations.
References are organized listings of works cited in the text that are placed at the end of a document. They include author name, title, publication details, and pages cited. References are arranged alphabetically. Bibliographies are full listings of all material consulted for research, including sources not directly cited.
Citations acknowledge original authors when using their information. They appear in text or at the end and provide enough information to identify the source. Style manuals like MLA, APA, and Chicago provide standardized formats for citations and bibliographies to avoid plagiarism and organize references.
This document provides an overview of how to write a research paper. It begins by explaining why learning to write research papers is important for college students. It then outlines the typical structure of a research paper, including sections like the abstract, introduction, literature review, methodology, results, discussion, and conclusion. The document discusses how to choose a research topic and gather materials. It provides guidance on writing each section and emphasizes using a consistent format for citations and references. The goal is to teach students the key components of a successful research paper.
This document discusses proper documentation of sources in research papers and theses. It defines plagiarism as using others' words, ideas, or data without acknowledgement and notes that plagiarism is considered academic misconduct with serious consequences. It provides tips for avoiding plagiarism such as using quotation marks for exact words, citing paraphrased sources, and acknowledging all sources used. The document also discusses different documentation styles like APA, MLA, and footnote systems and emphasizes the importance of consistency in documentation.
Broadly, a citation is a reference to a published or unpublished source (not always the original source). More precisely, a citation is an abbreviated alphanumeric expression embedded in the body of an intellectual work that denotes an entry in the bibliographic references section of the work for the purpose of acknowledging the relevance of the works of others to the topic of discussion at the spot where the citation appears.
Generally the combination of both the in-body citation and the bibliographic entry constitutes what is commonly thought of as a citation (whereas bibliographic entries by themselves are not).
References to single, machine-readable assertions in electronic scientific articles are known as nano-publications, a form of micro-attribution. Citation has several important purposes: to uphold intellectual honesty (or avoiding plagiarism), to attribute prior or unoriginal work and ideas to the correct sources, to allow the reader to determine independently whether the referenced material supports the author's argument in the claimed way, and to help the reader gauge the strength and validity of the material the author has used.
Avoiding plagiarism by taking effective notesJanet Ilko
This document outlines a lesson plan for teaching students about plagiarism. It includes activities where students consider what plagiarism means, read definitions and articles about it, and learn strategies for taking notes, quoting, paraphrasing and summarizing sources. Students practice these skills by analyzing passages and writing their own summaries, quotes and paraphrases. The goal is for students to understand what plagiarism is and how to properly cite sources in their own writing to avoid it.
This document is a report on report writing submitted by Afza Sohail to Mam Faiza. It discusses the purpose and importance of writing reports, as well as guidelines for writing a good report. Key points covered include defining what a report is, why reports are written, features of well-written reports such as clarity and completeness, and the purpose of including references and bibliographies. The document provides examples of how to format references and bibliographies and emphasizes the importance of citing references to support arguments and avoid plagiarism.
This document discusses various types of academic texts and strategies for reading them effectively. It begins by outlining common academic text types like articles, conference papers, reviews, and theses/dissertations. It then emphasizes that academic reading requires full concentration and comprehension to understand key ideas. Several reading goals and purposes are provided, along with details about the typical structure, content, style, and language of academic texts. Strategies like determining the text type and purpose, annotating, and using SQ3R or KWL methods are presented to aid critical understanding. The document concludes with a set of true/false questions to assess comprehension.
This document outlines the six steps for conducting effective research:
1. Decide on a topic and focus questions.
2. Find information from a variety of sources like libraries, the internet, and experts.
3. Record information through notes and bibliographies rather than direct copying.
4. Select the most relevant information to answer the focus questions.
5. Present the research findings using appropriate formats like essays, articles, or presentations.
6. Evaluate the research process and identify ways to improve.
The document provides guidance on what should be done before and while writing a literature review. It discusses that a literature review evaluates and synthesizes previous research on a topic, and places the current research in the context of existing literature. It emphasizes determining the scope of research, developing a thesis statement to guide the organization, and considering chronological, thematic, or methodological approaches to structure the discussion of sources. The literature review should introduce the topic, critically analyze relevant literature in the body, and conclude by discussing implications and directions for future work.
This document discusses referencing styles and provides guidance on citing sources. It defines referencing and citing, and distinguishes between references and bibliographies. Reasons for referencing include acknowledging others' work, allowing readers to find sources, avoiding plagiarism, and adding credibility. The document reviews several referencing styles including APA, Chicago, and MLA styles. It provides examples of how to reference different source types such as books, journal articles, and websites. Referencing tools that can help manage citations are also introduced.
This document provides an introduction to referencing and discusses its purpose and various components. Referencing acknowledges the authors of sources consulted and avoids plagiarism. It demonstrates research, allows verification of sources, and allows readers to follow up on information. References are needed for direct quotes, ideas, statistics, and non-original figures. Citations refer to other authors' work in writing and references provide bibliographic details. Paraphrasing rewrites sources in one's own words while maintaining the original meaning. Summarizing provides an overview of key points. Common knowledge such as facts and terminology need not be referenced. The Harvard and numerical systems are two main referencing styles that involve citations in the text linked to numbered references.
This document defines academic writing and outlines its key characteristics. Academic writing is the process of presenting ideas in a rational, organized, and logical way by breaking down concepts analytically. It is used in documents like essays, research reports, theses, and academic journals. There are three main types: descriptive writing, which depicts how something looks/feels; narrative writing, which tells a story; and persuasive writing, which aims to convince readers. Academic writing is formal in tone, precise in language, takes a third-person point of view, uses deductive reasoning, and requires planning and outlining ideas before drafting.
This document defines plagiarism and discusses why it is important to avoid. Plagiarism involves presenting someone else's ideas or work as your own without giving them proper credit. It is considered theft and cheating. If caught, it can result in failing grades or other penalties. While some information may be considered "common knowledge" and not require citation, students should always cite direct quotes, paraphrased ideas, and facts/statistics taken from other sources to avoid plagiarism. The document provides examples of proper citation formats and additional resources on plagiarism and copyright issues.
Good writing is rewriting, rewriting, and rewriting so don't be discouraged that your essay needs editing. Every writer from a professional to the high school student goes through the revising process so that they can write a complete, grammatically correct, and relevant piece of writing. Look at the following questions about each element of your essay and answer them truthfully.
The document discusses paraphrasing and provides guidance on how to effectively paraphrase sources in writing. It defines paraphrasing as borrowing information from another source and presenting it in a new way using one's own words. The document advises readers to fully understand the source material before paraphrasing, and to convey all essential information while avoiding direct quotes or use of a thesaurus to simply replace words. Examples demonstrate a legitimate paraphrase that accurately relays the key points from the original source in condensed form using different wording.
This document provides guidelines for formatting papers in APA style, including how to cite sources in-text and create a reference list according to the 7th edition of the APA Publication Manual. It explains that in-text citations usually include the author's name and date, and the reference list provides full details of each cited source in alphabetical order. Examples are given for citing different source types like books, journal articles, websites, and more within papers and reference lists.
This document provides an introduction to research methods. It defines research as the systematic investigation into a subject to improve knowledge and understanding. Research can be conducted to learn about a subject, test a theory, make discoveries, or revise understanding. There are two main types of research: primary research, which collects original data through methods like surveys, interviews and experiments, and secondary research, which analyzes existing information from sources like books, websites and films. The research process should use appropriate methodology for the subject and include a variety of reliable sources. Effective research includes defining a field of study, research focus or question to guide the collection and analysis of information.
.Reading Source IntegrationWhen you begin drafting your pap.docxboadverna
.
Reading: Source Integration
When you begin drafting your paper, you will be using information from your sources as evidence to support your points. However, there are multiple ways to integrate that information into your writing, and some of those methods are more appropriate than others in particular circumstances. In what follows, we'll discuss methods of source integration including quotation and summary.
Guidelines for Quotations
When you quote a source, you use the exact words and phrases your source used to convey information. Plagiarism* occurs when quotes are not attributed to the appropriate sources, so it is important that you keep careful notes so that you don't unintentionally represent someone else's work or ideas as your own. Overquotating can also be problematic. This happens when writers rely too heavily on quotations. Over quoting can result in stilted writing where the author contributes too little. Ultimately, you will want to balance quotations with summaries.
The following graphic reviews tips for successfully integrating quotation into your writing
The following graphic reviews tips for successfully integrating quotation into your writing.
1: Use quotations only when the specific words or phrases employed by the source are necessary to support the point you are making.
2: Never quote anything you don't fully understand.
3: Make quotes as short as possible by eliminating anything that isn't absolutely necessary. Place ellipses (. . .) in the text where you removed words or sentences from the original source. Example: "The mechanization of Charlie's body . . . is vividly dramatized in the film by his continuing to use his wrenches on objects other than those he is supposed to."
4: Provide context for your quotes. Don't assume the reader will know when and why your source said what they did. In the text surrounding the quote, provide information about the context in which the original quote took place as well as information about how you take the quote to support your point or project.
5: Always quote directly from what the source said. To make changes within a quote so that the quote fits grammatically with the rest of the sentence, place brackets ([ ]) around the altered material. Example: The witness testified "[the defendant] was engaged in the hit-and-run accident."
6: Mix quoted material with your own writing. Never present an entire quoted sentence without any introductory qualifying, or contextualizing information. Example: According to the anthropologist Brian Hoey, the purpose of ethnographies is "to provide a detailed, in-depth description of everyday life and practice."
Introduction to Summarizing: Why Summarize?
Students are often tempted to draw quotations* from their research sources to support points they want to make. Well-chosen quotations from respected authorities can indeed be valuable evidence; however, too many quotations break up the flow of your writing, so you should use t ...
This document provides guidance on using and citing sources in an academic paper. It emphasizes introducing and explaining any quotes used to support ideas. Sources should be cited accurately in both parenthetical in-text citations and a Works Cited page at the end. Failure to properly cite sources can constitute plagiarism, so the document urges students to carefully cite any information that is not general knowledge to avoid plagiarism.
The document provides an overview of the American Psychological Association (APA) style guide for formatting research papers. It discusses the basics of APA formatting including stylistics, in-text citations, references, types of APA papers, general format, title pages, the abstract, the main body, and references pages. Specific guidelines are provided for in-text citations, references, and formatting various parts of the paper according to APA style.
This document provides definitions and guidelines for key terms used in research such as references, bibliographies, and citations.
References are organized listings of works cited in the text that are placed at the end of a document. They include author name, title, publication details, and pages cited. References are arranged alphabetically. Bibliographies are full listings of all material consulted for research, including sources not directly cited.
Citations acknowledge original authors when using their information. They appear in text or at the end and provide enough information to identify the source. Style manuals like MLA, APA, and Chicago provide standardized formats for citations and bibliographies to avoid plagiarism and organize references.
This document provides an overview of how to write a research paper. It begins by explaining why learning to write research papers is important for college students. It then outlines the typical structure of a research paper, including sections like the abstract, introduction, literature review, methodology, results, discussion, and conclusion. The document discusses how to choose a research topic and gather materials. It provides guidance on writing each section and emphasizes using a consistent format for citations and references. The goal is to teach students the key components of a successful research paper.
This document discusses proper documentation of sources in research papers and theses. It defines plagiarism as using others' words, ideas, or data without acknowledgement and notes that plagiarism is considered academic misconduct with serious consequences. It provides tips for avoiding plagiarism such as using quotation marks for exact words, citing paraphrased sources, and acknowledging all sources used. The document also discusses different documentation styles like APA, MLA, and footnote systems and emphasizes the importance of consistency in documentation.
Broadly, a citation is a reference to a published or unpublished source (not always the original source). More precisely, a citation is an abbreviated alphanumeric expression embedded in the body of an intellectual work that denotes an entry in the bibliographic references section of the work for the purpose of acknowledging the relevance of the works of others to the topic of discussion at the spot where the citation appears.
Generally the combination of both the in-body citation and the bibliographic entry constitutes what is commonly thought of as a citation (whereas bibliographic entries by themselves are not).
References to single, machine-readable assertions in electronic scientific articles are known as nano-publications, a form of micro-attribution. Citation has several important purposes: to uphold intellectual honesty (or avoiding plagiarism), to attribute prior or unoriginal work and ideas to the correct sources, to allow the reader to determine independently whether the referenced material supports the author's argument in the claimed way, and to help the reader gauge the strength and validity of the material the author has used.
Avoiding plagiarism by taking effective notesJanet Ilko
This document outlines a lesson plan for teaching students about plagiarism. It includes activities where students consider what plagiarism means, read definitions and articles about it, and learn strategies for taking notes, quoting, paraphrasing and summarizing sources. Students practice these skills by analyzing passages and writing their own summaries, quotes and paraphrases. The goal is for students to understand what plagiarism is and how to properly cite sources in their own writing to avoid it.
This document is a report on report writing submitted by Afza Sohail to Mam Faiza. It discusses the purpose and importance of writing reports, as well as guidelines for writing a good report. Key points covered include defining what a report is, why reports are written, features of well-written reports such as clarity and completeness, and the purpose of including references and bibliographies. The document provides examples of how to format references and bibliographies and emphasizes the importance of citing references to support arguments and avoid plagiarism.
This document discusses various types of academic texts and strategies for reading them effectively. It begins by outlining common academic text types like articles, conference papers, reviews, and theses/dissertations. It then emphasizes that academic reading requires full concentration and comprehension to understand key ideas. Several reading goals and purposes are provided, along with details about the typical structure, content, style, and language of academic texts. Strategies like determining the text type and purpose, annotating, and using SQ3R or KWL methods are presented to aid critical understanding. The document concludes with a set of true/false questions to assess comprehension.
This document outlines the six steps for conducting effective research:
1. Decide on a topic and focus questions.
2. Find information from a variety of sources like libraries, the internet, and experts.
3. Record information through notes and bibliographies rather than direct copying.
4. Select the most relevant information to answer the focus questions.
5. Present the research findings using appropriate formats like essays, articles, or presentations.
6. Evaluate the research process and identify ways to improve.
The document provides guidance on what should be done before and while writing a literature review. It discusses that a literature review evaluates and synthesizes previous research on a topic, and places the current research in the context of existing literature. It emphasizes determining the scope of research, developing a thesis statement to guide the organization, and considering chronological, thematic, or methodological approaches to structure the discussion of sources. The literature review should introduce the topic, critically analyze relevant literature in the body, and conclude by discussing implications and directions for future work.
This document discusses referencing styles and provides guidance on citing sources. It defines referencing and citing, and distinguishes between references and bibliographies. Reasons for referencing include acknowledging others' work, allowing readers to find sources, avoiding plagiarism, and adding credibility. The document reviews several referencing styles including APA, Chicago, and MLA styles. It provides examples of how to reference different source types such as books, journal articles, and websites. Referencing tools that can help manage citations are also introduced.
This document provides an introduction to referencing and discusses its purpose and various components. Referencing acknowledges the authors of sources consulted and avoids plagiarism. It demonstrates research, allows verification of sources, and allows readers to follow up on information. References are needed for direct quotes, ideas, statistics, and non-original figures. Citations refer to other authors' work in writing and references provide bibliographic details. Paraphrasing rewrites sources in one's own words while maintaining the original meaning. Summarizing provides an overview of key points. Common knowledge such as facts and terminology need not be referenced. The Harvard and numerical systems are two main referencing styles that involve citations in the text linked to numbered references.
This document defines academic writing and outlines its key characteristics. Academic writing is the process of presenting ideas in a rational, organized, and logical way by breaking down concepts analytically. It is used in documents like essays, research reports, theses, and academic journals. There are three main types: descriptive writing, which depicts how something looks/feels; narrative writing, which tells a story; and persuasive writing, which aims to convince readers. Academic writing is formal in tone, precise in language, takes a third-person point of view, uses deductive reasoning, and requires planning and outlining ideas before drafting.
This document defines plagiarism and discusses why it is important to avoid. Plagiarism involves presenting someone else's ideas or work as your own without giving them proper credit. It is considered theft and cheating. If caught, it can result in failing grades or other penalties. While some information may be considered "common knowledge" and not require citation, students should always cite direct quotes, paraphrased ideas, and facts/statistics taken from other sources to avoid plagiarism. The document provides examples of proper citation formats and additional resources on plagiarism and copyright issues.
Good writing is rewriting, rewriting, and rewriting so don't be discouraged that your essay needs editing. Every writer from a professional to the high school student goes through the revising process so that they can write a complete, grammatically correct, and relevant piece of writing. Look at the following questions about each element of your essay and answer them truthfully.
The document discusses paraphrasing and provides guidance on how to effectively paraphrase sources in writing. It defines paraphrasing as borrowing information from another source and presenting it in a new way using one's own words. The document advises readers to fully understand the source material before paraphrasing, and to convey all essential information while avoiding direct quotes or use of a thesaurus to simply replace words. Examples demonstrate a legitimate paraphrase that accurately relays the key points from the original source in condensed form using different wording.
This document provides guidelines for formatting papers in APA style, including how to cite sources in-text and create a reference list according to the 7th edition of the APA Publication Manual. It explains that in-text citations usually include the author's name and date, and the reference list provides full details of each cited source in alphabetical order. Examples are given for citing different source types like books, journal articles, websites, and more within papers and reference lists.
This document provides an introduction to research methods. It defines research as the systematic investigation into a subject to improve knowledge and understanding. Research can be conducted to learn about a subject, test a theory, make discoveries, or revise understanding. There are two main types of research: primary research, which collects original data through methods like surveys, interviews and experiments, and secondary research, which analyzes existing information from sources like books, websites and films. The research process should use appropriate methodology for the subject and include a variety of reliable sources. Effective research includes defining a field of study, research focus or question to guide the collection and analysis of information.
.Reading Source IntegrationWhen you begin drafting your pap.docxboadverna
.
Reading: Source Integration
When you begin drafting your paper, you will be using information from your sources as evidence to support your points. However, there are multiple ways to integrate that information into your writing, and some of those methods are more appropriate than others in particular circumstances. In what follows, we'll discuss methods of source integration including quotation and summary.
Guidelines for Quotations
When you quote a source, you use the exact words and phrases your source used to convey information. Plagiarism* occurs when quotes are not attributed to the appropriate sources, so it is important that you keep careful notes so that you don't unintentionally represent someone else's work or ideas as your own. Overquotating can also be problematic. This happens when writers rely too heavily on quotations. Over quoting can result in stilted writing where the author contributes too little. Ultimately, you will want to balance quotations with summaries.
The following graphic reviews tips for successfully integrating quotation into your writing
The following graphic reviews tips for successfully integrating quotation into your writing.
1: Use quotations only when the specific words or phrases employed by the source are necessary to support the point you are making.
2: Never quote anything you don't fully understand.
3: Make quotes as short as possible by eliminating anything that isn't absolutely necessary. Place ellipses (. . .) in the text where you removed words or sentences from the original source. Example: "The mechanization of Charlie's body . . . is vividly dramatized in the film by his continuing to use his wrenches on objects other than those he is supposed to."
4: Provide context for your quotes. Don't assume the reader will know when and why your source said what they did. In the text surrounding the quote, provide information about the context in which the original quote took place as well as information about how you take the quote to support your point or project.
5: Always quote directly from what the source said. To make changes within a quote so that the quote fits grammatically with the rest of the sentence, place brackets ([ ]) around the altered material. Example: The witness testified "[the defendant] was engaged in the hit-and-run accident."
6: Mix quoted material with your own writing. Never present an entire quoted sentence without any introductory qualifying, or contextualizing information. Example: According to the anthropologist Brian Hoey, the purpose of ethnographies is "to provide a detailed, in-depth description of everyday life and practice."
Introduction to Summarizing: Why Summarize?
Students are often tempted to draw quotations* from their research sources to support points they want to make. Well-chosen quotations from respected authorities can indeed be valuable evidence; however, too many quotations break up the flow of your writing, so you should use t ...
This document provides guidance on using and citing sources in an academic paper. It emphasizes introducing and explaining any quotes used to support ideas. Sources should be cited accurately in both parenthetical in-text citations and a Works Cited page at the end. Failure to properly cite sources can constitute plagiarism, so the document urges students to carefully cite any information that is not general knowledge to avoid plagiarism.
The document discusses plagiarism, defining it as passing off another's work as one's own without proper citation or credit. It provides examples of plagiarism, such as copying text from the internet or images without citation. The document emphasizes the importance of citing sources to avoid plagiarism and provides guidelines for citing sources using styles like MLA and APA. It notes penalties for plagiarism may include failing grades, suspension, or expulsion. The document advises preventing plagiarism by taking careful notes and citing all information that is not the writer's own ideas.
This document provides information about style manuals and referencing sources in academic writing. It discusses why referencing is important, including to avoid plagiarism and give credit to other authors. The document outlines when to reference, including when quoting, paraphrasing, or referring to others' work. It also defines plagiarism and describes quoting, paraphrasing, and summarizing sources. Finally, it provides guidance on how to reference sources in both in-text citations and reference lists, including using software like EndNote and RefWorks.
Style manuals provide guidelines for formatting papers and citing sources consistently. They include information on organizing papers, citing traditional and electronic sources, and listing references. Some common style manuals are the MLA Handbook, Chicago Manual of Style, APA Publication Manual, and Turabian style guide. Referencing gives credit to authors whose work is cited and allows readers to find the sources. It is important to avoid plagiarism and demonstrate knowledge of the existing literature on a topic.
This document provides guidance on incorporating research into the MLA writing process. It outlines the initial steps of having a topic idea and conducting research. Sources should be properly cited in the text and on the works cited page. Research can be integrated through paraphrasing, which requires restating a source in your own words and structure while maintaining the original meaning, or summarizing, which condenses longer sources. Signal phrases and parenthetical citations are used to give credit to sources.
The document discusses proper citation techniques for incorporating source material into academic writing. It emphasizes using signal phrases or parenthetical references to distinguish quoted, paraphrased, or summarized content from other sources from the writer's own work. Signal phrases coupled with an author's name can help indicate an author's intent or perspective, while parenthetical references provide publication details. Together, signal phrases and parenthetical references help readers identify source boundaries and understand how outside information relates to the topics and ideas presented.
The document discusses best practices for citing sources in academic writing. It provides guidance on using parenthetical citations and signal phrases to integrate source material responsibly. When citing sources, writers should distinguish their own ideas from those of other scholars and provide context about the source to help readers understand its relevance and purpose. Proper citation attributes ideas to their original authors while also emphasizing the citing author's own voice and perspective in the discussion.
The document discusses proper citation practices when using sources in academic writing. It explains that writers must cite sources when using others' work or ideas through paraphrasing, summarizing, quoting, or using images. Common knowledge that can be found in multiple sources stated similarly does not require citation. The two most common citation styles, MLA and APA, are described along with their formatting requirements for in-text citations and reference pages. The importance of citation is also covered to give credit to original authors, support claims with credible evidence, and avoid plagiarism.
This document discusses plagiarism and how to properly cite sources. It defines plagiarism as presenting others' words, ideas, or creative work as one's own without proper citation. The document outlines different types of plagiarism and explains why students plagiarize. It also discusses proper citation methods like quoting, paraphrasing, and summarizing, and emphasizes the importance of citing sources to avoid plagiarism. Real examples of students facing consequences for plagiarism are provided.
Here are some issues with the annotation:
- It provides too much summary of the source content rather than focusing on bibliographic details, authority, and evaluation.
- There is no word count provided.
- It includes the author's opinion and plans for using the source rather than staying objective.
- Some important bibliographic elements are missing (no publication date).
- The evaluation praises the source rather than objectively assessing authority and credibility.
The annotation would be improved by focusing on brief bibliographic details, credentials establishing authority, and an objective evaluation of the source's relevance and credibility for the research topic. Personal opinions and future use of the source do not belong in an annotation.
The document is an instructional guide about plagiarism that was sent to a student. It informs the student that their Turnitin report showed evidence of plagiarism by directly copying text from several websites without proper citation. The guide explains that to avoid plagiarism, the student must rewrite copied sections in their own words, cite outside sources properly, and ensure all writing is their own original work rather than directly copied from other sources. It provides tips on paraphrasing, using reliable academic sources for research, and getting help from instructors.
This document provides guidance on writing a research paper using APA style. It instructs students to first choose a topic and begin researching sources. It then discusses keeping track of sources in a bibliography, outlining ideas, and drafting introductions and topic sentences. The document explains how to integrate sources ethically by citing them and provides examples of paraphrasing and summarizing sources correctly in APA style through restating ideas in one's own words and structure.
Link here for an updated version of this slideshow: https://www.slideshare.net/khornberger/annotated-bibliographies-234696125
How to create an annotated bibliography with focus upon the annotation portion.
Why Use APA & Paraphasing - PBSC English Writing Labrallen432
This document provides guidance on integrating sources in academic writing without plagiarizing. It discusses including outside sources to support arguments, provide background and explain concepts. In-text citations and reference pages are used to give credit to authors and allow readers to access original sources. Paraphrasing involves restating a short source section in your own words and structure, while summarizing restates the meaning of a longer source in a condensed form. Direct quotes should only be used sparingly. Signal phrases, in-text citations and reference pages are needed when paraphrasing or summarizing. Examples demonstrate how to correctly paraphrase sources.
A minimum of 200 words each question and References (questions #1-.docxsleeperharwell
A minimum of 200 words each question and References (questions #1-4) KEEP QUESTION WITH ANSWER EACH QUESTIONS NEED TO HAVE A SCHOLARY SOURCE
1) Discuss the implications of the acceptance of the biopsychosocial model over the biomedical model. What is the role played by age, ethnicity, and SES?
2) Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of placebos. What potential moral dilemma arises from their usage?
3) What is meant by improving patient adherence? Can health-related theories in psychology be used to predict who will and who will not adhere to medical advice? Why or why not?
4) Compare and contrast illness behavior with sick role behavior. Why are they different?
Communicating professionally and ethically is one of the
essential skill sets we can teach you at Strayer. The following
guidelines will ensure:
· Your writing is professional
· You avoid plagiarizing others, which is essential to writing ethically
· You give credit to others in your work
Visit Strayer’s Academic Integrity Center for more information.
Winter 2019
https://pslogin.strayer.edu/?dest=academic-support/academic-integrity-center
Strayer University Writing Standards 2
� Include page numbers.
� Use 1-inch margins.
� Use Arial, Courier, Times New Roman, or Calibri font style.
� Use 10-, 11-, or 12-point font size for the body of your text.
� Use numerals (1, 2, 3, and so on) or spell out numbers (one, two, three, and so on).
Be consistent with your choice throughout the assignment.
� Use either single or double spacing, according to assignment guidelines.
� If assignment requires a title page:
· Include the assignment title, your name, course title, your professor’s name, and the
date of submission on a separate page.
� If assignment does not require a title page (stated in the assignment details):
a. Include all required content in a header at the top of your document.
or b. Include all required content where appropriate for assignment format.
Examples of appropriate places per assignment: letterhead of a business letter
assignment or a title slide for a PowerPoint presentation.
� Use appropriate language and be concise.
� Write in active voice when possible. Find tips here.
� Use the point of view (first, second, or third person) required by the assignment
guidelines.
� Use spelling and grammar check and proofread to help ensure your work is error free.
� Use credible sources to support your ideas/work. Find tips here.
� Cite your sources throughout your work when you borrow someone else’s words or ideas.
Give credit to the authors.
� Look for a permalink tool for a webpage when possible (especially when an electronic
source requires logging in like the Strayer Library). Find tips here.
� Add each cited source to the Source List at the end of your assignment. (See the Giving
Credit to Authors and Sources section for more details.)
� Don’t forget to cite and add your textbook to the Source L.
Student Referencing: Scholarly Sources
Unit 424 Referencing For Research Paper
Referencing For Plagiarism
Consequences Of Referencing
Advantages And Disadvantages Of APA Writing Style
The Importance of Citation in Academic Writing
Frame Of Reference Essay
Citation and Harvard Referencing Format
Harvard Referencing System
Referencing Resilience
Harvard Referencing Guide
Harvard Referencing Guide
Essay and referencing
Social Referencing Development
This document discusses how to properly reference sources in academic assignments. It explains that referencing is important to acknowledge where information comes from, support arguments with evidence, and allow others to verify sources. A reference contains an in-text citation with a corresponding full reference listing details of the source. Quotations use exact words while paraphrasing rewrites information in one's own words, but both require referencing the original source.
This document discusses how to properly reference sources in academic assignments. It explains that referencing is important to acknowledge where information comes from, gain marks by supporting arguments, and allow others to check sources. A reference contains an in-text citation that points to a full reference entry in a reference list. The reference list contains full details of the source, ordered corresponding to citations. Quotations use exact words while paraphrasing rewrites ideas in one's own words, but both require citations. Directly copying images or data also requires quotation. The document provides examples of correctly formatted citations and references.
The design of Farm cart 0011 report 1 2020musadoto
This report describes the best designing of a 200cc FARM CART MACHINE which will be useful to the farm fields due to the fact that, the purchase, repair and maintenance are affordable to all level of income earners. Despite the cost effectiveness of the machine, the report also tries to justify that the machine can be used multipurposely as it serves the purposes of been used as farm transport, mowering machine, boom spraying and or mini planter with two rows. All these can be achieved as long as the implements are attached with respect to the power capacity of the farm cart.
The report tells only the design and testing of machine excluding its farm implements design. Some best reviews from other study projects done by other people in the world provided a good reference for designing and implementation of this project. The project is initially costly because it needs to develop a prototype and test the different first ideas.
The project report describes the important of choosing to use the designed farm cart machine compared to other farm machines at the market which are most efficiently to be used by farmers in their fields.
The challenges are inevitable in any project, here in designing of this 200cc farm machine, the major issue is the funding because the fund for this project is from the pocket which is always insufficient as it depends to the meals and accommodation money distribution sponsored from the HIGH EDUCATION STUDENTS LOAN BOARD (HESLB) thus it takes longer to accomplish the project by waiting another quarter of the semester to continue with the project which affects the other part of normal life(in terms of meals and accommodation).
The report recommends that, the department of engineering sciences and technology and Sokoine University of Agriculture as a whole should invest into this technology by utilizing fully the idea and funding the project for more better improvement so as to attain the desired standard that can with stand the different farm field factors. These when taken into consideration there is a possibility to achieve the industrialization policy in our country and thereafter it is a better approach to modern agriculture.
IRRIGATION SYSTEMS AND DESIGN - IWRE 317 questions collection 1997 - 2018 ...musadoto
This document contains sample exam questions for a course on irrigation systems design. It includes multiple choice and short answer questions testing understanding of key irrigation concepts. Some example questions are on pump characteristics, calculating water requirements for drip and sprinkler systems, estimating consumptive water use, and determining system efficiencies. The document provides a compilation of past exam questions from 1997 to 2018 to help students prepare for tests.
CONSTRUCTION [soil treatment, foundation backfill, Damp Proof Membrane[DPM] a...musadoto
With reference to a construction site visited recently, describe in details key features
that can be observed on site as follows
Foundations backfilling, hardcore, soil treatment, DPM and BRC works prior
to pouring oversite concrete
CONSTRUCTION [soil treatment, foundation backfill, Damp Proof Membrane[DPM] and BRC for engineers (civil)
BASICS OF COMPUTER PROGRAMMING-TAKE HOME ASSIGNMENT 2018musadoto
Self- Check 1
Which of the following are Pascal reserved words, standard identifiers, valid identifiers, invalid identifiers?
end ReadLn Bill
program Sues‟s Rate
Start begin const
Y=Z Prog#2 &Up
First Name „MaxScores‟ A*B
CostaMesa,CA Barnes&Noble CONST
XYZ123 ThisIsALongOne 123XYZANSWER
ANSWERS
Paschal reserved words:
begin, end, program, Start, CONST, const
Standard identifiers:
ReadLn, „MaxScores‟, Bill, Rate
Valid identifiers:
XYZ123, ThisIsALongOne, A*B, Y=Z, CostaMesa, CA, First Name
Invalid identifiers:
123XYZ, Sues‟s, &UpFirstName, Barnes&Noble, Prog#2
Self- Check 2
Which of the following literal values are legal and what are their types? Which are illegal and why?
15 „XYZ‟ „*‟
$25.123 15; -999
.123 „x‟ “X”
„9‟ „-5‟ True
ANSWER:
The following values are legal and their type
Legal
Type
Illegal
15
Integer literal
$25.123
„XYZ‟
String Literal
.123
„X‟
Character Literal
„9‟
True
Boolean Literal
15;
-999
Integer Literal
-„5‟
Operator literal
„*‟
TP- Lecture 4.2
Self- Checked 1
Which of the following are valid program headings? Which are invalid and why?
(i) Program program; - INVALID using reserved ID
(ii) program 2ndCourseInCS; -INVALID because starts with digit
(iii) program PascalIsFun;- VALID program heading
(iv) program Rainy Day; -INVALID – contains space
Self- Checked 2
Rewrite the following code so that it has no syntax errors and follows the writing conventions we adopted
(i) Program SMALL;
VAR X, Y, Z : real;
BEGIN
Y := 15.0;
Z := -Y + 3.5;
X :=Y + z;
writeln (x, Y, z);
END.
ANSWER:
Program
ENGINEERING SYSTEM DYNAMICS-TAKE HOME ASSIGNMENT 2018musadoto
1. Read Chapter 4 – System Dynamics for Mechanical Engineers by Matthew Davies and Tony L. Schmitz and implement Examples 4.1 to 4.12 in Matlab.
2. Read Chapter 7 – System Dynamics for Mechanical Engineers by Matthew Davies and Tony L. Schmitz and implement Examples 7.1 to 7.11 in Matlab.
3. Read Chapter 9 – System Dynamics for Mechanical Engineers by Matthew Davies and Tony L. Schmitz and implement Examples 9.1 to 9.6 in Matlab.
4. Read Chapter 11 – System Dynamics for Mechanical Engineers by Matthew Davies and Tony L. Schmitz and implement Examples 11.1 to 11.7 in Matlab.
5. Read Chapter 2 - System Dynamics for Engineering Students: Concepts and Applications by Nicolae Lobontiu and attempt problem 2.18 (page 63).
6. Read Chapter 3 - System Dynamics for Engineering Students: Concepts and Applications by Nicolae Lobontiu and attempt problem 3.13 (pp 98 - 100).
7. Read Chapter 4 - System Dynamics for Engineering Students: Concepts and Applications by Nicolae Lobontiu and attempt problem 4.20 (page 146).
8. Read Chapter 5 - System Dynamics for Engineering Students: Concepts and Applications by Nicolae Lobontiu and attempt problems 5.15 (page 198), 5.21 (pp 199 - 200) and 5.27 (pp 201 – 202).
Hardeninig of steel (Jominy test)-CoET- udsmmusadoto
The document describes a Jominy end-quench test experiment to measure the hardenability of two steel samples. Steel samples A and C were heated to the austenite temperature and quenched with water at one end. Hardness measurements using the Rockwell C scale were taken at intervals along the samples. Sample A showed little variation in hardness, while hardness decreased with distance from the quenched end for sample C. A graph of hardness versus distance revealed that sample A has higher hardenability, retaining hardness further from the quenched end. The hardenability indices at 50HRC were determined to be 2mm, 5mm, and 6.5mm from the graph.
1.1 The aim of the experiment
The aim of the experiment is to test the usefulness of the ultrasonic waves, by passing them through different
solids one can find out a lot of physical properties like young’s modulus , defects, Poisson ratio, Velocity of
sound in respective material this is due to the response of the received ultrasonic waves.
1.2 Theory of experiment
Ultrasonic testing (UT) is a family of non-destructive testing (NDT) techniques based on the propagation of ultrasonic waves in the object or material tested. In most common UT applications, very short ultrasonic pulse-waves with center frequencies ranging from 0.1-15 MHz, and occasionally up to 50 MHz, are transmitted into materials to detect internal flaws or to characterize materials. A common example is ultrasonic thickness measurement, which tests the thickness of the test object, for example, to monitor pipework corrosion.
Ultrasonic testing is often performed on steel and other metals and alloys, though it can also be used on concrete, wood and composites, albeit with less resolution. It is used in many industries including steel and aluminium construction, metallurgy, manufacturing, aerospace, automotive and other transportation sectors.
Ae 219 - BASICS OF PASCHAL PROGRAMMING-2017 test manual solutionmusadoto
Whether the Pascal program is small or large, it must have a specific structure. This
program consists mainly of one statement (WRITELN) which does the actual work
here, as it displays whatever comes between the parentheses. The statement is
included inside a frame starting with the keyword BEGIN and ending with the keyword
END. This is called the program main body (or the program block) and usually
contains the main logic of data processing.
1. The background of Fluid Mechanics
2. Fields of Fluid mechanics
3. Introduction and Basic concepts
4. Properties of Fluids
5. Pressure and fluid statics
6. Hydrodynamics
Fluid mechanics (a letter to a friend) part 1 ...musadoto
1. The background of Fluid Mechanics
2. Fields of Fluid mechanics
3. Introduction and Basic concepts
4. Properties of Fluids
5. Pressure and fluid statics
6. Hydrodynamics
Fluids mechanics (a letter to a friend) part 1 ...musadoto
1. The background of Fluid Mechanics
2. Fields of Fluid mechanics
3. Introduction and Basic concepts
4. Properties of Fluids
5. Pressure and fluid statics
6. Hydrodynamics
Fresh concrete -building materials for engineersmusadoto
CONCRETE
is a building Material made from a mixture of gravel ,sand ,cement,water and air ,forming a stone like mass on hardenning.
FRESH CONCRETE
It is a concrete that has not reached the final setting time.
Course Contents:
Introduction; Linear measurements; Analysis and adjustment of measurements, Survey methods: coordinate systems, bearings, horizontal control, traversing, triangulation, detail surveying; Orientation and position; Areas and volumes; Setting out; Curve ranging; Global Positioning system (GPS); Photogrammetry.
Fresh concrete -building materials for engineersmusadoto
General introduction
CONCRETE
is a building Material made from a mixture of gravel ,sand ,cement,water and air ,forming a stone like mass on hardenning.
FRESH CONCRETE
It is a concrete that has not reached the final setting time.
DIESEL ENGINE POWER REPORT -AE 215 -SOURCES OF FARM POWERmusadoto
The diesel engine (also known as a compression-ignition or CI engine), named after Rudolf Diesel, is an internal combustion engine in which ignition of the fuel which is injected into the combustion chamber is caused by the elevated temperature of the air in the cylinder due to mechanical compression (adiabatic compression). Diesel engines work by compressing only the air. This increases the air temperature inside the cylinder to such a high degree that atomised diesel fuel that is injected into the combustion chamber ignites spontaneously. This contrasts with spark-ignition engines such as a petrol engine (gasoline engine) or gas engine (using a gaseous fuel as opposed to petrol), which use a spark plug to ignite an air-fuel mixture. In diesel engines, glow plugs (combustion chamber pre-warmers) may be used to aid starting in cold weather, or when the engine uses a lower compression-ratio, or both. The original diesel engine operates on the "constant pressure" cycle of gradual combustion and produces no audible knock.
A diesel engine built by MAN AG in 1906
Detroit Diesel timing
Fairbanks Morse model 32
The diesel engine has the highest thermal efficiency (engine efficiency) of any practical internal or external combustion engine due to its very high expansion ratio and inherent lean burn which enables heat dissipation by the excess air. A small efficiency loss is also avoided compared to two-stroke non-direct-injection gasoline engines since unburned fuel is not present at valve overlap and therefore no fuel goes directly from the intake/injection to the exhaust. Low-speed diesel engines (as used in ships and other applications where overall engine weight is relatively unimportant) can have a thermal efficiency that exceeds 50%.[1][2
Farm and human power REPORT - AE 215-SOURCES OF FARM POWER musadoto
Farm is an area of land and its building, used for growing crops a rearing of animals or an area of land
that is devoted primarily of agricultural process with the primary objective of producing food and other
commercial crops. Or an area of water that is devoted primarily to agricultural process in order to
produce and manage such commodities as fibers, grains, livestock or fuel.
The process of working the ground, planting seeds and growing of planting known as farming.it can
described s raising of animals for milk and meat as farming.
ENGINE POWER PETROL REPORT-AE 215-SOURCES OF FARM POWERmusadoto
What is an Engine?
Before knowing about how the Petrol Engine works, let's first understand what an engine is. This is common for both petrol and diesel engines alike. An engine is a power generating machine which converts potential energy of the fuel into heat energy and then into motion. It produces power and also runs on its own power.
The engine generates its power by burning the fuel in a self-regulated and controlled „Combustion‟ process. The combustion process involves many sub-processes which burn the fuel efficiently and results in the smooth running of the engine.
These processes include:
The suction of air (also known as breathing or aspiration).
Mixing of the fuel with air after breaking the liquid fuel into highly atomized / mist form.
Igniting the air-fuel mixture with a spark (petrol engine).
Burning of highly atomized fuel particles which results in releasing / ejection of heat energy.
How does an Engine work?
The engine converts Heat Energy into Kinetic Energy in the form of „Reciprocating Motion‟. The expansion of heated gases and their forces act on the engine pistons. The gases push the pistons downwards which results in reciprocating motion of pistons.
This motion of the piston enables the crank-shaft to rotate. Thus, it finally converts the reciprocating motion into the 'Rotary motion' and passes on to wheels.
A petrol engine (known as a gasoline engine in American English) is an internal combustion engine with spark-ignition, designed to run on petrol (gasoline) and similar volatile fuels.
In most petrol engines, the fuel and air are usually mixed after compression (although some modern petrol engines now use cylinder-direct petrol injection). The pre-mixing was formerly done in a carburetor, but now it is done by electronically controlled fuel injection, except in small engines where the cost/complication of electronics does not justify the added engine efficiency. The process differs from a diesel engine in the method of mixing the fuel and air, and in using spark plugs to initiate the combustion process. In a diesel engine, only air is compressed
TRACTOR POWER REPORT -AE 215 SOURCES OF FARM POWER 2018musadoto
A tractor is an engineering vehicle specifically designed to deliver a high tractive effort (or torque) at slow speeds, for the purposes of hauling a trailer or machinery used in agriculture or construction. Most commonly, the term is used to describe a farm vehicle that provides the power and traction to mechanize agricultural tasks, especially (and originally) tillage, but nowadays a great variety of tasks. Agricultural implements 0may be towed behind or mounted on the tractor, and the tractor may also provide a source of power if the implement is mechanised.
The word Tractor is derived prior to 1900, the Machine were known as traction motor (pulling-machine).After the year 1900 both the words are joined by taking ‘Tract’ from Traction and ‘Tor” from motor calling it a Tractor.
In our Country tractors were started manufacturing in real sense after independence and at present we are self-sufficient in meeting demand of country’s requirement for tractors. Our country is basically an agricultural country where 75% of our population is directly or indirectly connected with agriculture. This cannot be produced with our conventional bullock pulled agricultural implements. Tractor is one of the basic agricultural machines
used for speeding up agriculture production.
WIND ENERGY REPORT AE 215- 2018 SOURCES OF FARM POWERmusadoto
Wind is the flow of gases on large scale. On the surface of the earth, wind consists of the bulk movement of air. In outer space, solar wind is the movement of gases and charged particles from the sun though space, while planetary wind is the outgassing of light chemical from a planet’s atmosphere into space. Wind by their spatial scale, their speed, the type of force that cause them, the region in which they occur and their effect. The strongest observed winds on planet in solar system occur on Neptune and Saturn. Winds have various aspects, an important one being its velocity, density of the gas involved and energy content of the wind.
Wind is almost entirely caused by the effects of the sun which, each hour, delivers 175 million watts of energy to the earth. This energy heats the planet’s surface, most intensively at the equator, which causes air to rise. This rising air creates an area of low pressure at the surface into which cooler air is sucked, and it is this flow of air that we know as “wind”. In reality atmospheric circulation is much more complicated and, after rising at the equator air travels pole wards. As it travels the air cools and eventually descends to the earth’s surface at about 30° latitude (north and south), from where it returns once again to the equator (a closed loop known as a Hadley Cell). Similar cells exist between 30° and 60° latitude (the Ferrell Cells) and between 60° latitude and each of the poles (the Polar Cells). Within these cells, the flow of air is further impacted by the rotation of the earth or the "Coriolis Effect". This effect creates a sideways force which causes air to circulate anticlockwise around areas of low pressure in the northern hemisphere and clockwise in the southern hemisphere
In summary, the origin of winds may be traced basically to uneven heating of the earth’s surface due to sun. This may lead to circulation of widespread winds on a global basis, producing planetary winds or may have a limited influence in a smaller area to cause local winds.
How to Fix the Import Error in the Odoo 17Celine George
An import error occurs when a program fails to import a module or library, disrupting its execution. In languages like Python, this issue arises when the specified module cannot be found or accessed, hindering the program's functionality. Resolving import errors is crucial for maintaining smooth software operation and uninterrupted development processes.
Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
How to Setup Warehouse & Location in Odoo 17 InventoryCeline George
In this slide, we'll explore how to set up warehouses and locations in Odoo 17 Inventory. This will help us manage our stock effectively, track inventory levels, and streamline warehouse operations.
Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docxadhitya5119
This is part 1 of my Java Learning Journey. This Contains Custom methods, classes, constructors, packages, multithreading , try- catch block, finally block and more.
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Find out more about ISO training and certification services
Training: ISO/IEC 27001 Information Security Management System - EN | PECB
ISO/IEC 42001 Artificial Intelligence Management System - EN | PECB
General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) - Training Courses - EN | PECB
Webinars: https://pecb.com/webinars
Article: https://pecb.com/article
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
For more information about PECB:
Website: https://pecb.com/
LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/company/pecb/
Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/PECBInternational/
Slideshare: http://www.slideshare.net/PECBCERTIFICATION
Walmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdfTechSoup
"Learn about all the ways Walmart supports nonprofit organizations.
You will hear from Liz Willett, the Head of Nonprofits, and hear about what Walmart is doing to help nonprofits, including Walmart Business and Spark Good. Walmart Business+ is a new offer for nonprofits that offers discounts and also streamlines nonprofits order and expense tracking, saving time and money.
The webinar may also give some examples on how nonprofits can best leverage Walmart Business+.
The event will cover the following::
Walmart Business + (https://business.walmart.com/plus) is a new shopping experience for nonprofits, schools, and local business customers that connects an exclusive online shopping experience to stores. Benefits include free delivery and shipping, a 'Spend Analytics” feature, special discounts, deals and tax-exempt shopping.
Special TechSoup offer for a free 180 days membership, and up to $150 in discounts on eligible orders.
Spark Good (walmart.com/sparkgood) is a charitable platform that enables nonprofits to receive donations directly from customers and associates.
Answers about how you can do more with Walmart!"
Beyond Degrees - Empowering the Workforce in the Context of Skills-First.pptxEduSkills OECD
Iván Bornacelly, Policy Analyst at the OECD Centre for Skills, OECD, presents at the webinar 'Tackling job market gaps with a skills-first approach' on 12 June 2024
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
How to Manage Your Lost Opportunities in Odoo 17 CRMCeline George
Odoo 17 CRM allows us to track why we lose sales opportunities with "Lost Reasons." This helps analyze our sales process and identify areas for improvement. Here's how to configure lost reasons in Odoo 17 CRM
How to Manage Your Lost Opportunities in Odoo 17 CRM
Referencing in ACADEMIC writing
1. Referencing in AcademicReferencing in Academic
WritingWriting
A significant difference between academicA significant difference between academic
writing and other writing genres is based onwriting and other writing genres is based on
the citation and referencing of publishedthe citation and referencing of published
authors.authors.
Academic writing relies on the ideas andAcademic writing relies on the ideas and
research of other sources: books, journalresearch of other sources: books, journal
articles, websites, and so forth. These otherarticles, websites, and so forth. These other
sources may be used to support the author’ssources may be used to support the author’s
ideas, or the author may be discussing,ideas, or the author may be discussing,
analysing, or critiquing other sources.analysing, or critiquing other sources. 11
2. Referencing in AcademicReferencing in Academic
WritingWriting
Referencing is used to tell the reader whereReferencing is used to tell the reader where
ideas from other sources have been used inideas from other sources have been used in
your arguments.your arguments.
22
3. Reasons for Referencing SourcesReasons for Referencing Sources
in Academic Writingin Academic Writing
to show that we have read and understoodto show that we have read and understood
the research published in our area of interestthe research published in our area of interest
to demonstrate our academic integrityto demonstrate our academic integrity
to support our argument by showing theto support our argument by showing the
sources of the information from which wesources of the information from which we
have formed our own ideashave formed our own ideas
to avoid plagiarism so that we are not falselyto avoid plagiarism so that we are not falsely
claiming someone else's work or ideas as ourclaiming someone else's work or ideas as our
ownown 33
4. to make it easy for readers to find the sourcesto make it easy for readers to find the sources
we have used, to check the information wewe have used, to check the information we
have used and to use the sources for furtherhave used and to use the sources for further
informationinformation
to fulfil our moral and legal obligations toto fulfil our moral and legal obligations to
recognise and acknowledge the author(s) ofrecognise and acknowledge the author(s) of
the original ideasthe original ideas
44
5. PlagiarismPlagiarism
If you don’t acknowledge sources you mayIf you don’t acknowledge sources you may
be accused of plagiarism.be accused of plagiarism.
Plagiarism is the act of using anotherPlagiarism is the act of using another
person’s ideas as if they are your own.person’s ideas as if they are your own.
It doesn’t matter whether the original wordsIt doesn’t matter whether the original words
or ideas are those of a published writer, oror ideas are those of a published writer, or
those of another student—you must notthose of another student—you must not
copy without giving your source.copy without giving your source.
55
6. Strategies to Use in ReferencingStrategies to Use in Referencing
In order to acknowledge properly the detailsIn order to acknowledge properly the details
from your reading materials, consider thefrom your reading materials, consider the
following strategies:following strategies:
Organise notes and record details of whereOrganise notes and record details of where
information was actually found.information was actually found.
Record details of the resource being used onRecord details of the resource being used on
the pages of your notes, printouts orthe pages of your notes, printouts or
photocopies of information.photocopies of information.
66
7. Learn about correct citation and referencingLearn about correct citation and referencing
methods before you begin your research.methods before you begin your research.
Access the information required forAccess the information required for
referencing different types of resources (Seereferencing different types of resources (See
Table 2).Table 2).
Ask teachers for guidelines about the style,Ask teachers for guidelines about the style,
format and amount of detail required toformat and amount of detail required to
acknowledge the resources used in anacknowledge the resources used in an
assignment.assignment.
77
8. Set up a chart to keep track of the basicSet up a chart to keep track of the basic
bibliographic information (i.e. author, title,bibliographic information (i.e. author, title,
date, pages used, publisher, etc) of anydate, pages used, publisher, etc) of any
resource you use know the differenceresource you use know the difference
between a quotation, summary andbetween a quotation, summary and
paraphrase.paraphrase.
88
9. How to Integrate Sources intoHow to Integrate Sources into
your Writingyour Writing
The sources may be integrated in four ways,The sources may be integrated in four ways,
including:including:
SummarizingSummarizing
SynthesizingSynthesizing
ParaphrasingParaphrasing
QuotingQuoting
99
10. SummarizingSummarizing
When you summarize, you collect the majorWhen you summarize, you collect the major
points of the passage, section, article, orpoints of the passage, section, article, or
book and present them in your own words.book and present them in your own words.
Since summaries usually condense severalSince summaries usually condense several
pages of a source or even a whole document,pages of a source or even a whole document,
page numbers are not necessarypage numbers are not necessary
Although you use your own words, youAlthough you use your own words, you
must still cite the source both within the textmust still cite the source both within the text
and on the reference page.and on the reference page. 1010
11. SynthesisSynthesis
Synthesis is a form of summarizing thatSynthesis is a form of summarizing that
combines several sources.combines several sources.
In synthesizing, you must combineIn synthesizing, you must combine
summaries from sources that agree onsummaries from sources that agree on
many overall points.many overall points.
Like summaries, synthesized sources doLike summaries, synthesized sources do
not require page numbers because thenot require page numbers because the
summary represents more than one source.summary represents more than one source.
1111
12. ParaphrasingParaphrasing
Paraphrases are similar to summaries in thatParaphrases are similar to summaries in that
they use your own words; however,they use your own words; however,
paraphrases focus on a small part of textparaphrases focus on a small part of text
while summaries focus on a larger portion.while summaries focus on a larger portion.
Unlike summaries, paraphrases CANNOTUnlike summaries, paraphrases CANNOT
be synthesized and may/may not includebe synthesized and may/may not include
page numbers. Paraphrases should basicallypage numbers. Paraphrases should basically
state the same thing as the original sourcestate the same thing as the original source
using your own words.using your own words.
1212
13. QuotingQuoting
Quoting sources is perfectly acceptable inQuoting sources is perfectly acceptable in
papers; however, your paper must not bepapers; however, your paper must not be
filled with quotations.filled with quotations.
Most instructors would prefer that you useMost instructors would prefer that you use
one of the other methods of sourceone of the other methods of source
integration. They would rather hear youintegration. They would rather hear you
express your point in your own words.express your point in your own words.
Quotations should only be used when youQuotations should only be used when you
are planning on analyzing the text or whenare planning on analyzing the text or when
you cannot put it into your own words.you cannot put it into your own words. 1313
14. All quotations must appear in your paper asAll quotations must appear in your paper as
they do in the original source.they do in the original source.
If you use a quote, you should be ableIf you use a quote, you should be able
explain the meaning and discuss theexplain the meaning and discuss the
significance.significance.
Quotations cannot be synthesized becauseQuotations cannot be synthesized because
the words are exact from one particularthe words are exact from one particular
source.source.
You have to provide page numbers forYou have to provide page numbers for
quotations. Page numbers allow your readerquotations. Page numbers allow your reader
to find the quotation and read theto find the quotation and read the
surrounding material.surrounding material. 1414
15. Direct Quotation RulesDirect Quotation Rules
Only direct quote directly if:Only direct quote directly if:
the original author stated something in athe original author stated something in a
particularly striking wayparticularly striking way
the author’s precise wording is verythe author’s precise wording is very
important, orimportant, or
the original words are needed for purposesthe original words are needed for purposes
of analysis or discussion (e.g., in the case ofof analysis or discussion (e.g., in the case of
a definition).a definition).
1515
16. Quote the original author’s exact words andQuote the original author’s exact words and
punctuation, including any spelling orpunctuation, including any spelling or
grammatical errors. If the original wordinggrammatical errors. If the original wording
contains such errors, point them out bycontains such errors, point them out by
placing the word [sic] in square brackets inplacing the word [sic] in square brackets in
the quote directly after the error.the quote directly after the error.
For example: “It is common paractise [sic]For example: “It is common paractise [sic]
to use public relations as a tool for . . .”to use public relations as a tool for . . .”
If part of the original text in a directIf part of the original text in a direct
quotation is left out, indicate this by anquotation is left out, indicate this by an
ellipsis, i.e. three dots. Add a fourth dot ifellipsis, i.e. three dots. Add a fourth dot if
the ellipsis is at the end of a sentence.the ellipsis is at the end of a sentence. 1616
17. For example: Smith (2005: p. 10) definedFor example: Smith (2005: p. 10) defined
marketing as “all activities related tomarketing as “all activities related to
bringing a product to market, . . . the actualbringing a product to market, . . . the actual
marketing of the product and the follow-upmarketing of the product and the follow-up
activities.”activities.”
Words can be inserted in a direct quotationWords can be inserted in a direct quotation
to make the quoted sentences clearer and theto make the quoted sentences clearer and the
inserted words are placed in square bracketsinserted words are placed in square brackets
[ ]. For example: “They [the members of[ ]. For example: “They [the members of
Alice’s family] gathered around the table.”Alice’s family] gathered around the table.”
1717
18. Common signal phrases used whenCommon signal phrases used when
integrating sources into your work, forintegrating sources into your work, for
instance:instance:
If you agree with what the writer says:If you agree with what the writer says:
The work of Salum (2009)The work of Salum (2009) indicates thatindicates that......
The work of Salum (2009)The work of Salum (2009) reveals thatreveals that......
The work of Salum (2009)The work of Salum (2009) shows thatshows that ......
Turning to Salum (2009), oneTurning to Salum (2009), one finds thatfinds that ......
Reference to Salum (2009)Reference to Salum (2009) reveals thatreveals that ......
In a study of Maduhu (2007), it wasIn a study of Maduhu (2007), it was foundfound
that ...that ... 1818
19. AsAs Salum (2009)Salum (2009) points out, ...points out, ...
AsAs Salum (2009) perceptivelySalum (2009) perceptively statesstates, ..., ...
AsAs Salum (2009)Salum (2009) has indicatedhas indicated, ..., ...
A study by Salum(2009)A study by Salum(2009) shows thatshows that ......
Salum (2009)Salum (2009) hashas drawn attention to the factdrawn attention to the fact
thatthat ......
Salum (2009)Salum (2009) correctlycorrectly argues thatargues that ......
Salum (2009)Salum (2009) rightlyrightly points out thatpoints out that ......
Salum (2009)Salum (2009) makes clear thatmakes clear that ......
1919
20. If you disagree with what the writer says:If you disagree with what the writer says:
Salum (2009)Salum (2009) claims thatclaims that ......
Salum (2009)Salum (2009) states erroneously thatstates erroneously that ......
The work of Salum (2009)The work of Salum (2009) asserts thatasserts that ......
Salum (2009)Salum (2009) feels thatfeels that ......
However, Abdulkarim (2008)However, Abdulkarim (2008) does notdoes not
supportsupport Salum’s (2009)Salum’s (2009) argument thatargument that ......
If you do not want to give your point of viewIf you do not want to give your point of view
about what the writer says:about what the writer says:
According toAccording to Salum (2009) “...”Salum (2009) “...” 2020
21. It is the view ofIt is the view of Salum (2009)Salum (2009) thatthat ......
The opinion ofThe opinion of Salum (2009)Salum (2009) is thatis that ......
In an article by Salum (2009), ...In an article by Salum (2009), ...
Research by Salum (2009)Research by Salum (2009) suggests thatsuggests that ......
Salum (2009) has expressed a similarSalum (2009) has expressed a similar
view.view.
Salum (2009)Salum (2009) reports thatreports that ......
Salum (2009)Salum (2009) notes thatnotes that ......
Salum (2009)Salum (2009) states thatstates that ......
Salum (2009)Salum (2009) observes thatobserves that ...... 2121
22. Salum (2009)Salum (2009) concludes thatconcludes that ......
Salum (2009)Salum (2009) argues thatargues that ......
Salum (2009)Salum (2009) found thatfound that ......
Salum (2009)Salum (2009) discovered thatdiscovered that ......
Direct QuotationDirect Quotation
Sometimes you quote an author's wordsSometimes you quote an author's words
exactly, not to paraphrase them. If youexactly, not to paraphrase them. If you
decide to quote directly from a text, youdecide to quote directly from a text, you
will need an expression to introduce itwill need an expression to introduce it
and quotation marks will be used:and quotation marks will be used: 2222
23. AsAs Salum (2009)Salum (2009) said/sayssaid/says, “... ...”, “... ...”
AsAs Salum (2009)Salum (2009) stated/statesstated/states, “... ...”, “... ...”
AsAs Salum (2009)Salum (2009) wrote/writeswrote/writes, “... ...”, “... ...”
AsAs Salum (2009)Salum (2009) commented/commentscommented/comments, “..., “...
...”...”
AsAs Salum (2009)Salum (2009) observed/observesobserved/observes, “... ...”, “... ...”
AsAs Salum (2009)Salum (2009) pointed/points outpointed/points out, “... ...”, “... ...”
To quote fromTo quote from Salum (2009), “... ...”Salum (2009), “... ...”
It wasIt was Salum (2009) whoSalum (2009) who said thatsaid that “... ...”“... ...”
This example is given by Salum (2009):This example is given by Salum (2009):
“... ...”“... ...” 2323
24. According toAccording to Salum (2009), “... ...”Salum (2009), “... ...”
Salum (2009)Salum (2009) claims thatclaims that, “... ...”, “... ...”
Salum (2009)Salum (2009) found thatfound that, “... ...”, “... ...”
The opinion ofThe opinion of Salum (2009Salum (2009) is that) is that, “... ...”, “... ...”
ConcludingConcluding
After quoting evidence you reach aAfter quoting evidence you reach a
conclusion:conclusion:
The evidence seems toThe evidence seems to indicate thatindicate that......
It must therefore beIt must therefore be recognised thatrecognised that......
2424
25. The indications are therefore thatThe indications are therefore that......
It is clear therefore that ...It is clear therefore that ...
Thus it could be concluded that...Thus it could be concluded that...
The evidence seems to be strong thatThe evidence seems to be strong that......
On this basis it may be inferred thatOn this basis it may be inferred that......
Given this evidence, it can be seen that...Given this evidence, it can be seen that...
2525
26. Steps Involved in ReferencingSteps Involved in Referencing
Note down the full bibliographic details,Note down the full bibliographic details,
including the page number(s) from whichincluding the page number(s) from which
the information is taken.the information is taken.
Insert the citation at the appropriate placeInsert the citation at the appropriate place
within the text of the document.within the text of the document.
Provide a reference list at the end of theProvide a reference list at the end of the
document (see examples below).document (see examples below).
2626
27. In-text CitationIn-text Citation
In-text means in a body of text that youIn-text means in a body of text that you
have composed.have composed.
In-text citation means that you cite theIn-text citation means that you cite the
sources that you use in your text.sources that you use in your text.
Whenever you are using informationWhenever you are using information
from outside your text, you should citefrom outside your text, you should cite
the sources that you are using in-text.the sources that you are using in-text.
2727
28. In-text CitationIn-text Citation
In this course, you will only learnIn this course, you will only learn AmericanAmerican
Psychological AssociationPsychological Association (APA) Citation(APA) Citation
Styles. This style as it is very common inStyles. This style as it is very common in
Tanzanian higher learning institutions andTanzanian higher learning institutions and
SUA in particular.SUA in particular.
When using APA format, follow the author-When using APA format, follow the author-
date method of in-text citation. This meansdate method of in-text citation. This means
that the author's last name and the year ofthat the author's last name and the year of
publication for the source should appear inpublication for the source should appear in
the text.the text. 2828
29. In-text CitationIn-text Citation
For example, (Jones, 1998), and aFor example, (Jones, 1998), and a
complete reference should appear in thecomplete reference should appear in the
reference list at the end of the paper.reference list at the end of the paper.
2929
30. Capitalization, Quotes, andCapitalization, Quotes, and
Italics/UnderliningItalics/Underlining
Always capitalize proper nouns, includingAlways capitalize proper nouns, including
author names and initials: D. Jones.author names and initials: D. Jones.
If you refer to the title of a source withinIf you refer to the title of a source within
your paper, capitalize the first letters of allyour paper, capitalize the first letters of all
content words within the title of a source.content words within the title of a source.
When capitalizing titles, capitalize bothWhen capitalizing titles, capitalize both
words in a hyphenated compound word:words in a hyphenated compound word:
Natural-Born CyborgsNatural-Born Cyborgs..
3030
31. When capitalizing titles, capitalize the firstWhen capitalizing titles, capitalize the first
word after a dash or colon: Defining Filmword after a dash or colon: Defining Film
Rhetoric: The Case of Hitchcock's VertigoRhetoric: The Case of Hitchcock's Vertigo..
Italicize or underline the titlesItalicize or underline the titles The Closing ofThe Closing of
the American Mind; The Wizard of Oz; Friends.the American Mind; The Wizard of Oz; Friends.
If you are directly quoting from a work, youIf you are directly quoting from a work, you
will need to include the author, year ofwill need to include the author, year of
publication, and the page number for thepublication, and the page number for the
reference.reference.
3131
32. Introduce the quotation with a signal phraseIntroduce the quotation with a signal phrase
that includes the author's last name followedthat includes the author's last name followed
by the date of publication in parentheses.by the date of publication in parentheses.
If the author is not named in a signal phrase,If the author is not named in a signal phrase,
place the author's last name, the year ofplace the author's last name, the year of
publication, and the page number inpublication, and the page number in
parentheses after the quotation.parentheses after the quotation.
3232
33. Signal verbsSignal verbs
The common signal verbs used in in-textThe common signal verbs used in in-text
citations include:citations include: claim, point out, drawclaim, point out, draw
attention to, argue, discuss, define, assert,attention to, argue, discuss, define, assert,
describe, suggest, point out, indicate,describe, suggest, point out, indicate,
observe, question, maintain, challenge,observe, question, maintain, challenge,
analyse, remark, explain, affirm, state, drawanalyse, remark, explain, affirm, state, draw
attention to, present, prove, conclude,attention to, present, prove, conclude,
imply, note, look at, mention, refer to, findimply, note, look at, mention, refer to, find
out, discover, express, conclude, respond,out, discover, express, conclude, respond,
contend, acknowledge, assert, clarify, insist.contend, acknowledge, assert, clarify, insist.
3333
34. BooksBooks
When a book is written by a singleWhen a book is written by a single
author, there are two main ways to use in-author, there are two main ways to use in-
text citations:text citations:
You may mainly focus on the informationYou may mainly focus on the information
from your source (from your source (information prominentinformation prominent))
You may focus on the author of theYou may focus on the author of the
information from your source (information from your source (authorauthor
prominentprominent))
3434
35. If you are using ‘If you are using ‘Information prominentInformation prominent’,’,
the author’s name is within parentheses:the author’s name is within parentheses:
Examples:Examples:
Tanzania upholds the agricultural sectorTanzania upholds the agricultural sector
as the foundation of its economy and aas the foundation of its economy and a
driving force of its development (driving force of its development (Majule,Majule,
2008)2008)
Tanzania’s agriculture sector includesTanzania’s agriculture sector includes
“the subsectors of crops, livestock,“the subsectors of crops, livestock,
hunting and gathering, fisheries andhunting and gathering, fisheries and
forestry, remains the largest sector in theforestry, remains the largest sector in the
economy” (Mashindanoeconomy” (Mashindano et alet al., 2011:5).., 2011:5). 3535
36. If you opt for ‘If you opt for ‘Author prominentAuthor prominent’, the’, the
author’s name is outside the parentheses:author’s name is outside the parentheses:
Example:Example:
According to the World BankAccording to the World Bank
([WB]2001:6)([WB]2001:6) “only 15% of Tanzanian“only 15% of Tanzanian
farmers use chemical fertilizer, 27%farmers use chemical fertilizer, 27%
use improveduse improved seeds and 18% useseeds and 18% use
pesticides”pesticides”
Tanzania Institute of Education ([TIE],Tanzania Institute of Education ([TIE],
2007) reported that many secondary2007) reported that many secondary schoolschool
teachers were trained enough toteachers were trained enough to apply theapply the
new teaching approach.new teaching approach. 3636
37. When a book is written by a single author:When a book is written by a single author:
when the quoted information doesn’t exceedwhen the quoted information doesn’t exceed
40 words40 words
Include the material in the paragraph andInclude the material in the paragraph and
include specific page number/s.include specific page number/s.
Example:Example:
An interesting view was expressed thatAn interesting view was expressed that,,
“the connection of high profile“the connection of high profile
developments to their surroundingdevelopments to their surrounding
environment has increasingly beenenvironment has increasingly been
questioned”questioned” (Cochrane, 2007, p. 117).(Cochrane, 2007, p. 117).
3737
38. OROR
An interesting view was expressed byAn interesting view was expressed by
Cochrane (2007) that, “the connection ofCochrane (2007) that, “the connection of
high profile developments to theirhigh profile developments to their
surrounding environment hassurrounding environment has
increasingly been questioned” (p. 117).increasingly been questioned” (p. 117).
When a book is written by one author: whenWhen a book is written by one author: when
you quoted 40 or more words to your workyou quoted 40 or more words to your work
Begin quoting the material on a new line,Begin quoting the material on a new line,
indent it 5 spaces (use the Indent tool toindent it 5 spaces (use the Indent tool to
keep all lines of the quote evenly indented),keep all lines of the quote evenly indented),
and include specific page number/s.and include specific page number/s. 3838
39. Omit the quotation marks.Omit the quotation marks.
Use single spacing for the indented quote.Use single spacing for the indented quote.
Make sure the quote is exactly as it wasMake sure the quote is exactly as it was
published.published.
3939
40. Example:Example:
Finkelman (2006), for example, points out that:Finkelman (2006), for example, points out that:
There are changes in acute care servicesThere are changes in acute care services
occurring almost daily, and due to theoccurring almost daily, and due to the
increasing use of outpatient surgery,increasing use of outpatient surgery, surgicalsurgical
services have experiencedservices have experienced majormajor
changes.changes. Hospitals areHospitals are increasing the sizeincreasing the size
of theirof their outpatientoutpatient departments anddepartments and
adjustingadjusting to theto the need of movingneed of moving
patientspatients into and outinto and out of theof the surgicalsurgical
service inservice in 1 day or even1 day or even a few hours.a few hours. (p.(p.
184)184)
4040
41. When a book is written by two authorsWhen a book is written by two authors
Name both authors in the signal phrase or inName both authors in the signal phrase or in
the parentheses each time you cite the work.the parentheses each time you cite the work.
Use the word “and” between the authors'Use the word “and” between the authors'
names within the text and use the ampersandnames within the text and use the ampersand
in the parentheses.in the parentheses.
Examples:Examples:
Research by Wegener and Hashim (2007)Research by Wegener and Hashim (2007)
revealed that many tertiary students facerevealed that many tertiary students face
communication skills problems.communication skills problems.
4141
42. When the book is written by three to fiveWhen the book is written by three to five
authorsauthors
List all the authors in the signal phrase or inList all the authors in the signal phrase or in
parentheses the first time you cite the source. parentheses the first time you cite the source.
Use the word “and” between the authors' namesUse the word “and” between the authors' names
within the text and use the ampersand in thewithin the text and use the ampersand in the
parentheses.parentheses.
Example:Example:
A recent study (Duffy, Deakin, Wieniawa-A recent study (Duffy, Deakin, Wieniawa-
Narkiewicz, & Wilson, 2001,p. 20)Narkiewicz, & Wilson, 2001,p. 20)
concluded that…concluded that…
4242
43. Subsequent in-text reference/s:Subsequent in-text reference/s:
A recent study (DuffyA recent study (Duffy et alet al., 2001, p. 20)., 2001, p. 20)
concluded that…concluded that…
NOTE:NOTE: et al.et al. should be followed by a period.should be followed by a period.
Six or More Authors:Six or More Authors:
Use the first author's name followed byUse the first author's name followed by et alet al. in. in
the signal phrase or in parentheses.the signal phrase or in parentheses.
ExampleExample
Harris et al. (2001) argued...Harris et al. (2001) argued...
It was argued that…(Harris et al., 2001)It was argued that…(Harris et al., 2001)
4343
44. Several works by same author, same yearSeveral works by same author, same year
Arrange alphabetically by title in the ReferenceArrange alphabetically by title in the Reference
List.List.
Place lowercase letters (“a”, “b”, “c”, etc.)Place lowercase letters (“a”, “b”, “c”, etc.)
immediately after the year.immediately after the year.
Examples:Examples:
Leadership and change in schools haveLeadership and change in schools have
been major topics of discussion forbeen major topics of discussion for severalseveral
years (Fullan, 1996a andyears (Fullan, 1996a and 1996b)1996b) andand
this conference…this conference…
4444
45. Several authors, different years, referred toSeveral authors, different years, referred to
collectively in your workcollectively in your work
List sources alphabetically by family name inList sources alphabetically by family name in
the in-text reference in the order in which theythe in-text reference in the order in which they
appear in the Reference List.appear in the Reference List.
Separate each reference with a semicolon.Separate each reference with a semicolon.
Example:Example:
The cyclical process (Carr & Kemmis, 1986;The cyclical process (Carr & Kemmis, 1986;
Dick, 2000; Kemmis & McTaggart, 1988;Dick, 2000; Kemmis & McTaggart, 1988;
MacIsaac, 1995) suggests…MacIsaac, 1995) suggests…
4545
46. Exception:Exception: You may separate a major citationYou may separate a major citation
from other citations within parentheses byfrom other citations within parentheses by
inserting a phrase such asinserting a phrase such as see alsosee also, before the first, before the first
of the remaining citations, which should be inof the remaining citations, which should be in
alphabetical order.alphabetical order.
ExampleExample:: (Minor, 2001;(Minor, 2001; see alsosee also Adams, 1999;Adams, 1999;
Storandt, 2007)Storandt, 2007)
4646
47. Authors with the Same Last NameAuthors with the Same Last Name
To prevent confusion, use first initials with theTo prevent confusion, use first initials with the
last names.last names.
ExampleExample
E. Johnson (2001) and L. Johnson (1998)E. Johnson (2001) and L. Johnson (1998)
argued that…argued that…
E-BookE-Book
An eBook is an electronic version of aAn eBook is an electronic version of a
traditional print book that can be read by usingtraditional print book that can be read by using
a personal computer or by using an eBooka personal computer or by using an eBook
reader.reader.
4747
48. If the Universal Resource Locator (URL) leadsIf the Universal Resource Locator (URL) leads
to information about how to obtain the book,to information about how to obtain the book,
use “use “Available fromAvailable from” instead of “” instead of “Retrieved fromRetrieved from””
If there is a Digital Object Identifier (DOI),If there is a Digital Object Identifier (DOI),
include it instead of the ‘Retrieved from’include it instead of the ‘Retrieved from’
statement. [A DOI is a unique, permanentstatement. [A DOI is a unique, permanent
identifier assigned to many electronicidentifier assigned to many electronic
documents. ]documents. ]
Examples:Examples:
We found helpful information about deafWe found helpful information about deaf
children (Niemann, Greenstein, & David,children (Niemann, Greenstein, & David,
2004) that meant we could…2004) that meant we could… 4848
49. Schiraldi, G. R. (2001).Schiraldi, G. R. (2001). The Post-Traumatic StressThe Post-Traumatic Stress
Disorder Sourcebook: A Guide to Healing, Recovery,Disorder Sourcebook: A Guide to Healing, Recovery,
and Growthand Growth [Adobe Digital Editions[Adobe Digital Editions version].version].
doi:10.1036/0071393722doi:10.1036/0071393722
Citing a Source Within a SourceCiting a Source Within a Source
When citing a source you haven’t read yourself,When citing a source you haven’t read yourself,
but which is referred to in a source you havebut which is referred to in a source you have
read.read.
Include an entry for the source you have inInclude an entry for the source you have in
hand (in this case the journal) in your referencehand (in this case the journal) in your reference
list.list. 4949
50. In your parenthetical (in-text) reference after theIn your parenthetical (in-text) reference after the
quote, credit the original source (in this case thequote, credit the original source (in this case the
book) adding the wordsbook) adding the words ““as cited in...”as cited in...” to showto show
that you have quoted a secondary source, ratherthat you have quoted a secondary source, rather
than the original.than the original. See examples provided hereSee examples provided here
below.below.
Example:Example:
Lilly (as cited in Sam, 1999, p. 25) statedLilly (as cited in Sam, 1999, p. 25) stated
that...that...
OROR
Lilly’s 1980 study (as cited in Sam, 1999, p.Lilly’s 1980 study (as cited in Sam, 1999, p.
25) found that…25) found that… 5050
51. Edited BookEdited Book
AnAn edited bookedited book is one that is divided intois one that is divided into
chapters, each of which is written by achapters, each of which is written by a
different author or group of authors.different author or group of authors.
Be careful, though. Like the other type ofBe careful, though. Like the other type of
book, edited books can become outdated.book, edited books can become outdated.
It is therefore important to make sure theIt is therefore important to make sure the
edited books you use in your research areedited books you use in your research are
current and valid.current and valid.
5151
52. Chapter in Edited BookChapter in Edited Book
Use family names(s) of the author(s) of aUse family names(s) of the author(s) of a
chapter.chapter.
On the reference page, start with full names ofOn the reference page, start with full names of
the author(s) of the chapter followed by title ofthe author(s) of the chapter followed by title of
the chapter, then write full names of thethe chapter, then write full names of the
editor(s) of the book where the chapter appear.editor(s) of the book where the chapter appear.
Don’t forget to either bold or italicize the title ofDon’t forget to either bold or italicize the title of
the edited book (On the Reference List).the edited book (On the Reference List).
ExamplesExamples
Richards (1997) proposed that…Richards (1997) proposed that…
5252
53. EditorEditor
If an entire edited book with authored chaptersIf an entire edited book with authored chapters
is cited, the editor is listed as the author with theis cited, the editor is listed as the author with the
abbreviation “(Ed.)” after his name, or “(Eds.)”abbreviation “(Ed.)” after his name, or “(Eds.)”
If there is more than one editor. Multiple editorsIf there is more than one editor. Multiple editors
are formatted the same way as authors.are formatted the same way as authors.
ExampleExample::
Best practice indicators in managementBest practice indicators in management
have been identified (Zairi, 1999) and…have been identified (Zairi, 1999) and…
Zairi, M. (Ed.). (1999).Zairi, M. (Ed.). (1999). Best Practice:Best Practice: ProcessProcess
Innovation Management.Innovation Management. Oxford,Oxford, England:England:
Butterworth-Heinemann.Butterworth-Heinemann. 5353
54. Brochures and PamphletsBrochures and Pamphlets
Treat brochures and pamphlets likeTreat brochures and pamphlets like
books.books.
Indicate the type of publication inIndicate the type of publication in
square brackets after the title, unless thesquare brackets after the title, unless the
publication type is included in the title.publication type is included in the title.
When the publisher is the same as theWhen the publisher is the same as the
author, write ‘Author’ as the name ofauthor, write ‘Author’ as the name of
the publisherthe publisher
5454
55. Example:Example:
The security of personal information isThe security of personal information is
addressed in the TransACT brochureaddressed in the TransACT brochure
(TransACT, 2007.)(TransACT, 2007.)
5555
59. No Author/EditorNo Author/Editor
Place the title in the author position.Place the title in the author position.
Alphabetize books with no author or editor byAlphabetize books with no author or editor by
the first significant word in the title.the first significant word in the title.
In text, use a few words of the title, or the wholeIn text, use a few words of the title, or the whole
title if it is short, in place of an author name intitle if it is short, in place of an author name in
the citation.the citation.
Example:Example:
According to Merriam-Webster's CollegiateAccording to Merriam-Webster's Collegiate
DictionaryDictionary (2005:11), education is defined as...(2005:11), education is defined as...
5959
60. On the Reference PageOn the Reference Page
Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary (11thMerriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary (11th
ed.). (2005). Springfield, MA: Merriam-ed.). (2005). Springfield, MA: Merriam-
Webster.Webster.
6060
61. Approximate Date of PublicationApproximate Date of Publication
If the date is not known but can be reliablyIf the date is not known but can be reliably
estimated, use “ca.” (the abbreviation forestimated, use “ca.” (the abbreviation for circacirca))
before the date in square brackets [ca. 2307before the date in square brackets [ca. 2307
B.C.].B.C.].
For example:For example:
Other academics, such as Smythe [ca. 2007]Other academics, such as Smythe [ca. 2007]
have provided more up-to-date informationhave provided more up-to-date information
confirming that…confirming that…
On the Reference PageOn the Reference Page
Smythe, V. [ca. 2007].Smythe, V. [ca. 2007]. Ant colonies: How theyAnt colonies: How they
communicate.communicate. Canberra, Australia: EmuCanberra, Australia: Emu Press.Press.6161
62. No Date of PublicationNo Date of Publication
For example:For example:
Some aspects of forensic science are moreSome aspects of forensic science are more
challenging than others (Browne, n.d.) and forchallenging than others (Browne, n.d.) and for
this reason…this reason…
NBNB: if the date does not appear on the item but: if the date does not appear on the item but
is known from other sources, put it in squareis known from other sources, put it in square
brackets [1934]brackets [1934]
6262
63. Cite the Materials Without Page NumbersCite the Materials Without Page Numbers
If the cited material does not have pageIf the cited material does not have page
numbers, use any of the following locationnumbers, use any of the following location
information instead:information instead:
a paragraph number, if provided; alternatively,a paragraph number, if provided; alternatively,
you can count paragraphs down from theyou can count paragraphs down from the
beginning of the document;beginning of the document;
an overarching heading plus a paragraphan overarching heading plus a paragraph
number within that section;number within that section;
6363
64. For exampleFor example
““People planning for retirement need more thanPeople planning for retirement need more than
just money—they also need to stockpile theirjust money—they also need to stockpile their
emotional reserves” to ensure they haveemotional reserves” to ensure they have
adequate support from family and friendsadequate support from family and friends
(Chamberlin, 2014, para. 1).(Chamberlin, 2014, para. 1).
Chamberin (2014, “Matter over Mind” para. 1)Chamberin (2014, “Matter over Mind” para. 1)
stated that “people planning for retirement needstated that “people planning for retirement need
more than just money—they also need tomore than just money—they also need to
stockpile their emotional reserves” to ensurestockpile their emotional reserves” to ensure
they have adequate support from family andthey have adequate support from family and
friends.friends. 6464
65. Corporate AuthorCorporate Author – when the author is also– when the author is also
the publisherthe publisher
Spell out the full name of the body each time itSpell out the full name of the body each time it
is cited in-text, unless it is long and has ais cited in-text, unless it is long and has a
familiar/easily understood abbreviation.familiar/easily understood abbreviation.
In the latter case, give the full name with theIn the latter case, give the full name with the
abbreviation for the first in-text reference.abbreviation for the first in-text reference.
Use the abbreviation only for subsequentUse the abbreviation only for subsequent
references.references.
For example:For example:
A recent study (Tanzania Ministry ofA recent study (Tanzania Ministry of
Education[MoE], 2004) highlighted that…Education[MoE], 2004) highlighted that… 6565
66. Subsequent in-text reference/s:Subsequent in-text reference/s:
The MoE (2009) found that,…The MoE (2009) found that,…
Journal Article With One AuthorJournal Article With One Author
For example:For example:
In an earlier article, it was proposed (Jackson,In an earlier article, it was proposed (Jackson,
2007) that …2007) that …
Journal Article With Two AuthorsJournal Article With Two Authors
For example:For example:
Kramer and Bloggs (2002) stipulated in theirKramer and Bloggs (2002) stipulated in their
latest article…latest article…
6666
67. Journal Article With Three to FiveJournal Article With Three to Five
AuthorsAuthors
For the first in-text reference, list all theFor the first in-text reference, list all the
authors’ family names, then use the firstauthors’ family names, then use the first
author’s family name followed by ‘author’s family name followed by ‘et alet al.’.’
for subsequent entries.for subsequent entries.
For example:For example:
A recent study to investigate the effects of anA recent study to investigate the effects of an
organisational stress management program onorganisational stress management program on
employees (Elo, Ervasti, Kuosma, & Mattila,employees (Elo, Ervasti, Kuosma, & Mattila,
2008) concluded that…2008) concluded that… 6767
68. Article in Online Journal With Six orArticle in Online Journal With Six or
Seven AuthorsSeven Authors
Give the first author’s family nameGive the first author’s family name
followed by ‘et al.’ for all in-textfollowed by ‘et al.’ for all in-text
references.references.
For example:For example:
Agriculture is regarded as the backbone ofAgriculture is regarded as the backbone of
Tanzania’s economy (Majule et al., 2009).Tanzania’s economy (Majule et al., 2009).
6868
69. Newspaper Article – With an AuthorNewspaper Article – With an Author
For example:For example:
The notion of a Bill of Rights may beThe notion of a Bill of Rights may be
inappropriate in the Australian contextinappropriate in the Australian context
(Waterford, 2007).(Waterford, 2007).
On the Reference PageOn the Reference Page
Waterford, J. (2007, May 30). Bill ofWaterford, J. (2007, May 30). Bill of
Rights gets it wrong.Rights gets it wrong. The Canberra Times,The Canberra Times,
p. 11.p. 11. 6969
70. Newspaper Article – Without anNewspaper Article – Without an
AuthorAuthor
For example:For example:
The Redesign of the Internet (2007) is saidThe Redesign of the Internet (2007) is said
to…to…
On the Reference PageOn the Reference Page
Internet Pioneer to Oversee NetworkInternet Pioneer to Oversee Network
Redesign. (2007, May 28).Redesign. (2007, May 28). The CanberraThe Canberra
Times,Times, p.15.p.15.
7070
71. CD Recording – MusicCD Recording – Music
For example:For example:
Lyrics from Paul Kelly’s song “From littleLyrics from Paul Kelly’s song “From little
things big things grow” (Kelly, 1997, track 10)things big things grow” (Kelly, 1997, track 10)
were used in recent television advertisements.were used in recent television advertisements.
Personal CommunicationPersonal Communication
Includes private letters, memos, email,Includes private letters, memos, email,
telephone conversations, personaltelephone conversations, personal
interviews, etc. These are cited in-textinterviews, etc. These are cited in-text
only, not in the Reference List.only, not in the Reference List.
7171