Here are paraphrases of the passages without looking back at the original text: 1. Jacques Cousteau explained that the Antarctic plays an important role in regulating the Earth's climate. Cold water from Antarctica circulates and mixes with warmer tropical waters, helping to cool both surface waters and the atmosphere. However, this fragile system is now threatened by human activities. 2. Prohibition was in effect in the 1920s, but alcohol was still widely available in local bars. Organized crime dominated cities while police struggled to enforce the law. Jazz music became popular among young people, replacing classical music. The flapper emerged as a symbol of changing social norms for women with her short skirts and bobbed hair. 3.

2. An in-text citation is a short acknowledgement you include
whenever you quote or take information from a source in
academic writing. It points the reader to the source so
they can see where you got your information.
In-text citations most commonly take the form of
short parenthetical statements indicating the author
and publication year of the source, as well as the page
number if relevant.

3. Example: APA Style in-text citation
(Jackson, 2005, p. 16)

4. The point of an in-text citation is to show your reader
where your information comes from. Including citations:
• Avoids plagiarism by acknowledging the original
author’s contribution
• Allows readers to verify your claims and do follow-up
research
• Shows you are engaging with the literature of your
field

5. An in-text citation should be included whenever you quote
or paraphrase a source in your text.
Quoting means including the original author’s words
directly in your text, usually introduced by a signal phrase.
Quotes should always be cited (and indicated with
quotation marks), and you should include a page number
indicating where in the source the quote can be found.

6. Example: Quote with APA Style in-text citation
Evolution is a gradual process that “can act only by
very short and slow steps” (Darwin, 1859, p. 510).

7. Paraphrasing means putting information from a source
into your own words. In-text citations are just as
important here as with quotes, to avoid the impression
you’re taking credit for someone else’s ideas. Include
page numbers where possible, to show where the
information can be found.

8. Example: Paraphrase with APA Style in-text citation
The evolutionary process consists of a series of
incremental changes over a long period of time
(Darwin, 1859, p. 510).

9. •

10. •

11. •

14. •
•
•
•

15. APA referencing, used in the social and behavioural
sciences, uses author–date in-text citations
corresponding to an alphabetical reference list at the
end.
In-text citation
Sources should always be cited properly (Pears & Shields,
2019).
Reference list
Pears, R., & Shields, G. (2019). Cite them right: The
essential referencing guide (11th ed.). London, England:
MacMillan.

17. BASIC FORMAT FOR BOOKS
Author, A. A. (Year of publication). Title of work: Capital
letter also for subtitle. Publisher Name. DOI (if
available)
Stoneman, R. (2008). Alexander the Great: A life in legend.
Yale University Press.
EDITED BOOK, NO AUTHOR
Editor, E. E. (Ed.). (Year of publication). Title of work:
Capital letter also for subtitle. Publisher. DOI (if
available)
Leitch, M. G., & Rushton, C. J. (Eds.). (2019). A new
companion to Malory. D. S. Brewer.

18. WEBPAGE OR PIECE OF ONLINE CONTENT
If the page names an individual author, cite their name first:
Lastname, F. M. (Year, Month Date). Title of page. Site name. URL
Price, D. (2018, March 23). Laziness does not exist. Medium.
https://humanparts.medium.com/laziness-does-not-exist-
3af27e312d01
If the resource was written by a group or organization, use the name of the
group/organization as the author. Additionally, if the author and site name
are the same, omit the site name from the citation.
Group name. (Year, Month Date). Title of page. Site name. URL
American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals. (2019,
November 21). Justice served: Case closed for over 40 dogfighting
victims. https://www.aspca.org/news/justice-served-case-closed-over-
40-dogfighting-victims

19. DISSERTATION ABSTRACT
The 7th edition of the APA manual does not provide specific
guidance on how to cite dissertation abstracts. Therefore, this
citation models that of a journal article, which is similar in
format.
Lastname, F. M. (Year). Title of dissertation. Dissertation
Abstracts International, Vol., Page.
Angeli, E. L. (2012). Networks of communication in emergency
medical services. Dissertation Abstracts International, 74,
03(E).

20. DISSERTATION OR MASTER’S THESIS, PUBLISHED
Lastname, F. M. (Year). Title of dissertation/thesis (Publication
No.) [Doctoral dissertation/Master’s thesis, Name of
Institution Awarding the Degree]. Database or Archive Name.
Angeli, E. L. (2012). Networks of communication in emergency
medical services (Publication No. 3544643) [Doctoral
dissertation, Purdue University]. ProQuest Dissertations
Publishing.
Note: If the dissertation or thesis is not published in a
database, include the URL of the site where the document is
located.

21. DISSERTATION OR MASTER’S THESIS, UNPUBLISHED
Lastname, F. M. (Year). Title of dissertation/thesis
[Unpublished doctoral dissertation/master’s thesis]. Name of
Institution Awarding the Degree.
Samson, J. M. (2016). Human trafficking and globalization
[Unpublished doctoral dissertation]. Virginia Polytechnic
Institute and State University.

25. Plagiarism
And how to avoid it…

26. What is Plagiarism?
Plagiarism is using someone else’s ideas or words without
giving them proper credit. Plagiarism can range from
unintentional (forgetting to include a source in a
bibliography) to intentional (buying a paper online, using
another writer’s ideas as your own to make your work sound
smarter). Beginning writers and expert writers alike can all
plagiarize. Understand that plagiarism is a serious charge in
academia, but also in professional settings.

27. What will happen?
If you are...
● a student — consequences can include failing grades on
assignments or classes, academic probation, and even
expulsion.
● a researcher — plagiarism can cause a loss of credibility,
legal consequences, and other professional consequences.
● an employee in a corporate or similar setting — you can
receive a reprimand or lose your job.

28. When is it Plagiarism?
● Copying a blog post
or stealing an article
from online.
● Hiring someone to
write your paper for
you.
● Copying a large section
of text from a source
without making it clear
it comes from
somewhere else
through quotation
marks or proper
citation.

29. When is it Plagiarism?
● Intentionally failing
to cite someone
else’s work, to
claim that the ideas
and words belong
to you.
● It is possible to plagiarize
from yourself. In
academia, if you
repurpose a paper from
previous class or write
one paper for two classes
without the instructor’s
permission this is
plagiarism.

30. How to avoid?

31. Quoting,
Paraphrasing,
and
Summarizing

32. WHAT ARE THE
DIFFERENCES
AMONG QUOTING,
PARAPHRASING,
AND SUMMARIZING?
These three ways of
incorporating other writers'
work into your own writing
differ according to the
closeness of your writing to the
source writing.

33. WHAT ARE THE DIFFERENCES AMONG QUOTING, PARAPHRASING,
AND SUMMARIZING?
Quotations must be identical to the original,
using a narrow segment of the source. They
must match the source document word for
word and must be attributed to the original
author.
Summarizing involves putting the main idea(s)
into your own words, including only the main
point(s). Once again, it is necessary to attribute
summarized ideas to the original source.
Summaries are significantly shorter than the
original and take a broad overview of the
source material.
Paraphrasing involves putting a passage from
source material into your own words. A
paraphrase must also be attributed to the
original source. Paraphrased material is usually
shorter than the original passage, taking a
somewhat broader segment of the source and
condensing it slightly.

34. WHY USE QUOTATIONS, PARAPHRASES, AND SUMMARIES?
Quotations, paraphrases, and summaries serve many purposes. You might use them to:
● Provide support for claims or add credibility to your writing
● Refer to work that leads up to the work you are now doing
● Give examples of several points of view on a subject
● Call attention to a position that you wish to agree or disagree with
● Highlight a particularly striking phrase, sentence, or passage by quoting the
original
● Distance yourself from the original by quoting it in order to cue readers that the
words are not your own
● Expand the breadth or depth of your writing

35. HOW TO USE QUOTATIONS, PARAPHRASES, AND
SUMMARIES
● Read the entire text, noting the key points and main
ideas.
● Summarize in your own words what the single main idea
of the essay is.
● Paraphrase important supporting points that come up in
the essay.
● Consider any words, phrases, or brief passages that you
believe should be quoted directly.

36. Paraphrase:
Write It in Your
Own Words

37. A PARAPHRASE IS...
● our own rendition of essential information and ideas
expressed by someone else, presented in a new form.
● One legitimate way (when accompanied by accurate
documentation) to borrow from a source.
● A more detailed restatement than a summary, which
focuses concisely on a single main idea.

38. PARAPHRASING IS A VALUABLE SKILL BECAUSE...
● It is better than quoting information from an
undistinguished passage.
● It helps you control the temptation to quote too
much.
● The mental process required for successful
paraphrasing helps you to grasp the full meaning
of the original.

39. 6 STEPS TO EFFECTIVE PARAPHRASING
1. Reread the original passage until you understand its full meaning.
2. Set the original aside, and write your paraphrase on a note card.
3. Jot down a few words below your paraphrase to remind you later how you envision
using this material. At the top of the note card, write a key word or phrase to indicate
the subject of your paraphrase.
4. Check your rendition with the original to make sure that your version accurately
expresses all the essential information in a new form.
5. Use quotation marks to identify any unique term or phraseology you have borrowed
exactly from the source.
6. Record the source (including the page) on your note card so that you can credit it
easily if you decide to incorporate the material into your paper.

40. Parapharsing
Using the ICE method (Introduce, Cite, and
Explain) will help you to integrate and cite your
evidence from outside sources.

41. Introduce
Introduce any quote, paraphrase, or summary by illustrating how the
coming information is related to the topic of the paragraph, stating the
original author, and using a signal verb before including the actual
quote, paraphrase, or summary. According to APA guidelines, signal
verbs should be written in the past tense, while in MLA, signal verbs
should be present tense.

42. Cite
Provide an in-text citation any time you include a quote, paraphrase,
or summary from an outside source. Any direct quote also needs to
be placed in quotation marks (" "). If you use several sentences of
information from a source, the correct way to provide citation is to
cite after the first use of the source and then make it clear that each
following sentence is from the same source, avoiding repeating the
same citation in every sentence. For example: This relationship is
illustrated in a research study by Garcia (2021) stating…. This study
also shows that…. Additionally, Garcia suggests....

43. Explain
After including evidence from an outside source, you will then need to
provide your own explanation or insight as to why the quote or
paraphrase is important as it relates to your topic sentence or thesis.
To help with your explanation, ask yourself the following questions:
● Why is this information important, significant, or meaningful?
● How does this evidence relate to your thesis?
● What can you conclude from this information you’ve included here?
● What is your interpretation of the information? How do you
understand it?
Never leave any room for interpretation. It is your responsibility as the
writer to explain the quoted or paraphrased information for your reader.

44. Signal and Lead-in Phrases
Often, signal phrases can be distinguished by the presence of a verb like
"indicate" or "argue" that references what the author is doing in the original
source. However, a few select signal phrases contain no verbs (e.g., "According
to [author],").
In the examples, the author being cited is Jane Doe. The examples in the first
section are adapted to APA, which recommends past-tense verbs in signal
phrases. For MLA (as well as Chicago style), the same verbs can also be used in
the present tense instead of the past tense, as the second section below shows.

45. Signal and Lead-in Phrases
APA
According to Doe . . .
The work of Doe indicated that . . .
Doe asserted that . . .
Doe acknowledged that . . .
Doe has drawn attention to the fact that . . .
Doe claimed that . . .
As Doe pointed out. . .
As Doe stated. . .

46. Paraphrase and Summary Exercises
Original sentence:
PayLess is closed because of the bad weather conditions.
Inappropriate paraphrase:
PayLess is closed because of the bad weather.
Appropriate paraphrase:
Since the weather is terrible, the grocery store is not open

47. Paraphrase and Summary Exercises
Original sentence:
“The movement toward education by computer is developing fast. Massive
Open Online Courses, called MOOCs, are changing how people learn in many
places. For years, people could receive study materials from colleges or
universities and take part in online classes. But such classes were not designed
for many thousands of students at one time, as MOOCs are.” (MOOCS Are
Moving Forward , Voice of America, learningenglish.voanews.com)

48. Paraphrase and Summary Exercises
Inappropriate summary:
Voice of America website:
“Computer education is growing fast. MOOCs are influencing how we study.
People received materials from universities for a long time to be able to take
classes online. MOOCs are the only ones thousands can take at a time.”
The inappropriate summary is almost as long as the original text, which is a
characteristic of a paraphrase. A summary needs to be concise.

49. Paraphrase and Summary Exercises
Appropriate summary:
According to a Voice of America article, a fast-growing MOOCs
movement allows thousands to take online classes at once, changing
how we learn.

50. Ready for an Exercise?

51. Paraphrasing Exercise
Directions: On a separate piece of paper, write a
paraphrase of each of the following passages. Try not to
look back at the original passage.

52. Paraphrasing Exercise
1. "The Antarctic is the vast source of cold on our planet, just as
the sun is the source of our heat, and it exerts tremendous
control on our climate," [Jacques] Cousteau told the camera. "The
cold ocean water around Antarctica flows north to mix with
warmer water from the tropics, and its upwellings help to cool
both the surface water and our atmosphere. Yet the fragility of
this regulating system is now threatened by human activity."
From "Captain Cousteau," Audubon (May 1990):17.

53. Paraphrasing Exercise
2. The twenties were the years when drinking was against the law, and the
law was a bad joke because everyone knew of a local bar where liquor
could be had. They were the years when organized crime ruled the cities,
and the police seemed powerless to do anything against it. Classical music
was forgotten while jazz spread throughout the land, and men like Bix
Beiderbecke, Louis Armstrong, and Count Basie became the heroes of the
young. The flapper was born in the twenties, and with her bobbed hair and
short skirts, she symbolized, perhaps more than anyone or anything else,
America's break with the past. From Kathleen Yancey, English 102
Supplemental Guide (1989): 25.

54. Paraphrasing Exercise
3. Of the more than 1000 bicycling deaths each year, three-
fourths are caused by head injuries. Half of those killed are
school-age children. One study concluded that wearing a
bike helmet can reduce the risk of head injury by 85
percent. In an accident, a bike helmet absorbs the shock
and cushions the head. From "Bike Helmets: Unused
Lifesavers," Consumer Reports (May 1990): 348.

55. Paraphrasing Exercise
4. Matisse is the best painter ever at putting the viewer at the scene. He's the
most realistic of all modern artists, if you admit the feel of the breeze as
necessary to a landscape and the smell of oranges as essential to a still life.
"The Casbah Gate" depicts the well-known gateway Bab el Aassa, which pierces
the southern wall of the city near the sultan's palace. With scrubby coats of
ivory, aqua, blue, and rose delicately fenced by the liveliest gray outline in art
history, Matisse gets the essence of a Tangier afternoon, including the subtle
presence of the bowaab, the sentry who sits and surveys those who pass
through the gate. From Peter Plagens, "Bright Lights." Newsweek (26 March
1990): 50.

56. Paraphrasing Exercise
5. While the Sears Tower is arguably the greatest achievement in
skyscraper engineering so far, it's unlikely that architects and
engineers have abandoned the quest for the world's tallest building.
The question is: Just how high can a building go? Structural
engineer William LeMessurier has designed a skyscraper nearly
one-half mile high, twice as tall as the Sears Tower. And architect
Robert Sobel claims that existing technology could produce a 500-
story building. From Ron Bachman, "Reaching for the Sky." Dial
(May 1990): 15.

57. Ok Na? Here are the
answers!

58. Paraphrasing Exercise: Possible Answers
1. According to Jacques Cousteau, the activity of people in
Antarctica is jeopardizing a delicate natural mechanism
that controls the earth's climate. He fears that human
activity could interfere with the balance between the sun,
the source of the earth's heat, and the important source of
cold from Antarctic waters that flow north and cool the
oceans and atmosphere ("Captain Cousteau" 17).

59. Paraphrasing Exercise: Possible Answers
2. During the twenties lawlessness and social nonconformity prevailed.
In cities organized crime flourished without police interference, and in
spite of nationwide prohibition of liquor sales, anyone who wished to
buy a drink knew where to get one. Musicians like Louis Armstrong
become favorites, particularly among young people, as many turned
away from highly respectable classical music to jazz. One of the best
examples of the anti-traditional trend was the proliferation of young
"flappers," women who rebelled against custom by cutting off their hair
and shortening their skirts (Yancey 25).

60. Paraphrasing Exercise: Possible Answers
3. The use of a helmet is the key to reducing
bicycling fatalities, which are due to head injuries
75% of the time. By cushioning the head upon impact,
a helmet can reduce accidental injury by as much as
85%, saving the lives of hundreds of victims annually,
half of whom are school children ("Bike Helmets"
348).

61. Paraphrasing Exercise: Possible Answers
4. Matisse paintings are remarkable in giving the viewer the distinct
sensory impressions of one experiencing the scene first hand. For
instance, "The Casbah Gate" takes one to the walled city of Tangier
and the Bab el Aassa gateway near the Sultan's palace, where one
can imagine standing on an afternoon, absorbing the splash of
colors and the fine outlines. Even the sentry, the bowaab vaguely
eyeing those who come and go through the gate, blends into the
scene as though real (Plagens 50).

62. Paraphrasing Exercise: Possible Answers
5. How much higher skyscrapers of the future will rise
than the present world marvel, the Sears Tower, is
unknown. However, the design of one twice as tall is
already on the boards, and an architect, Robert Sobel,
thinks we currently have sufficient know-how to build a
skyscraper with over 500 stories (Bachman 15).

65. A bibliography is a list of sources (books, journals, Web
sites, periodicals, etc.) one has used for researching a topic.
Bibliographies are sometimes called "References" or "Works
Cited" depending on the style format you are using. A
bibliography usually just includes the bibliographic
information (i.e., the author, title, publisher, etc.).

66. A bibliography is a list of sources (books, journals, Web
sites, periodicals, etc.) one has used for researching a topic.
Bibliographies are sometimes called "References" or "Works
Cited" depending on the style format you are using. A
bibliography usually just includes the bibliographic
information (i.e., the author, title, publisher, etc.).
An annotation is a summary and/or evaluation. Therefore,
an annotated bibliography includes a summary and/or
evaluation of each of the sources.