This document discusses paraphrasing, summarizing, and quoting sources. It defines paraphrasing as restating the meaning of a source in your own words to avoid plagiarism. Summarizing involves picking out the most important ideas from a source and paraphrasing them, along with occasional quotations. Quotations should only be used sparingly and should be integrated into your own sentences. Proper attribution through parenthetical citations is required for paraphrasing, summarizing, and quoting to avoid plagiarism.

1. Paraphrase and Quotation
TSL 022

2. Paraphrase
Definition:
A restatement of speech or writing that
retains the basic meaning while changing
the words, particularly to achieve
greater clarity.
Paraphrasing is done in writing to avoid
PLAGIARISM

3. Paraphrase
• Paraphrasing is done in writing to
avoid PLAGIARISM
• Summarizing involves picking out
the most important ideas and
paraphrasing them (along with an
occasional quotation)

4. Paraphrase
Steps:
1. Read the text.
2. Make notes.
3. Select the part that is relevant to your
writing task.
4. Highlight the key words and find synonyms,
where possible.
5. Rearrange the word order
6. Write out the sentence.

5. Paraphrase
Example:
“It’s increasingly clear that the
biggest roadblock to improving
the achievement of U.S. students
is violence and disorder in our
schools.” Albert Shanker

6. Paraphrase
Rearranging Word Order:
Albert Shanker believes that clearly, we can
increasingly realize that disorder and violence
constitute the biggest roadblock for U.S. schools
who want to improve their students’ achievement.
Literal Paraphrase:
According to Albert Shanker, it becomes constantly
more apparent that the largest hurdle to bettering
the performance of American students is violent
and disorderly behavior in our schools.

7. Paraphrase
Some good paraphrases:
1. Albert Shanker argues that it is becoming more
and more obvious that if we want to improve the
academic performance of American students, we
must first banish violence from our classrooms and
re-establish order.
2. According to Albert Shanker, permitting disruptive
and violent students to remain in American
classrooms is the main thing that is preventing our
students from learning more effectively.

8. Quotation
• Quotations are used sparingly
• Quote the following:
 memorable language (elegant,
powerful)
 clear, concise language (well said)
 authoritative language (experts)

9. Quotation
Example - original text by Amy Brown:
In order to travel with complete safety, one
must educate oneself carefully, following
the rules designed by the experts.
Sample quotation:
According to Amy Brown, the safest way to
travel is by “following the rules designed by
the experts” (432).

10. Quotation
[Brackets] are used where words are added or
substituted for clarity
Original text by Amy Brown:
In order to travel with complete safety, one
must educate oneself carefully, following the
rules designed by the experts.
Sample quotation:
According to Amy Brown, “educate [yourself]
carefully, following rules designed by the
experts” (432).

11. Summary, paraphrase and quotation
What do summaries, paraphrases, and
quotes allow writers to do?
They are 3 ways of incorporating other
writers' ideas into your own writing.

12. Summary, paraphrase and quotation
• A Summary:
– Is a general restatement of the main idea of a passage.
– Is the most general of the three techniques.
– Requires that you clearly understand the original
passage so you do not distort its meaning.
– Uses your own original wording and sentence
structure—otherwise, it’s plagiarism.
– Is much shorter in length than the original.
– Requires a parenthetical citation—otherwise, it’s
plagiarism.
• A parenthetical citation consists of the author’s last name and
the page number(s) of the borrowed material in parentheses.
For example: (Smith 12).

13. Summary, paraphrase and quotation
• A Paraphrase:
– Is a precise restatement of a short passage—usually no
more than a sentence or two.
– Is more specific than summary, but more general than a
quotation
– Requires that you clearly understand the original
passage so you do not distort its meaning.
– Uses your own original wording and sentence
structure—otherwise, it’s plagiarism.
– Is usually very close to the same length as the original
passage.
– Requires a parenthetical citation—otherwise, it’s
plagiarism.

14. Summary, paraphrase and quotation
• A Quotation:
– Is identical to the original—word for word.
– Is the most specific of the three techniques, but
should be used the least.
– Should never stand by itself as a complete
sentence (known as a “floating quote”). Instead,
integrate every quote into a sentence of your
own.
– Requires a parenthetical citation—otherwise,
it’s plagiarism.