The document summarizes the sulfur cycle and its effects. It describes how sulfur moves between minerals, waterways, and living systems. It then discusses the importance of sulfur in industrial processes, medicine, and living cells. The sulfur cycle is essential but can also cause negative effects like acid rain, which raises soil acidity and harms forests. A case study from the Czech Republic shows how acid deposition has damaged over 50% of trees, especially spruce forests, reducing forest area by 100,000 hectares. The country is working to reduce sulfur emissions to combat acid rain issues.
Introduction :
Mycorrhizae are mutualistic symbiotic associations formed between the roots of higher plants and fungi.
Fungal roots were discovered by the German botanist A B Frank in the last century (1855) in forest trees such as pine.
In nature approximately 90% of plants are infected with mycorrhizae. 83% Dicots,79% Monocots and 100% Gymnosperms.
Convert insoluble form of phosphorous in soil into soluble form.
Carbon cycle ppt
definition of Carbon cycle ppt
types of Carbon cycle ppt
discovery of Carbon cycle ppt
importance of Carbon cycle ppt
steps of Carbon cycle ppt
carbon cycle in water
harmful effect of Carbon cycle ppt
biological nitrogen fixation, which is carried out by diazotrophs, has been dealt with in this slideshare. it involves the mechanism involved and various factors involved therein.
Introduction :
Mycorrhizae are mutualistic symbiotic associations formed between the roots of higher plants and fungi.
Fungal roots were discovered by the German botanist A B Frank in the last century (1855) in forest trees such as pine.
In nature approximately 90% of plants are infected with mycorrhizae. 83% Dicots,79% Monocots and 100% Gymnosperms.
Convert insoluble form of phosphorous in soil into soluble form.
Carbon cycle ppt
definition of Carbon cycle ppt
types of Carbon cycle ppt
discovery of Carbon cycle ppt
importance of Carbon cycle ppt
steps of Carbon cycle ppt
carbon cycle in water
harmful effect of Carbon cycle ppt
biological nitrogen fixation, which is carried out by diazotrophs, has been dealt with in this slideshare. it involves the mechanism involved and various factors involved therein.
Prof Graham Mills - The Fate of Pharmaceutical Residues in the Aquatic Enviro...onthewight
Professor Graham Mills presented his talk "The Fate of Pharmaceutical Residues in the Aquatic Environment"
A full background of what contaminates water, from Pharmacology and Agriculture. People passing medicines they have taken or disposing of them by throwing them down the toilet are causing major changes to fish and other water dwelling creatures.
- October 2014 - Cafe Scientifique Isle of Wight
Hydro-geologically induced diseases in SrilankaHome
Geology of Srilanka is influenced to ground water and it can affect the quality of water. So, hydro-geologically induced diseases are mainly affected by the geological conditions. This gives a brief explanation about hydro-geologically induced diseases in Srilanka, where much people in the country depend on Ground water for drinking purpose.
UNIT IIAir pollution –Sources – pollutants –CO, NOx, SOx, Hydrocarbons, Particulates. Effect on ecosystem., Ozone layer –importance, Ozone depletion-Control measures- Acid rain-control of acid rain- Green house effect-global warming,-photochemical smog- effect pollution on plants and human beings. Control of air pollution .Noise Pollution – physiological response to noise,Noise categories- effect of noise – biological effects.
Land pollution is the deterioration (destruction) of the earth’s land surfaces, often directly or indirectly as a result of man’s activities and their misuse of land resources.
credit photo- google images
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
Comparing Evolved Extractive Text Summary Scores of Bidirectional Encoder Rep...University of Maribor
Slides from:
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Track: Artificial Intelligence
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
What is greenhouse gasses and how many gasses are there to affect the Earth.moosaasad1975
What are greenhouse gasses how they affect the earth and its environment what is the future of the environment and earth how the weather and the climate effects.
Multi-source connectivity as the driver of solar wind variability in the heli...Sérgio Sacani
The ambient solar wind that flls the heliosphere originates from multiple
sources in the solar corona and is highly structured. It is often described
as high-speed, relatively homogeneous, plasma streams from coronal
holes and slow-speed, highly variable, streams whose source regions are
under debate. A key goal of ESA/NASA’s Solar Orbiter mission is to identify
solar wind sources and understand what drives the complexity seen in the
heliosphere. By combining magnetic feld modelling and spectroscopic
techniques with high-resolution observations and measurements, we show
that the solar wind variability detected in situ by Solar Orbiter in March
2022 is driven by spatio-temporal changes in the magnetic connectivity to
multiple sources in the solar atmosphere. The magnetic feld footpoints
connected to the spacecraft moved from the boundaries of a coronal hole
to one active region (12961) and then across to another region (12957). This
is refected in the in situ measurements, which show the transition from fast
to highly Alfvénic then to slow solar wind that is disrupted by the arrival of
a coronal mass ejection. Our results describe solar wind variability at 0.5 au
but are applicable to near-Earth observatories.
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
1. SULFUR CYCLE
BY :
1. UMI RAIHANAH BINTI MUHAMAD SAM
(E15A0310)
2. NURHIDAYAH BINTI SAHARIZAN (E15A0216)
3. NURUL NAJIDAH BT MUSTAPA (E15A0237)
4. MICHELLE ANAK SLAN (E15A0103)
5. MUHAMMAD KHAIRUL ARIF BIN AHAMAD
(E15A0119)
2. An overview of the sulfur cycle
The sulfur cycle is the collection of
processes by which sulfur moves to
and from minerals (including the
waterwastes) and living system
3. Did you know?
Sulfur is the 10th most abundant element
in the environment,with atomic number
16. It is a bright yellow crystalline solid in
its normal state,with most of it stored
underground in rocks and minerals and
in ocean floor deposits.
4. All about sulfur
• 10th most abundant element in the universe.
• Found in rocks or buried deep in the ocean in
oceanic sediments.
• Occurs in combination with several metals
such as, PbS and HgS.
• A brittle yellow, tasteless and odorless non-
metallic element.
• Present in proteins, amino acids, vitamins and
enzymes necessary for plants and animals.
6. SULFUR CYCLE
The sulfur cycle is the collection of
processes by which sulfur moves to and
from minerals (including the
waterways) and living systems.
7.
8. The Importance Of Sulfur
• Sulfur cycle is an important element of industrial process.
• Sulfur dioxide (S02) is used as a bleaching agent and is used to
bleach wood pulp.
• Sulfur dioxide used in preservation to kill molds and and
bacteria.
• Sulfur is found in every living cell (amino acid)
9. CONT.
• Sulfur also has been used as a medicine.
• In the 1940s, sulfur-containing drugs-sulfa drugs-were
commonly used to treat infectious diseases
• A component of penicillin-class antibiotics.
• Medication for dandruff and can be used to treat acne and
other skin disorder.
10. Positive effects of sulfur cycle
• Used in many industrial uses example in
manifacturing including chemichal, medicine,
plastic, paper and other products.
• Also serve many functions in plants such as used
in formation of amino acid, protein and oil.
• Used in chlorophyll formation. Promotes
nodulation in legumes, help develop and activate
certain enzymes and vitamins.
• Sulphur also benefits in human health.
11. Negative effects of sulfur cycle
• Produce acid rain.
• Effects of acid rain: 1) Soil
-Increasing the acidity of
the soil.
-Slow the growth of
vulnerable forest.
2) Water
-Lower ph and increasing the
aluminium concentration in
surface water
-Eliminate insects life and some fish
species
13. ACID DEPOSITION CASE STUDIES
• Background information:
I. Since 1st centaury 1993, the Czech Republic has become a
separate state along with Slovakia, both states being previously
known as Czechoslovakia
II. Key facts on the Czech Republic:
Population : 10.3 million
Size : 78.866 km²
Capital : Prague (1.2 million population)
Neighbors : Germany, Austria, Solvakia, Poland
Climate : four season
Average altitude : 450m above sea level
Air quality : Generally poor,
Acid deposition : One of the highest acid deposition levels in
Europe
15. Effects of Acid Deposition on Forests
In Czech
• Around one third of the Czech Republic is
covered in forest and so timber is a major
economic resource. The high levels of acid
deposition experienced over recent decades
have had serious damaging effects on both
broadleaf and coniferous trees in the Czech
Republic.
16. CONT.
• The European Forest Damage Survey results
for 2000 show that 52% of all trees in the
Czech Republic are classified as moderately to
severely damaged (trees with more than 25%
loss of leaves or needles). The trees most
affected are Norway spruce (Picea abies) in
the mountainous area of the country where
soil acidification and acidic deposition have
resulted in the loss of 100,000 hectares of
forest.
18. Control and Policy
• The Czech Republic are committed to reducing sulphur
emissions through the 1994 UNECE Protocol 'Further
Reduction of Sulphur Emissions'. This Protocol requires
the Czech Republic to reduce sulphur emissions by 50%
by the year 2000, 60% by 2005 and 72% by 2010 (all
based on 1980 levels). To date, the country is on target
to achieve this level of emissions reduction.
• The Government has also introduced counter measures
to reduce air pollution during smog conditions. These
include limiting car use and the use of high quality coal
in power stations at such times.